Perspectives of growth of economic security by clustering of small innovation enterprises

The authors analyze the notion, sense, criteria, and indicators of evaluation of economic security and perform the evaluation of economic security of modern economic systems with the help of the offered methodology, which leads to the conclusion that one of the most successful countries are characterized by low level of economic security; therefore, there is a necessity for the search for perspectives of the increase of economic security. As a tool for increasing economic security, clustering is offered. The authors performed the structural analysis of formation of modern clusters and allowed allocating the problems of clustering which can be solved by clustering of small innovational enterprises. It is necessary that small innovational enterprises participate in the development of the program; their joint projects should at least concern, or, even better, solve their common problems (which will increase the competitiveness of cluster, as small innovational enterprises are connected by chains of value added with the same large companies); small innovational enterprises should participate – within the limits of their competencies – in the formation of the program of cluster development; there should be no artificial disunion between clusters of large enterprises and clusters of small innovational enterprises (which requires creation of common list of clusters). As a result of the research, the authors come to the conclusion that cluster is a form of increasing competitiveness within one country and in the global market, which stipulates the growth of national economic security. The highest efficiency of cluster is achieved by clustering small innovational enterprises, which stipulates the optimal level of competition in a cluster and leads to creation of innovations – which is a moving force of development of modern economy and the basis for economic security.peer-reviewe

Microstructural Features in Multicore Cu–Nb Composites

none5siThe study is devoted to heavily drawn multicore Cu–18Nb composites of cylindrical and rectangular shapes. The composites were fabricated by the melt-and-deform method, namely, 600 in situ rods of Cu–18%Nb alloy were assembled in a copper shell and cold-drawn to a diameter of 15.4 mm (e = 10.2) and then rolled into a rectangular shape the size of 3 × 5.8 mm (e = 12.5). The specimens were analyzed from the viewpoints of their microstructure, microhardness, and thermal stability. The methods of SEM, TEM, X-ray analysis, and microhardness measurements were applied. It is demonstrated that, at higher strain, the fiber texture ⟨110⟩Nb∥ ⟨111⟩Cu∥ DD (drawing direction), characteristic of this material, becomes sharper. The distortions of niobium lattice can be observed, namely, the {110} Nb interplanar distance is broadened in longitudinal direction of specimens and compacted in transverse sections. The copper matrix lattice is distorted as well, though its distortions are much less pronounced due to its recrystallization. Evolution of microstructure under annealing consists mainly in the coagulation of ribbon-like Nb filaments and in the vanishing of lattice distortions. The structural changes in Nb filaments start at 300–400 °C, then develop actively at 600 °C and cause considerable decrease of strength at 700–800 °C.openElena N. Popova, Irina L. Deryagina,Evgeniya G. Valova-Zaharevskaya, Ruello Maria Letizia, Vladimir V. PopovElena N., Popova; Irina L., Deryagina; Evgeniya G., Valova-Zaharevskaya; Ruello, Maria Letizia; Vladimir V., Popo

Moonlighting in mitosis:Analysis of the mitotic functions of transcription and splicing factors

Moonlighting proteins can perform one or more additional functions besides their primary role. It has been posited that a protein can acquire a moonlighting function through a gradual evolutionary process, which is favored when the primary and secondary functions are exerted in different cellular compartments. Transcription factors (TFs) and splicing factors (SFs) control processes that occur in interphase nuclei and are strongly reduced during cell division, and are therefore in a favorable situation to evolve moonlighting mitotic functions. However, recently published moonlighting protein databases, which comprise almost 400 proteins, do not include TFs and SFs with secondary mitotic functions. We searched the literature and found several TFs and SFs with bona fide moonlighting mitotic functions, namely they localize to specific mitotic structure(s), interact with proteins enriched in the same structure(s), and are required for proper morphology and functioning of the structure(s). In addition, we describe TFs and SFs that localize to mitotic structures but cannot be classified as moonlighting proteins due to insufficient data on their biochemical interactions and mitotic roles. Nevertheless, we hypothesize that most TFs and SFs with specific mitotic localizations have either minor or redundant moonlighting functions, or are evolving towards the acquisition of these functions

Moonlighting in Mitosis: Analysis of the Mitotic Functions of Transcription and Splicing Factors

Moonlighting proteins can perform one or more additional functions besides their primary role. It has been posited that a protein can acquire a moonlighting function through a gradual evolutionary process, which is favored when the primary and secondary functions are exerted in different cellular compartments. Transcription factors (TFs) and splicing factors (SFs) control processes that occur in interphase nuclei and are strongly reduced during cell division, and are therefore in a favorable situation to evolve moonlighting mitotic functions. However, recently published moonlighting protein databases, which comprise almost 400 proteins, do not include TFs and SFs with secondary mitotic functions. We searched the literature and found several TFs and SFs with bona fide moonlighting mitotic functions, namely they localize to specific mitotic structure(s), interact with proteins enriched in the same structure(s), and are required for proper morphology and functioning of the structure(s). In addition, we describe TFs and SFs that localize to mitotic structures but cannot be classified as moonlighting proteins due to insufficient data on their biochemical interactions and mitotic roles. Nevertheless, we hypothesize that most TFs and SFs with specific mitotic localizations have either minor or redundant moonlighting functions, or are evolving towards the acquisition of these functions

Transcriptome‐based phylogeny of endemic Lake Baikal amphipod species flock: fast speciation accompanied by frequent episodes of positive selection

Endemic species flocks inhabiting ancient lakes, oceanic islands and other long‐lived isolated habitats are often interpreted as adaptive radiations. Yet molecular evidence for directional selection during species flocks radiation is scarce. Using partial transcriptomes of 64 species of Lake Baikal (Siberia, Russia) endemic amphipods and two nonendemic outgroups, we report a revised phylogeny of this species flock and analyse evidence for positive selection within the endemic lineages. We confirm two independent invasions of amphipods into Baikal and demonstrate that several morphological features of Baikal amphipods, such as body armour and reduction in appendages and sensory organs, evolved in several lineages in parallel. Radiation of Baikal amphipods has been characterized by short phylogenetic branches and frequent episodes of positive selection which tended to be more frequent in the early phase of the second invasion of amphipods into Baikal when the most intensive diversification occurred. Notably, signatures of positive selection are frequent in genes encoding mitochondrial membrane proteins with electron transfer chain and ATP synthesis functionality. In particular, subunits of both the membrane and substrate‐level ATP synthases show evidence of positive selection in the plankton species Macrohectopus branickii, possibly indicating adaptation to active plankton lifestyle and to survival under conditions of low temperature and high hydrostatic pressures known to affect membranes functioning. Other functional categories represented among genes likely to be under positive selection include Ca‐binding muscle‐related proteins, possibly indicating adaptation to Ca‐deficient low mineralization Baikal waters.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136009/1/mec13927.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136009/2/mec13927_am.pd

Recrystallization of CaCO3 submicron magnetic particles in biological media

Background and Objectives: The development of magnetic theranostics is associated with the determination of the behavior of magnetic carriers in biosimilar media. In this work, we analyze the formation of different crystalline phases from magnetic mineral submicron calcium carbonate particles during incubation under conditions of cell cultivation in vitro for 3 days. The study of mineralmagneticsubmicron particles recrystallization was analyzed by XRD and electron scanning microscopy. The shape of calcium carbonate particles begins to change from elliptical to spherical under cell culture cultivations. As the amount of magnetite nanoparticle particles in calcium carbonate increases, the recrystallization process is faster with fallout of calcite, vaterite and magnetite phases. Materials and Methods: Scanning electron microscopy, processing of results using a self-written Python code, XRDwere utilized in this study. Results: The study of the process of recrystallization of magnetic mineral particles shows has shown that increasing the content of magnetic carriers leads to accelerated recrystallization of particles with simultaneous precipitation of calcite, vaterite and magnetite phases. Conclusion: Magnetic mineral submicron calcium carbonate particles are promising targets for theranostics with the self-destruction property in biological environments

Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification

Two enigmatic groups of morphologically simple parasites of invertebrates, the Dicyemida (syn. Rhombozoa) and the Orthonectida, since the 19th century have been usually considered as two classes of the phylum Mesozoa. Early molecular evidence suggested their relationship within the Spiralia (=Lophotrochozoa), however, high rates of dicyemid and orthonectid sequence evolution led to contradicting phylogeny reconstructions. Genomic data for orthonectids revealed that they are highly simplified spiralians and possess a reduced set of genes involved in metazoan development and body patterning. Acquiring genomic data for dicyemids, however, remains a challenge due to complex genome rearrangements including chromatin diminution and generation of extrachromosomal circular DNAs, which are reported to occur during the development of somatic cells. We performed genomic sequencing of one species of Dicyema, and obtained transcriptomic data for two Dicyema spp. Homeodomain (homeobox) transcription factors, G-protein-coupled receptors, and many other protein families have undergone a massive reduction in dicyemids compared to other animals. There is also apparent reduction of the bilaterian gene complements encoding components of the neuromuscular systems. We constructed and analyzed a large dataset of predicted orthologous proteins from three species of Dicyema and a set of spiralian animals including the newly sequenced genome of the orthonectid Intoshia linei. Bayesian analyses recovered the orthonectid lineage within the Annelida. In contrast, dicyemids form a separate clade with weak affinity to the Rouphozoa (Platyhelminthes plus Gastrotricha) or (Entoprocta plus Cycliophora) suggesting that the historically proposed Mesozoa is a polyphyletic taxon. Thus, dramatic simplification of body plans in dicyemids and orthonectids, as well as their intricate life cycles that combine metagenesis and heterogony, evolved independently in these two lineages