The acquisition of shares of an Indonesian private company post the enactment of the new company law

A new company law, Law No. 40 of 2007 was enacted on 16 August 2007 replacing the 1995 company law. No implementing regulations have been issued yet, including on acquisitions. Under Law No. 40 of 2007, a company can be acquired in one of two ways: (i) through the Board of Directors of the target company (Indirect Acquisition), or (ii) through a direct purchase of shares from existing shareholders (Direct Acquisition).For an acquisition, including a Direct Acquisition, the company, the acquirer and the seller must complete certain procedures. This has caused even a Direct Acquisition, which might seem quite straight forward, to become time consuming and involve a lot of paperwork. Outstanding issues under Law No. 40 of 2007 regarding the acquisition of a private company, are among others, an unclear definition of ‘Acquisition’, whether notification to the creditors is still required as previously, what information must be provided in the announcement of the Direct Acquisition, and whose Board of Directors should publish the announcement. Law No. 40 of 2007(or existing government regulations under the previous company law) does not provide any sanctions for non-compliance, but risks worth taking into account are that creditors (especially those who stand to suffer a loss due to the acquisition) can always argue that the acquisition has not been completed properly according to the law, and the Boards of Directors and Commissioners of the company may be held personally liable for any loss suffered by the company. These outstanding issues may hamper investments in Indonesian companies. They must therefore be addressed urgently,especially given the current economic situation of Indonesia that requires more investments

Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus/hepatitis B virus co-infection in Southern Brazil: clinical and epidemiological evaluation

AbstractHepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus share a similar transmission pathway and are often diagnosed in the same patient. These patients tend to have a faster progression of hepatic fibrosis. This cross-sectional study describes the demographic features and clinical profile of human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis co-infected patients in Paraná, Southern Brazil. A total of 93 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients attending a tertiary care academic hospital in Southern Brazil were included. Clinical, demographic and epidemiological data were evaluated. Hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus positive serology was found in 6.6% of patients. The anti-hepatitis C virus serum test was positive in 85% (79/93) of patients, and the infection was confirmed in 72% of the cases. Eighteen patients (19%) were human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus positive (detectable HBsAg). Among co-infected patients, there was a high frequency of drug use, and investigations for the detection of co-infection were conducted late. A low number of patients were eligible for treatment and, although the response to antiretroviral therapy was good, there was a very poor response to hepatitis therapy. Our preliminary findings indicate the need for protocols aimed at systematic investigation of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, thus allowing for early detection and treatment of co-infected patients

Situación de la Varicela y del Herpes Zóster en España, 1998-2012

En España la vacuna de la varicela se introdujo en calendario de vacunación en 2005 para adolescentes susceptibles. Entre 2006 y 2008 Madrid, Navarra, Ceuta y Melilla incluyeron también la vacunación sistemática en la infancia. Además entre 2004 y 2014 la vacuna ha estado disponible en farmacias, con lo que en el resto de comunidades autónomas se ha vacunado a los niños fuera de las recomendaciones oficiales de vacunación. Para evaluar el impacto de la vacunación de varicela en la epidemiología de la varicela y del herpes zóster (HZ), se compara el periodo pre-vacunación (1998-2004) con el periodo post-vacunación (2006-2012) y, las comunidades autónomas que han introducido oficialmente la vacuna de varicela en la infancia con las que no la han introducido. Después de introducir la vacuna en calendario, la incidencia y las hospitalizaciones por varicela se han reducido, más en las comunidades que vacunan sistemáticamente en la infancia que en el resto (la incidencia se redujo un 16% y un 9% respectivamente y las hospitalizaciones un 64% y un 43% respectivamente). Las hospitalizaciones por HZ han aumentado en los mayores de 64 años, sobre todo en las regiones en las que más ha bajado la incidencia de varicela. Coberturas de vacunación entre el 20% y el 80% pueden retrasar la edad de presentación de la varicela, aumentando el riesgo de enfermedad grave y de mortalidad. Esta situación puede haberse reproducido en las comunidades autónomas en las que se ha vacunado a los niños fuera del calendario de vacunación y es previsible que, en mayor o menor medida, se incremente el porcentaje de adolescentes que cumplan los 12 años siendo susceptibles a varicela. Hay que fortalecer los programas de vacunación de varicela para asegurar que todos los adolescentes susceptibles reciban dos dosis de vacuna antes de llegar a la edad adulta. Además es preciso consolidar la vigilancia para monitorizar la evolución de la varicela y del HZ en los próximos años.N

Pensamientos de Santa Teresa de Jesús [Texto impreso] : extractados de sus obras para servir de meditación en cada día del año

"Publicación hecha por iniciativa y á expensas de S.M. la Reina Doña María Cristina de Austria..."--Port

Exposure Patterns Driving Ebola Transmission in West Africa:A Retrospective Observational Study

BackgroundThe ongoing West African Ebola epidemic began in December 2013 in Guinea, probably from a single zoonotic introduction. As a result of ineffective initial control efforts, an Ebola outbreak of unprecedented scale emerged. As of 4 May 2015, it had resulted in more than 19,000 probable and confirmed Ebola cases, mainly in Guinea (3,529), Liberia (5,343), and Sierra Leone (10,746). Here, we present analyses of data collected during the outbreak identifying drivers of transmission and highlighting areas where control could be improved.Methods and findingsOver 19,000 confirmed and probable Ebola cases were reported in West Africa by 4 May 2015. Individuals with confirmed or probable Ebola ("cases") were asked if they had exposure to other potential Ebola cases ("potential source contacts") in a funeral or non-funeral context prior to becoming ill. We performed retrospective analyses of a case line-list, collated from national databases of case investigation forms that have been reported to WHO. These analyses were initially performed to assist WHO's response during the epidemic, and have been updated for publication. We analysed data from 3,529 cases in Guinea, 5,343 in Liberia, and 10,746 in Sierra Leone; exposures were reported by 33% of cases. The proportion of cases reporting a funeral exposure decreased over time. We found a positive correlation (r = 0.35, p ConclusionsAchieving elimination of Ebola is challenging, partly because of super-spreading. Safe funeral practices and fast hospitalisation contributed to the containment of this Ebola epidemic. Continued real-time data capture, reporting, and analysis are vital to track transmission patterns, inform resource deployment, and thus hasten and maintain elimination of the virus from the human population

COVID-19 outbreaks in a transmission control scenario: challenges posed by social and leisure activities, and for workers in vulnerable conditions, Spain, early summer 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 community-wide transmission declined in Spain by early May 2020, being replaced by outbreaks and sporadic cases. From mid-June to 2 August, excluding single household outbreaks, 673 outbreaks were notified nationally, 551 active (>6,200 cases) at the time. More than half of these outbreaks and cases coincided with: (i) social (family/friends’ gatherings or leisure venues) and (ii) occupational (mainly involving workers in vulnerable conditions) settings. Control measures were accordingly applied

Cholera epidemic in Yemen, 2016–18: an analysis of surveillance data

Summary: Background: In war-torn Yemen, reports of confirmed cholera started in late September, 2016. The disease continues to plague Yemen today in what has become the largest documented cholera epidemic of modern times. We aimed to describe the key epidemiological features of this epidemic, including the drivers of cholera transmission during the outbreak. Methods: The Yemen Health Authorities set up a national cholera surveillance system to collect information on suspected cholera cases presenting at health facilities. Individual variables included symptom onset date, age, severity of dehydration, and rapid diagnostic test result. Suspected cholera cases were confirmed by culture, and a subset of samples had additional phenotypic and genotypic analysis. We first conducted descriptive analyses at national and governorate levels. We divided the epidemic into three time periods: the first wave (Sept 28, 2016, to April 23, 2017), the increasing phase of the second wave (April 24, 2017, to July 2, 2017), and the decreasing phase of the second wave (July 3, 2017, to March 12, 2018). We reconstructed the changes in cholera transmission over time by estimating the instantaneous reproduction number, Rt. Finally, we estimated the association between rainfall and the daily cholera incidence during the increasing phase of the second epidemic wave by fitting a spatiotemporal regression model. Findings: From Sept 28, 2016, to March 12, 2018, 1 103 683 suspected cholera cases (attack rate 3·69%) and 2385 deaths (case fatality risk 0·22%) were reported countrywide. The epidemic consisted of two distinct waves with a surge in transmission in May, 2017, corresponding to a median Rt of more than 2 in 13 of 23 governorates. Microbiological analyses suggested that the same Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa strain circulated in both waves. We found a positive, non-linear, association between weekly rainfall and suspected cholera incidence in the following 10 days; the relative risk of cholera after a weekly rainfall of 25 mm was 1·42 (95% CI 1·31–1·55) compared with a week without rain. Interpretation: Our analysis suggests that the small first cholera epidemic wave seeded cholera across Yemen during the dry season. When the rains returned in April, 2017, they triggered widespread cholera transmission that led to the large second wave. These results suggest that cholera could resurge during the ongoing 2018 rainy season if transmission remains active. Therefore, health authorities and partners should immediately enhance current control efforts to mitigate the risk of a new cholera epidemic wave in Yemen. Funding: Health Authorities of Yemen, WHO, and Médecins Sans Frontières

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality