Etnografias de laboratório e o programa da antropologia

A antropologia se constituiu quando, no século XVII, o tema do homem se tornou objeto de estudo. Em seguida, evoluiu como as outras disciplinas científicas e humanas em um processo de crescente especialização. O tema do conhecimento e da tecnologia foi de grande relevância em sua fundação e em seu desenvolvimento; assim, a capacidade de conhecer e de elaborar instrumentos serviu para distinguir o homo sapiens do resto das espécies da natureza. Posteriormente, as técnicas contidas nas obras das culturas antigas serviram para compreender os modos de vida dos homens daquela época. Ainda que o conhecimento e as técnicas tenham sido temas fundadores da antropologia, as investigações sobre ciência e tecnologia contemporâneas são objetos de estudos recentes. No final da década de 70 do século passado, três etnografias realizadas quase simultaneamente em diferentes laboratórios de pesquisa, marcaram o surgimento dos estudos de laboratório. Neste trabalho abordaremos algumas características da antropologia clássica; em seguida, analisaremos o movimento etnográfico centrado no estudo das ciências e tecnologias das ciências modernas, os laboratórios como objetos de estudo das ciências sociais, a epistemologia comprometida com as etnografias de laboratório e o dilema de assumir a antropologia como sinônimo de método etnográfico ou como estudo etnográfico do homem. Assim, poderemos esquematizar uma proposta de Antropologia nos tempos da tecnociência

La construcción de capital sociotécnico: fabricación de materiales híbridos y transformaciones profesionales

Convencionalmente la noción del capital social ha sido analizada delimitando fronteras entre los tipos de capital, tanto en sus dimensiones minimalista, transicional y expansionista, como en su expresión en los planos micro, meso o macro de la acción de agentes. En este trabajo adaptamos el contenido de ¿capital social¿ para entenderlo como ¿capital sociotécnico¿, definido como la valoración de la acción de los actores en la búsqueda del beneficio colectivo y de inseparables vínculos con artefactos y conocimientos. Para demostrar esta acepción de capital social, brindamos los resultados de un estudio etnográfico, mostrando la producción simultánea de hechos científicos, artefactos tecnológicos y valor social, traduciendo la transformación de la identidad disciplinaria de los actores con la fabricación de un revestimiento anticorrosivo de naturaleza híbrida. Analizamos las mutaciones en la elaboración de capital sociotécnico en forma de cambios disciplinarios, de resolución de problemas industriales y de desarrollos de mercancías.Convencionalmente la noción del capital social ha sido analizada delimitando fronteras entre los tipos de capital, tanto en sus dimensiones minimalista, transicional y expansionista, como en su expresión en los planos micro, meso o macro de la acción de agentes. En este trabajo adaptamos el contenido de ¿capital social¿ para entenderlo como ¿capital sociotécnico¿, definido como la valoración de la acción de los actores en la búsqueda del beneficio colectivo y de inseparables vínculos con artefactos y conocimientos. Para demostrar esta acepción de capital social, brindamos los resultados de un estudio etnográfico, mostrando la producción simultánea de hechos científicos, artefactos tecnológicos y valor social, traduciendo la transformación de la identidad disciplinaria de los actores con la fabricación de un revestimiento anticorrosivo de naturaleza híbrida. Analizamos las mutaciones en la elaboración de capital sociotécnico en forma de cambios disciplinarios, de resolución de problemas industriales y de desarrollos de mercancías

Where are STS outside Euroamerica? The postcoloniality of the anthropic dimension and the anthropologic scope

In this article we analise the role of STS studies outside Euroamerica

STRESS PATH AND PORE PRESSURE IN AND AROUND A PRODUCING FORMATION PIERCED BY A SALT DOME

The pore pressure decrease due to production from a reservoir causes changes in the total and effective stresses, leading to compaction and deformation of the reservoir and the surrounding rocks, which can translate into surface subsidence, casing deformation, sand production, and increment of seismic events in the compacted region. Reservoirs pierced by salt domes are characterized by complex stress regime close to the salt/sediment interface. This thesis presents coupled flow and deformation numerical simulations to analyze the behavior of pore pressure and stress path along a reservoir pierced by a dome, as well as the influence of rock properties, reservoir dipping angles and salt creep on these trends after 13 years of production. The total stress path γ_j is defined as the ratio of the change in total stress (Δσ_j ) to the pore pressure change (Δp_f ), and the effective stress path 〖γ'〗_j is defined as the ratio of the effective stress changes (Δ'σ_j ) to the pore pressure change (Δp_f ). After 13 years of production, the total vertical stress in the reservoir decreased. The degree of reduction is a function of function of the well location (up to 1.42 MPa) and the 45° dipping angle (up to 1.7 MPa). The effective vertical stress increased as a function of the well location, where it reached a maximum value of 5.57 MPa and the dipping angle (up to 3.26 MPa. In the reservoir, the reduction of the total vertical stress at the salt/sediment interface was 1.46 MPa higher than the reduction in the area where the dipping angle is 0° “Flat area” (0.24 MPa). While the increment of the effective vertical stress at the salt/sediment interface was 0.99 MPa lower than the increment in the flat area (4.25 MPa). In addition, the total maximum horizontal stress decreased, also as a function of the well location (up to 2.55 MPa) and the dipping angle (up to 1.04 MPa). The effective maximum horizontal stress increased as a function of the well location (up to 4.52 MPa) and the dipping angle (up to 3.92 MPa). In the reservoir, the reduction of the total maximum horizontal stress at the salt/sediment interface was 1.04 MPa lower than the reduction in the flat area (2.08 MPa). While the increment of the effective maximum horizontal stress at the salt/sediment interface was 1.51 MPa higher than the increment in the area where the dipping angle is 0° (2.41 MPa). The total minimum horizontal stress decreased also as a function of the well location (up to 3 MPa) and the 45° dipping angle (up to 2.45 MPa). The effective minimum horizontal stress increased as a function of the well location (up to 3.92 MPa), while the increment at the salt/sediment interface (up to 2.52 MPa) and in the flat area (up to 2.49 MPa) was relatively the same. In the reservoir, the reduction of the total minimum horizontal stress at the salt/sediment interface was 0.45 MPa higher than the reduction in the flat area (2 MPa). The total vertical (γ_v ) and minimum horizontal (γ_h ) stress paths increase more at the salt/sediment interface than the flat region, while the effective vertical (〖γ'〗_v ) and minimum (〖γ'〗_h ) stress paths decreased less close to the dome compared to the well location and the flat area. The total maximum horizontal stress path (γ_H ) behaved different, it increased less at the salt/sediment interface than the flat region, whereas the effective stress path (〖γ'〗_H ) decreased more toward the salt dome. The spatial distribution of the stress path is controlled by the proximity to the salt, the dipping angle and the well location. Moreover, the horizontal stress reductions are more significant than the vertical stress reductions, with the highest reduction of the vertical and minimum horizontal stresses close to the salt dome where gravity drainage enhances the pore pressure drawdown near the salt/reservoir interface, compared to the changes in the flat zone. The depletion and the stress changes induce compaction in the reservoir. The outcome from the sensitivity analysis shows that the reduction of the Young’s modulus and the steeper dip angles of the reservoir magnified the reduction of the total vertical stress up to 0.5 MPa, the maximum horizontal stress up to 0.2 MPa and the minimum horizontal stress up to 0.1 MPa, during production. However, the effective vertical stress increased 0.4 MPa less, the effective maximum horizontal stress increased 0.3 MPa less and the effective minimum horizontal stress increased 0.3 MPa less. Which is reflected as an increment of the total vertical and horizontal stress path values, that have a significant impact on compaction (the volumetric strain increased up to 2.97x〖10〗^(-4)). Lower reservoir pore compressibility and lower reservoir Biot’s coefficient results on lower vertical and horizontal stress paths along the producing formation, that resulted in 1.07x〖10〗^(-4) less volumetric strain of the reservoir

Liderazgo y autoeficacia en el comportamiento organizacional positivo

El objetivo que tiene este proyecto es revisar los conceptos básicos acerca de las relaciones que crean los líderes con sus colaboradores dentro de las organizaciones, dichas relaciones y vínculos pueden afectar positiva o negativamente el desempeño de sus actividades diarias dentro de una organización. Para darle inicio a la investigación se estudió como primer paso el concepto de liderazgo transformacional, capital psicológico y que componentes hacían parte de este factor. El desarrollo de la investigación se enfatizó entre el liderazgo transformacional y la autoeficacia ya que son factores claves dentro del desarrollo de las actividades organizacionales debido a que afectan claramente el capital humano de las compañías y están directamente relacionados con el crecimiento de las mismas, lo que nos llevó a preguntarnos ¿qué relación tendrá el liderazgo transformacional y la autoeficacia en la productividad de las empresas? Es aquí donde radica la importancia de esta investigación ya que el cambio de pensamiento de las organizaciones hacia un liderazgo transformacional podría lograr una maximización del desempeño del personal de trabajo en relación al objetivo de la compañía. Como conclusión llegamos a que efectivamente hay un efecto positivo en los individuos que desarrollan un capital psicológico específicamente en el factor de autoeficacia para lograr un desempeño destacable, productivo y eficiente dentro de las organizaciones.The goal of this project is review the basics about creating relationships with partners’ leaders within organizations, such relationships and links can positively or negatively affect the performance of their daily activities within an organization. We began our research studying the concept of transformational leadership, psychological capital and which components were part of this factor. The development of our investigation was emphasized between transformational leadership and self-efficacy as they are key factors in the development of organizational activities because they clearly affect the human capital of companies and are directly related to the growth of the same, which He led us to wonder what relationship will transformational leadership and self-efficacy in productivity of businesses? It is here where the importance of this research since the change of thinking of organizations towards transformational leadership could achieve maximizing staff performance work in relation to the objective of the company. Upon reaching conclusion that there is indeed a positive effect on equity specifically individuals develop a psychological factor in achieving a remarkable self-efficacy, productive and efficient performance within organizations

University Practice As A Key Factor In Increasing The Sensitivity To Educational Inclusion

The present article is based on research carried out in three universities, the University Center South (Cusur, Mexico), Jaen and Cuenca (Spain) on the influence of university practice in the development of sensitivity towards inclusive education in our students the first years of the Diploma in Education, using the subject "pedagogical basis of special education" and the equivalent Cusur and Cuenca. With the idea that the practices of the subject are the ideal time to promote positive attitudes towards inclusive education a questionnaire to collect data prior to the four month long activities focused on the presentation of case studies and program auditions radio "A Light in the Chest" which airs on Ciudad Guzman (Mexico) directed by Professor De Luna and which revolves around the inclusion. When the semester ended he turned to pass the quiz to test variations in sensitivity to educational inclusion or not been able to develop our university students

Animal Model of Parkinson Disease: Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis in the 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Model

6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a synthetic neurotoxin, has been used to generate animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Even though 6-OHDA induced neurodegenerative model in rat, it does not reproduce all the symptoms of the disease, but it does replicate most of the cellular processes such as oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and apoptotic neuronal death. The knowledge of the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration is relevant to define possible therapeutic targets for PD

Diagnostic pathways of Chagas disease in Spain: a qualitative study

Background: Due to the mobility of the population in recent years and the spread of Chagas disease (CD) to non-endemic regions, early diagnosis and treatment of CD has become increasingly relevant in non-endemic countries. In order for screening to be effective, health system accessibility must be taken into consideration. This study uses Tanahashi's Health Service Coverage model to gain a deeper understanding of the main diagnostic pathways for Chagas disease in a non-endemic country and the barriers and bottlenecks present in each pathway. Methods: This study used a qualitative design with a phenomenological approach. Twenty-one interviews, two focus group sessions, and two triangular group sessions were conducted between 2015 and 2018 with 37 Bolivian men and women diagnosed with CD in Madrid, Spain. A topic guide was designed to ensure that the interviewers obtained the data concerning knowledge of CD (transmission, symptoms, and treatment), attitudes towards CD, and health behaviour (practices in relation to CD). All interviews, focus groups and triangular groups were recorded and transcribed. A thematic, inductive analysis based on Grounded Theory was performed by two researchers. Results: Three main pathways to CD diagnosis were identified: 1) pregnancy or blood/organ donation, with no bottlenecks in effective coverage; 2) an individual actively seeking CD testing, with bottlenecks relating to administrative, physical, and time-related accessibility, and effectiveness based on the healthcare professional's knowledge of CD; 3) an individual not actively seeking CD testing, who expresses psychological discomfort or embarrassment about visiting a physician, with a low perception of risk, afraid of stigma, and testing positive, and with little confidence in physicians' knowledge of CD. Conclusions: Existing bottlenecks in the three main diagnostic pathways for CD are less prevalent during pregnancy and blood donation, but are more prevalent in individuals who do not voluntarily seek serological testing for CD. Future screening protocols will need to take these bottlenecks into consideration to achieve effective coverage.This study was funded by the Carlos III Institute of Health (www.isciii.es) PI15CIII/00047. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors received no specific funding for this work.S

Mapping health behaviour related to Chagas diagnosis in a non-endemic country: Application of Andersen's Behavioural Model

Background: Chagas disease has become a challenge for non-endemic countries since population mobility has increased in recent years and it has spread to these regions. In order to prevent vertical transmission and improve the prognosis of the disease, it is important to make an early diagnosis. And to develop strategies that improve access to diagnosis, it is important to know the factors that most influence the decision of the population to know their serological status. For this reason, this study uses Andersen's Behavioural Model and its proposed strategies to explore the health behaviours of Bolivian population. Methods: Twenty-three interviews, two focus groups, and two triangular groups were performed with Bolivian men and women, involving a total of 39 participants. In addition, four interviews were conducted with key informants in contact with Bolivian population to delve into possible strategies to improve the Chagas diagnosis. Results: The most relevant facts for the decision to being diagnosed pointed out by participants were having relatives who were sick or deceased from Chagas disease or, for men, having their pregnant wife with a positive result. After living in Spain more than ten years, population at risk no longer feels identified with their former rural origin and the vector. Moreover, their knowledge and awareness about diagnosis and treatment still remains low, especially in younger people. Limitations on access to healthcare professionals and services were also mentioned, and proposed strategies focused on eliminating these barriers and educating the population in preventive behaviours. Conclusions: Based on Andersen's Behavioural Model, the results obtained regarding the factors that most influence the decision to carry out Chagas diagnosis provide information that could help to develop strategies to improve access to health services and modify health behaviours related to Chagas screening.This study was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (www.isciii.es) PI15CIII/00047 to TBH. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors received no specific funding for this work.S

Conservación del elemento boreo-alpino del sistema central: Microrreserva de los circos de Cerezuelo y Buitrera

El entorno del Pico del Lobo es uno de los enclaves del Sistema Central con una mayor diversidad de taxones eurosiberianos y boreo-alpinos, presentando además diversos hábitats de carácter atlántico y orófilo bien conservados. La presencia en la zona de dos especies del Catálogo de Flora Protegida regional,Swertia perennis L. y Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart .subsp. selago y en el marco del Decreto 63/2007 de la Junta de Castilla y León, se propone la creación de la presente Microrreserva de Flora