Ensino de Empreendedorismo: Uma Análise nos Cursos de Administração das IES de Blumenau/SC

O empreendedorismo tem se tornado um assunto muito discutido pelo Governo e pelas entidades de classe, pois o mesmo é fator de desenvolvimento local e regional. As universidades possuem potencial para propiciar o desenvolvimento de empreendedores, porém o ensino de empreendedorismo não pode ser ministrado de maneira tradicional, como outras disciplinas da grade curricular. O ensino de empreendedorismo precisa valer-se de estratégias que levem os alunos a definir, estruturar contextos e compreender várias etapas de sua evolução. A educação empreendedora deve ajudar os alunos no seu desenvolvimento, devendo ainda, ser pró-ativa, e utilizar-se de métodos de ensino diversificados, incluindo um acompanhamento pessoal dos objetivos de aprendizagem, individualizado e personalizado a cada participante. Diante deste contexto, buscou-se por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica, do tipo documental, identificar se os cursos de graduação em administração das universidades de Blumenau, com enfoque em empreendedorismo abordam os temas considerados fundamentais por Dornelas (2001), um dos teóricos brasileiros desta área de estudo, além de comparar as bibliografias mais utilizadas nos quatro cursos. A pesquisa foi realizada com as quatro IES da cidade de Blumenau, sendo que somente uma não possui o enfoque empreendedor no curso de graduação em administração. Os temas considerados fundamentais para o desenvolvimento empreendedor, estão sendo abordados em grande maioria das disciplinas em estudo, no entanto, existe uma deficiência nas disciplinas, no que tange à importância do empreendedorismo para o desenvolvimento econômico e a identificação de financiamentos para o negócio. Em relação às bibliografias, identificou-se que não há nenhum autor que seja unanimidade entre as disciplinas e existe uma lista muito variada de autores utilizados em sala de aula. Esta pesquisa faz parte de um sub-projeto do Núcleo de Empreendedorismo, Inovação e Competitividade, desenvolvido na disciplina de metodologia de ensino do mestrado em gestão moderna de negócios da FURB – Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumena

IP competition conflicts in EU law through five judicial lenses

Defence date: 21 May 2018Examining Board: Prof. Giorgio Monti, EUI (EUI Supervisor) ; Prof. Urska Šadl, EUI ; Prof. Inge Govaere, College of Europe, Bruges ; Prof. Alison Jones, King's College, LondonThis PhD thesis deals with IP-competition conflicts and how the EU Courts have addressed them over time. It seeks to answer the question of how the reasoning of EU Courts in these cases has been affected by three crucial evolutionary moments in EU law: (1) the Europeanization of IP law (2) the modernization of EU competition law and (3) the elevation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to a primary source of EU law. The first two chapters provide the theoretical framework of the thesis. The first chapter provides a detailed overview of the three crucial evolutionary moments in EU law mentioned above. The second chapter provides an overview of theories about the legal reasoning of EU Courts and about the different approaches that the courts have adopted when deciding IP-competition conflicts. Five such approaches, or judicial lenses, are identified: an economics, a conflict of laws, a conflict of competences, a constitutional and a private law approach. It is shown that these five different approaches can be linked to the three evolutionary moments at the IP-competition interface in EU law. Chapters three to five trace the theoretical insights from the first two chapters in three case studies on specific business methods having given rise to IP-competition conflicts before EU Courts: (i) selective distribution systems, (ii) digital platforms and restrictions of access, and (iii) lock-in strategies on aftermarkets, in particular in the online environment. The case studies analyse how these comparable factual situations of IP-competition conflicts have been treated on the one hand under EU competition law and on the other under EU IP law. In each case study, the legal reasoning is identified and compared between EU competition and IP law. The main finding in the case studies is that EU Courts treat the spheres of EU competition law and IP law as wholly separate. This has led to quite diverging approaches in comparable cases of IP-competition conflicts depending on whether the cases are brought under EU competition law or IP law, jeopardizing the systemic coherence of EU law and disturbing the CJEU’s dialogue with national ii courts. This situation is not sustainable. In an economic environment where the EU’s economies are increasingly depending on e-commerce and digital assets often protected by IP, IP-competition conflicts are bound to increase. To ensure a legal environment that provides legal certainty and equal conditions for firms to thrive across EU Member States without hurting consumers, a more coherent and improved methodological guidance on how to address IP-competition conflicts is needed. The aim of this thesis is to provide a first step in this direction

Nutritional evaluation of children with phenylketonuria

CONTEXT: Dietary phenylalanine (PA) restriction is the most effective form for reducing its excess in the blood and is the only efficient method for treating phenylketonuria. The diet is complex and should be adapted to combine the patients' eating habits, growth and development. It depends basically on the use of industrialized products as substitutes free of PA for proteins that are not fully supplied. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status of children with phenylketonuria (PKU) by anthropometric measurements and food intake. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Children with PKU attending the Association of Parents and Friends of Handicapped Children (Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais - APAE) and normal children attending at municipal day care centers in São Paulo. PARTICIPANTS: 42 children with PKU and 31 normal children aged 1 to 12 of both sexes were assessed in two groups, under and over 7 years of age. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Weight and height measurements. RESULTS: Children with PKU ingested calories, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper below the recommended values, whereas the protein intake was within the normal range. Food intake in the group of normal children was within normality rates. The height/weight Z-score means for children with PKU were 0.47 for those under 7 years and 1.86 for 7 year-olds and over; in normal children the means were 0.97 <7 years and 1.54 ³7 years, with no statistically significant difference. The height/age Z-score means were significantly lower in the PKU children <7 years (-1.23) than in the normal controls (0.91). CONCLUSIONS: The data presented demonstrate the importance of nutritional surveillance in patients with PKU so as to support adequacy of nutrient intake and to guarantee growth within the relevant standards.CONTEXTO: A restrição dietética da fenilalanina (FAL) é a forma mais efetiva para reduzir o seu excesso no sangue e o único método efetivo de tratar a fenilcetonúria. A dieta é complexa e deve ser adaptada para combinar hábitos alimentares, crescimento e desenvolvimento dos pacientes. Depende basicamente do uso de produtos industrializados como substitutos protéicos isentos de FAL, não totalmente suplementados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional das crianças fenilcetonúricas por medidas antropométricas e o consumo alimentar. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Estudo transversal LOCAL: Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) de São Paulo, Creche e Centro de Juventude da Prefeitura de São Paulo. PARTICIPANTES: 42 crianças fenilcetonúricas e 31 normais, na faixa etária de 1 a 12 anos, divididas em dois grupos abaixo e acima de 7 anos, de ambos os sexos. RESULTADOS: As fenilcetonúricas apresentaram porcentagem de adequação da ingestão de calorias, cálcio, ferro, zinco e cobre abaixo do recomendado. A ingestão protéica estava dentro da normalidade. O consumo alimentar no grupo de crianças normais apresentou-se dentro da faixa da normalidade. As médias de peso para estatura em escore z das fenilcetonúricas foram 0.47 < 7 anos e 1.86 ³ 7 anos; nas normais 0.97 < 7 anos e 1.54 ³ 7 anos, sem diferença estatisticamente significante. As médias de E/I apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre fenilcetonúricas < 7 anos (- 1.23) e crianças normais de mesma faixa etária (0,91). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a vigilância nutricional em crianças fenilcetonúricas é importante para manutenção dos padrões de crescimento e o adequado consumo de nutrientes.University of São PauloFederal University of São PauloUNIFESPSciEL

Performance, Productivity and the Diversity of Student Pathways

Performance and productivity have become central goals in higher education reforms since the 1970s. The implications are more or less straightforward when it comes to teaching and research; academic staff should teach and publish more, while institutions should produce more graduates at a lower cost, and these graduates should quickly find a well-paid job that matches their field of study. However, while institutions and academic staff have adapted to these new forms of evaluation and funding, students seem to be less inclined to do so. It is problematic that within this equation, institutions and academics are the producers, while students are relegated to a role of products or, in the best-case scenario, clients. As products, they cannot be expected to comply with the productivity goals or the performance indicators of the institution. This article reviews how students behave and why they behave as they do, before considering the implications for productivity. The analysis focuses on Mexican higher education, but also highlights relevant results in other countries

CLONACIÓN HUMANA REPRODUCTIVA, TERAPÉUTICA Y SOCIAL

The term “cloning” has been used in many different ways. That can be undertaken for reproductive or therapeutic purposes. We present the circumstances that would justify those kinds of cloning as well as medical, legal and social objections related to these practices. We also discuss the impact of cloning in the manufacturing of biopharmaceutical products, including its limitations and advantages. At last, the article makes ethical and social considerations about this topic, its perspectives and ethical limits. The study denounces the social cloning that can be found in the reproduction of the genocide of the poor (“poorcide”) and also the dangerous homogenization made possible by the massive communication technology which intends to teach us how to live with the unacceptable.El término clonación ha tenido diversos usos y significaciones. Después de describir los procesos de desarrollo y diferenciación celular y los primeros experimentos, pasamos al problema de la clonación humana propiamente dicha. Ésta, puede realizarse teniendo en vista dos finalidades: la reproductiva y la terapéutica. Sobre éstas, discutimos tanto las circunstancias que las justifican como las objeciones éticas, legales y sociales a estas prácticas. Discutimos también el impacto de la clonación en la fabricación de productos biofarmacéuticos, sus limitaciones y ventajas. Al fin, trazamos consideraciones éticas y sociales relacionadas al tema, sus perspectivas y límites éticos, denunciando la clonación social que se verifica en la reproducción del “paupericidio” y en la peligrosa homogenización propiciada por la masiva tecnología de la comunicación que pretende enseñarnos a vivir con lo inaceptable

Optimizing strategies to identify high risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Introduction: The success of diabetes prevention based on early treatment depends on high-quality screening. This study compared the diagnostic properties of currently recommended screening strategies against alternative score-based rules to identify those at high risk of developing diabetes. Methods: The study used data from ELSA-Brasil, a contemporary cohort followed up for a mean (standard deviation) of 7.4 (0.54) years, to develop risk functions with logistic regression to predict incident diabetes based on socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical, and laboratory variables. We compared the predictive capacity of these functions against traditional pre-diabetes cutoffs of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) alone or combined with recommended screening questionnaires. Results: Presenting FPG > 100 mg/dl predicted 76.6% of future cases of diabetes in the cohort at the cost of labeling 40.6% of the sample as high risk. If FPG testing was performed only in those with a positive American Diabetes Association (ADA) questionnaire, labeling was reduced to 12.2%, but only 33% of future cases were identified. Scores using continuously expressed clinical and laboratory variables produced a better balance between detecting more cases and labeling fewer false positives. They consistently outperformed strategies based on categorical cutoffs. For example, a score composed of both clinical and laboratory data, calibrated to detect a risk of future diabetes ≥20%, predicted 54% of future diabetes cases, labeled only 15.3% as high risk, and, compared to the FPG ≥ 100 mg/dl strategy, nearly doubled the probability of future diabetes among screen positives. Discussion: Currently recommended screening strategies are inferior to alternatives based on continuous clinical and laboratory variables

Lack of association between subclinical hypothyroidism and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity in a cross-sectional analysis of the ELSA–Brasil

BACKGROUND There is little available data on carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). We aimed to analyze the association between SCH and cf-PWV using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA–Brasil). METHODS We included subjects with normal thyroid function (thyrotropin (TSH): 0.4–4.0 mIU/l, and normal free thyroxine (FT4: 0.8–1.9 ng/dl) and SCH (TSH > 4.0 mIU/l and normal FT4) evaluated for cf-PWV in a crosssectional analysis. We excluded individuals using medications that interfere in thyroid function, antihypertensives, or diuretics, and subjects with chronic kidney disease or previous cardiovascular disease. Generalized linear and logistic regression models evaluated cf-PWV as a dependent variable and SCH as an independent variable, adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors.RESULTS Of 8,341 subjects (52.3% women), 7,878 (94.4%) were euthyroid and 463 (5.6%) showed SCH. The median age was 50 years (interquartile range: 44–56). The groups differed by age, sex, body mass index, glomerular filtration rate, and C-reactive protein. SCH was not associated with cf-PWV in the full-adjusted linear model (β = −0.039; P = 0.562) and with cf-PWV >75th percentile in the full-adjusted logistic model (odds ratio = 0.94; 95% confidence interval = 0.72–1.22). CONCLUSION In a large sample, SCH was not associated with increased cf-PWV