Plant elongator-protein complex of diverse activities regulates growth, development, and immune responses

Contrary to the conserved Elongator composition in yeast, animals, and plants, molecular functions and catalytic activities of the complex remain controversial. Elongator was identified as a component of elongating RNA polymerase II holoenzyme in yeast, animals, and plants. Furthermore, it was suggested that Elonagtor facilitates elongation of transcription via histone acetyl transferase activity. Accordingly, phenotypes ofArabidopsis elomutants, which show development, growth, or immune response defects, correlate with transcriptional downregulation and the decreased histone acetylation in the coding regions of crucial genes. Plant Elongator was also implicated in other processes: transcription and processing of miRNA, regulation of DNA replication by histone acetylation, and acetylation of alpha-tubulin. Moreover, tRNA modification, discovered first in yeast and confirmed in plants, was claimed as the main activity of Elongator, leading to specificity in translation that might also result indirectly in a deficiency in transcription. Heterologous overexpression of individualArabidopsisElongator subunits and their respective phenotypes suggest that single Elongator subunits might also have another function next to being a part of the complex. In this review, we shall present the experimental evidence of all molecular mechanisms and catalytic activities performed by Elongator in nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells, which might explain how Elongator regulates growth, development, and immune responses

Disfunction Symptoms in Polish Companies

Primjenom pristupa »patologije institucija« razmatraju se različiti aspekti disfunkcija u poljskim poduzećima. Disfunkcija se ne shvaća jednodimenzionalno, nego se uzimaju u obzir kriteriji zadati s jedne strane zadovoljavanjem društvenih potreba, s druge, sistemom planske privrede i s treće — unutrašnjom organizacijskom funkcionalnošću. Kao simptomi patološke disfunkcionalnosti analiziraju se neizvršavanje funkcionalnih zadataka institucija, zamjenjivanje stvarne djelatnosti prividnom, prenošenje ovlaštenja na neovlaštene ustanove, aktivnost ustanova koje ne odgovaraju niti ekonomskom interesu niti društvenim potrebama, te nepostojanje sredstava nužnih za djelovanje institucija. Kao razlozi tih poremećaja analiziraju se teškoće u sistemu odlučivanja i kontrole zbog nerazjašnjenog odnosa samoupravljanja i državnog plana, što se manifestira i u širenju »prividnih aktivnosti« radi prikrivanja odstupanja od nametnutih funkcija poduzeća. Društvene posljedice poremećaja sastoje se kako u konfliktima, tako i u »klasičnoj« socijalnoj patologiji.Different aspects of dysfunction in Polish companies by means of the »pathology of institutions« approach are being discussed. Dysfunction is not viewed one-dimensionally, but taken into consideration are the criteria which are determined first by the fulfillment of social needs, second by the planned economy system, and third by the internal organizational functionality. As symptoms of pathological disfunctionality the following are being analysed: the non-execution of the functional tasks of institutions, the substitution of real activities by fictitious ones, the transfer of authority to unauthorized institutions, the activities of institutions which are neither economically profitable nor correspond to social needs, and finally, the non-existence of means necessary for the functioning of institutions. The reasons analysed as generators of these deviations are the difficulties in thee decision-making and control systems arising as a result of an inarticulate inter relation between self-management and government planning, which is also demonstrated by the expansion of »fictitious activities«. These are. in turn, undertaken to conceal the withdrawal from the enforced functions of the company. The social consequences of these dysfunctions include conflicts as well as standard social pathology

Rewolucyjny realizm, rewolucyjny romantyzm i modelowi bohaterowie – utopia w literaturze maoistowskiej

W przypadku literatury maoistowskiej nie można mówić o realizacji utopii jako gatunku literackiego. Niektórzy badacze uważają jednak, że promowany przez Mao Zedonga rewolucyjny realizm i rewolucyjny  romantyzm wprowadziły element utopijny do chińskiej literatury maoistowskiej. Według Mao literatura w nowym, socjalistycznym społeczeństwie miała pełnić rolę dydaktyczną i być narzędziem ideologicznej propagandy. Jako taka, musiała przedstawiać wzorce postaci i zachowań, oferować gotowe rozwiązania dylematów moralnych. Zgodnie z wytycznymi Mao, literatura tego okresu miała przedstawiać wprowadzanie w życie kampanii politycznych, które naprawiały istniejący wcześniej feudalny porządek społeczny, wprowadzały do społeczeństwa harmonię, ład i sprawiedliwość. Utwory literackie tego okresu miały przedstawiać wyidealizowanych bohaterów, którzy postawieni przed realnymi problemami przyjmują właściwą postawę i podejmują jedyną słuszną decyzję. Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie, jaką rolę literatura pełniła w maoistowskiej propagandzie oraz jak realizowane w niej były utopijne koncepcje Mao. Przez przytoczenie przykładów konkretnych utworów autorka postara się również wskazać konkretne wzorce postaci i sposoby przedstawienia idealnego społeczeństwa

Primary myelofibrosis – review of therapeutic methods

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), that manifests bone marrow fibrosis, cytopenias, splenomegaly, and constitutional symptoms. The conventional therapeutic options for patients with PMF consist of management of anemia, use of cytoreductive and immunomogulatory agents, and splenectomy or splenic irradiation. Cure is only achievable through allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The discovery of crucial role of JAK2 signaling in pathogenesis of PMF has resulting in new JAK2 inhibitor therapy, such ruxolitinib or other investigated molecules

Stosunki polsko-belgijskie w apogeum zimnej wojny i w okresie „odwilży” 1948–1956 (główne problemy)

The article presents the results of research into Polish-Belgian relations between 1948 and 1956, based primarily on documents found in the archives of both countries. The study aimed to answer the following questions: What was the shape of mutual relations during the apogee of the Cold War (1948–1952) and the period of limited liberalisation in international relations between 1953 and 1956; Can it be proved that there were any important changes in relations between Warsaw and Brussels during these years?Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań nad stosunkami polsko-belgijskimi w latach 1948– 1956. Został oparty przede wszystkim o dokumenty odnalezione w archiwach obu krajów. Celem badawczym była odpowiedź na pytania: jak kształtowały się wzajemne relacje w okresie apogeum zimnej wojny (1948–1952) i w okresie ograniczonej liberalizacji w stosunkach międzynarodowych lat 1953–1956 oraz czy można udowodnić, że w relacjach Warszawy i Brukseli nastąpiły w tych latach jakieś istotne zmiany

Atresia of the esophagus - thoracotomy vs thoracoscopy

Esophageal atresia is a congenital medical condition associated with the disorder of the alimentary tract. It is usually associated with one or more fistulas to the trachea. Esophageal atresia is often associated with other congenital defects. The most frequent anomalies with atresia of the esophagus are those that occur in the VACTERL association. The incidence of oesophageal atresia mention in the literature varies 0.7-4.55/10000, because of the different percentage of defects other than esophageal atresia and associated with esophageal atresia changes. The etiology of esophageal atresia is mainly unknown, but it is considered multifactorial, including genetic and environmental factors. Indeed, 6-10% of cases of esophageal atresia have been diagnosed with a chromosomal abnormality or syndrome. For the purpose of this study, we analyzed the current papers on esophageal atresia found in the PubMed database. Traditionally, the esophageal atresia has been operated by the right posterior thoracotomy. The first thoracoscopic repair of classic esophageal atresia was performed in 1999, and the first successful thoracoscopy of the tracheo-oesophageal fistula a year later. Together with these milestones, numerous health centers have begun adapting this surgical technique. Although thoracoscopic surgery in the case of esophageal atresia in patients with tracheo-bronchial fistula was conducted in many highly developed children's surgery centers, the safety and efficacy of this method remained controversial. The benefits of thoracoscopic surgery are obvious, including excellent visualization, less use of post-operative drugs and cosmetic effects. Jaureguiza et al. described the "scaly scapula", chest wall deformity, scoliosis and the development of the bad nipple in patients who underwent open surgery due to esophageal atresia with the accompanying tacha-oesophageal fistula. In the case of open thoracotomy, it was necessary to withdraw the lungs to expose the posterior mediastinum, resulting in lung damage and respiratory complications. Compared to the open surgery, thoracoscopy significantly reduced the time of hospital stay and the moment of the first oral meal. However, thoracoscopy was associated with a longer time of surgery. The incidence of leaks, narrowings, pulmonary complications, and blood loss were similar in both surgical technique. It seems that the benefits of thoracoscopy are significant

Personalized therapy for patients with follicular lymphoma in era of rituximab

In patients with follicular lymphoma (FL), there are several factors influencing the disease course: morphological, immunological, genetic and clinical. The therapeutic options for patients with FL contain many methods such as rituximab with different chemotherapy regimens, radioimmunotherapy, radiotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The modern management of FL patients should consist of personalization of therapy related to risk factors

Complex treatment including participation ii the psychological suport group in adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1

Introduction: The maturation process in diabetic adolescents is characterized by an insufficient metabolic level. Maintaining normoglycemia is a necessity and it is expected from young people with Diabetes during developmental changes. The appearance of emotional disorders, as a result of this burden, inhibits their therapeutic activity. The aim of study is to present the concept and results of a complex treatment of diabetic adolescents who participated actively in the programme. Subjects and method: 30 adolescents (mean age 14.8 +/- 1.0), suffering from DM Type 1 (mean duration 4.3 +/- 2.9), treated with functional intensive insulinotherapy were subjects in study. The subjects forming a homogeneous psychotherapeutic group participated in the GCZDiM programme: Psychological Support Group for adolescents with DMT1 /PGS/. The aim of this programme was to help young diabetics recognize and cope effectively with situations that provoke unwillingness and to realize the therapeutic indications. The estimation of the complex treatment efficacy included a comparison of initial HbA1c and BMI with the values at the end of the study. Statistical analysis was performed using Student-t test (p0.05). Conclusions: Connection medical treatment and psychotherapy increases efficacy, efficiency of DM Type I treatment. The therapy method applying PGS is an effective element of general therapy in adolescents with DM Type 1

Stress disease of the 21st century?

The concept of stress is already 80 years old, the issue is getting better researched. Mechanisms of action better understood. We notice the difference between eustress and distress - that what is good and usefull for our body, and what is not. This topic of this research is getting more and more important - faster and faster pace of life, more and more civilization diseases. 77% of people regularly experience physical symptoms of stress, while psychologically, 73%. With such figures, the authors would like to draw attention to the importance of this issue and to what are the latest findings in this area, what else has to be done and how can we now handle it. The amount of illness that is associated with stress is enormous. Whether directly as their main cause or indirect as a factor predisposing to its occurrence. Literature provides numerous examples of immunology, cardiology or neurology. Extremaly worrying is the impact of stress during pregnancy to the adult life of an unborn child. Of course we can also find ways of treating it, whether it is pharmacological: stress or its consequences or by reducing stress. In conclusion, this is a significant condition that has a large effect on a large number of people. Worrying that even doctor and nurses who have knowledge of this subject is not devoid of the negative effects of stress. Exactly due to the specifics of work more exposed