Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Memory and Reflex Maturation in Rats Treated During Early Life

In the critical period of neurodevelopment (gestation and lactation), maternal consumption of essential fatty acids (FAs) can alter the offspring cognitive function permanently causing damage. Lipids can regulate neurotrophin and compose brain tissue. However, the effects of maternal consumption of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on an offspring nervous system are not completely clear. We aimed to investigate the impacts of different CLA concentrations mixed into the maternal diet during early life on neonatal reflex maturation and cognitive functions of the offspring. Three groups were formed: control (CG): receiving a standard diet; CLA1: receiving a diet containing 1% of CLA, and CLA3: receiving a diet containing 3% of CLA, offered during gestation and lactation. After birth, the reflex responses of the offspring were observed from the 1st to the 21st day. After weaning, the animals’ anxiety and memory were assessed using open field (OF) and novel object recognition tests. Fatty acids in the breast milk and the offspring’s brain were also quantified. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal–Wallis test. CLA1 presented accelerated palmar grasp disappearance versus CLA3 and negative-geotaxis versus CG; and the CLA3 presented increases for most reflexes (cliff-avoidance, vibrissa-placing, negative-geotaxis, and auditory-startle response), and decrease in reflexes palmar grasp and free-fall righting versus CG (p < 0.05). CLA3 group explored less of the OF in the second exposure. CLA1 and CLA3 presented an increased exploration ratio for new objects, which indicates memory improvement. The milk tested from CLA3 demonstrated an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids. The amount of CLA in milk was greater in CLA1 and CLA3 and in the brain offspring both presented moderated amounts of CLA. Maternal treatment with the CLA mixture induced anticipated reflex maturation and improved memory in the offspring. Even though CLA was detected in the brains in only trace amounts, offspring’s brain PUFA and SFA levels were increased. Further studies aimed to delineate the effect of maternal CLA supplementation on offspring’s brain lipid metabolism and long-term neurologic outcome are needed to confirm these findings

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Influence of glycerin inclusion in substitution to babassu mesocarp bran and millet in beef quality

Submitted by Ana Caroline Costa ([email protected]) on 2019-04-09T20:38:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Maria Izabel Amaral Souza - 2019.pdf: 1353734 bytes, checksum: c0a74d2089df93199fffeb784a98c990 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2019-04-10T12:05:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Maria Izabel Amaral Souza - 2019.pdf: 1353734 bytes, checksum: c0a74d2089df93199fffeb784a98c990 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-04-10T12:05:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Maria Izabel Amaral Souza - 2019.pdf: 1353734 bytes, checksum: c0a74d2089df93199fffeb784a98c990 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-03-01The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the meat by means of the composition analysis, myofibrillar fragmentation index, collagen, color, vitamin E, cholesterol, lipid oxidation, minerals and fatty acid profile of samples of Longissimus dorsi obtained from non- castrated crossbred cattle with an average age of 30 months, feeding with increasing levels of crude glycerin 0, 60, 120 and 240 g / kg, replacing the grain association of millet and babassu mesocarp bran in the dry matter of concentrated diet. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four treatments and six replicates. The data obtained were submitted to linear regression analysis through the R program. Composition analyzes, myofibrillar fragmentation index, collagen did not show significant difference (P &lt;0.05) with the addition of crude glycerin to the diet. The a*, chroma index, lipid oxidation and vitamin E presented positive linear regression with the inclusion of crude glycerin (P &lt;0.05). The values ​​of K (P &lt;0.05) decreased with the addition of crude glycerin, but being normal variations for beef. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids levels did not show a significant difference between the evaluated treatments. Monounsaturated fatty acids increased while the polyinsatured fatty acids level decrease. Crude glycerin can be used in cattle, because it favored vitamin E level, improved the n6: n3 ratio and did not increase the amount of cholesterolemic fatty acids.Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de amostras de Longissimus dorsi obtidas de bovinos mestiços não castrados, com idade média de 30 meses, submetidos a uma alimentação com níveis crescentes de glicerina zero, 60, 120 e 240 g.Kg -1 em substituição à associação do grão de milheto e farelo do mesocarpo do babaçu na matéria seca da fração concentrada da dieta. Foram realizadas as análises de composição centesimal, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, cor, teor de colágeno, vitamina E, colesterol, oxidação lipídica, minerais e perfil de ácidos graxos. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualisado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por regressão linear através do programa R. As análises de composição centesimal, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar e colágeno não apresentaram diferença (P&lt;0,05) com a adição de glicerina bruta à dieta. O índice a*, chroma, oxidação lipídica e vitamina E apresentaram regressão linear positiva com a inclusão de glicerina bruta (P&lt;0,05). Os valores de K diminuíram com a adição de glicerina bruta (P&lt;0,05), porém, estão dentro das variações para carne. As concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos avaliados, porém houve aumento das concentrações de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados cis e diminuição dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados. A glicerina bruta pode ser utilizada na alimentação bovina, pois favoreceu as concentrações de vitamina E, melhorou a relação n6:n3 e não aumentou a quantidade de ácidos graxos colesterolêmicos

Use of babassu mesocarp bran as a substitute to pearl millet grain in finishing cattle and the influence on meat tenderness

Submitted by Cássia Santos ([email protected]) on 2015-02-03T09:48:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Izabel Amaral Souza - 2014.pdf: 2005376 bytes, checksum: 3bfdb741e6e197bd29313dcc4bfee4e9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2015-02-05T13:27:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Izabel Amaral Souza - 2014.pdf: 2005376 bytes, checksum: 3bfdb741e6e197bd29313dcc4bfee4e9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T13:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Izabel Amaral Souza - 2014.pdf: 2005376 bytes, checksum: 3bfdb741e6e197bd29313dcc4bfee4e9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESDue to the need for alternative sources of food for cattle nutrition, research on agribusiness by-products has been carried out, such as the use of babassu mesocarp bran ( MB ) in the ruminants diet. In this experiment, we analyzed 30 Longissimus dorsi samples obtained from animals that received babassu meal replacing pearl millet grain, in six different treatments: ( T1 ) 100% pearl millet ; ( T2 ) 88% pearl millet + 12% MB; ( T3 ) 76% pearl millet + 24% MB, ( T4 ) 64% pearl millet + 36% MB, ( T5 ) 52% pearl millet and 48% MB, and ( T6 ) 100% corn. Several physico-chemical analyzes were performed to identify possible factors affecting the tenderness of the meat. We use flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, to quantify the minerals: copper, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, sodium and potassium from babassu mesocarp bran, pearl millet and Longissimus dorsi samples. In babassu mesocarp bran the minerals that presented the greatest levels were K ( 590.49 mg/100 g ), followed by Ca, Fe, and Mg, in pearl millet K ( 484.86 mg/100 g ) followed by Mg and Capresented the highest level, whithout showing concentrations of Fe, in meat samples Mn was not found with the methodology used, and the minerals with the highest concentrations were K, (with difference between the standard treatment and the one with greater MB inclusion), followed by Na and Mg. The average shear force was 5.74 kgf. The water holding capacity was determined by thawing weight loss ( 13%), cooking weight loss (14.16%) and pressure weight loss (26.3%) . Regarding the myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) there was difference between the standard treatment and the one with greater MB inclusion, demonstrating that the MB can reduce the MFI. As for total collagen, the value found was 3.06% and soluble collagen was of 7.5% ( relative to total collagen content). The MB is an interesting alternative source for ruminants' feed and, taking MFI into consideration, the concentrations lower than 48% MB would be ideal, MB inclusion also favours potassium concentration.Confrontados com a necessidade de fontes alternativas de alimentos na nutrição de bovinos, muitas pesquisas tem sido realizadas com subprodutos das agroindústrias, assim o uso do farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu (FB) tem sido objeto de estudo na dieta de ruminantes. Neste experimento foram analisadas 30 amostras de Longissimus dorsi, de animais que receberam a inclusão de farelo de babaçu em substituição ao grão de milheto, obedecendo seis tratamentos: (T1) 100% milheto; (T2) 88% milheto + 12% FB; (T3) 76% milheto + 24% FB, (T4) 64% milheto + 36% FB, (T5) 52% milheto e 48%FB e (T6) 100% milho. Várias análises físico-químicas foram realizadas para identificar os possíveis fatores que interferem na maciez da carne. A partir das amostras de farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu, milheto e de Longissimus dorsi, por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica em chama, puderam-se quantificar os minerais: cobre, ferro, cálcio, magnésio, manganês, zinco, sódio e potássio. No farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu o mineral encontrado em maior quantidade foi o K (590,49 mg/100g), seguido por Ca, Fe e Mg, no milheto a maior quantidade também foi de K (484,86 mg/100g), seguida de Mg e Ca, não apresentando concentrações de Fe. Nas amostras de carne não foi encontrada concentrações de Mn com a metodologia utilizada, o mineral com maior concentração foi o K, (foi encontrada diferença entre o tratamento padrão e o tratamento de maior inclusão de FB), seguido de Na e Mg. Para força de cisalhamento a média encontrada foi de 5,74 kgf. A capacidade de retenção de água foi determinada através das análises por perdas de peso no descongelamento (13%), perdas de peso na cocção (14,16%) e perdas de peso por pressão (26,3%). Para análise de índice de fragmentação miofibrilar (IFM) houve diferença entre o tratamento padrão e a maior inclusão de FB, demonstrando que o FB pode diminuir o IFM, consequentemente a maciez. Na análise de colágeno total o valor encontrado foi de 3,06% e para colágeno solúvel de 7,5% (em relação ao conteúdo de colágeno total). O farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu é uma fonte de alimentos alternativa interessante para os ruminantes, levando em consideração o IFM valores menores de 48% de inclusão seria ideal, a inclusão de FB favorece a concentração de potássio

Representações sociais sobre a alimentação da nutriz

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que buscou compreender os significados atribuídos pelas mulheres ao hábito alimentar, no que se referem às proibições, permissões e lactogogos durante o aleitamento materno. Como fundamentação teórica, utilizou-a Teoria das Representações Sociais descrita por Moscovici (2003) e Minayo (2006). Participaram do estudo 58 mães de crianças até 2 anos residentes no município de Coimbra (MG). A análise compreensiva da alimentação revelou que para as mães entrevistadas havia a necessidade de uma alimentação especial durante o puerpério, sendo esta composta de alimentos considerados saudáveis, fortes, lactogênicos, além da ingestão de líquido. Ainda, em relação à dieta da lactante, os alimentos quentes, reimosos, gordurosos deveriam ser evitados. Nessa perspectiva, pensar em alimentação nesta fase fisiológica da mulher implica conhecer os aspectos histórico, social e cultural que interferem na escolha alimentar, permitindo assim entender seus hábitos e crenças para que a atuação profissional seja adequada ao grupo atendido e ao contexto no qual ele se insere.This is a qualitative study that sought to establish the significance attributed by women to adequate eating habits with respect to prohibited, permitted and breastmilk-enhancing products during breastfeeding. It was based on the Theory of Social Representations described by Moscovici (2003) and Minayo (2006). 58 mothers of children up to 2 years of age living in the city of Coimbra in Minas Gerais state participated in the survey. Comprehensive analysis of feeding revealed that the new mothers interviewed understood the need for a special diet during postpartum based on healthy, fortified and lactose-rich food, as well as the need for ingesting liquids. Breatfeeding mothers appreciated the need to avoid hot, creamy and fatty food. In this perspective, feeding during this physiological phase implies an understanding of cultural, social and historical aspects which dictate eating habits. This assists in understanding customs and beliefs in order to provide professional assistance geared to the group being assisted in its proper context

Social network: revealing the nursing mother social affairs

This is a qualitative study resulting from matters involving the nursing mother social system regards to relation between social system and breastfeeding phenomena. The study was based on the social system theory described by Sanicola as well as on the social representations theory described by Moscovici and Minayo. As participants of this study there were mothers, fathers and grandparents of children up to two years old who were living in Coimbra, a city of Minas Gerais state. A comprehensive analysis of nursing mother social system revealed it can or can not give support to breastfeeding success. Thus the support was expressed by different ways such as: 1- housework helping; 2- babysitting; 3- breastfeeding encouragement; 4- orientation and advices. In this way a social system implies realizing which sociocultural context a woman-mother is inserted in. It enlarges the looking over breastfeeding besides giving subsidies to formulate public politics more efficacious in favour of breastfeeding.Este é um estudo qualitativo que se refere à relação da rede social e a amamentação. Como fundamentação teórica, utilizou-se a Teoria da Rede Social de Sanicola, bem como a Teoria das Representações Sociais descrita por Moscovici e Minayo. Participaram do estudo mães, pais e avós, de crianças até dois anos, residentes no município de Coimbra-MG. A análise compreensiva da rede social da nutriz revelou que esta pode oferecer apoio/suporte ou não para o sucesso da lactação. Assim sendo, o apoio recebido foi expresso de várias formas: (1) Auxílio nas atividades domésticas; (2) Ajuda nos cuidados com o bebê; (3) Estímulo ao aleitamento; e (4) Orientações e conselhos. Nessa perspectiva, pensar em rede social implica conhecer o contexto sociocultural no qual a mulher-mãe está inserida, ampliando o olhar sobre a lactação, além de fornecer subsídios para a formulação de políticas públicas mais eficazes em prol do aleitamento.Universidade Federal de Viçosa-MG Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde Ciência da NutriçãoUniversidade de Valência Saúde PúblicaUNESP SociologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina CiênciaInstituto Fernandes Figueira Fiocruz Saúde da Criança e da MulherUniversidade Federal de Viçosa-MG NutriçãoUNIFESP, EPM, São Paulo, BrazilSciEL

Molecular and clinical epidemiological surveillance of dengue virus in Paraíba, Northeast Brazil

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Despite being the most prevalent arboviral disease worldwide, dengue has been neglected lately. However, recent epidemics of arboviruses such as Zika and chikungunya in locations throughout the world have alerted health authorities to these diseases. This study evaluated the incidence pattern of dengue, its clinical characteristics, and co-circulation of serotypes from 2007 to 2015 in Paraiba State, Northeast Brazil. METHODS: Data on dengue cases from 2007 to 2015 were extracted from clinical reports of the National System for Notifiable Diseases [Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN)] of Brazil provided by the Paraiba Health Department. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for dengue serotypes were carried out on plasma samples obtained from patients with suspected dengue. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: According to clinical features, dengue fever [n = 39,083 (70.2%)] and dengue without warning signs [n = 15,365 (27.7%)] were the most common classifications of dengue. On RT-PCR, DENV 1 was the most commonly identified serotype (80.5%) in all years studied. Co-circulation of all four DENV serotypes was observed in 2013 and 2014. Furthermore, we observed an increase in dengue notifications in 2015, possibly due to the rise of Zika and chikungunya. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that co-circulation of the four DENV serotypes may be a reason for the increased prevalence of severe forms of dengue in the years studied. This study may contribute to directing research, health policy, and financial resources toward reducing poorly controlled epidemic diseases