The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. II. High Luminosity Protostars

We present multi-wavelength images observed with SOFIA-FORCAST from $\sim$10 to 40 $\mu$m of seven high luminosity massive protostars, as part of the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. Source morphologies at these wavelengths appear to be influenced by outflow cavities and extinction from dense gas surrounding the protostars. Using these images, we build spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the protostars, also including archival data from Spitzer, Herschel and other facilities. Radiative transfer (RT) models of Zhang & Tan (2018), based on Turbulent Core Accretion theory, are then fit to the SEDs to estimate key properties of the protostars. Considering the best five models fit to each source, the protostars have masses $m_{*} \sim 12-64 \: M_{\odot}$ accreting at rates of $\dot{m}_{*} \sim 10^{-4}-10^{-3} \: M_{\odot} \: \rm yr^{-1}$ inside cores of initial masses $M_{c} \sim 100-500 \: M_{\odot}$ embedded in clumps with mass surface densities $\Sigma_{\rm cl} \sim 0.1-3 \: \rm g \: cm^{-2}$ and span a luminosity range of $10^{4} -10^{6} \: L_{\odot}$. Compared with the first eight protostars in Paper I, the sources analyzed here are more luminous, and thus likely to be more massive protostars. They are often in a clustered environment or have a companion protostar relatively nearby. From the range of parameter space of the models, we do not see any evidence that $\Sigma_{\rm cl}$ needs to be high to form these massive stars. For most sources the RT models provide reasonable fits to the SEDs, though the cold clump material often influences the long wavelength fitting. However, for sources in very clustered environments, the model SEDs may not be such a good description of the data, indicating potential limitations of the models for these regions.Comment: 30 pages, 19 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap

El efecto de los temporales de viento en la laurisilva de anaga (Tenerife. I. Canarias). La tormenta delta de noviembre de 2005

La accidentada topografía del Macizo de Anaga y la localización de la laurisilva en los relieves más expuestos contribuyen a que los daños forestales inmediatos de los temporales sean notorios. La relación de este efecto con la magnitud del vendaval está cada vez más condicionada por el aumento de la madurez del bosque debido al abandono de los aprovechamientos forestales. 18 meses después de la tormenta Delta el bosque evidencia un proceso de autosucesión y el fin del enriquecimiento del sotobosque con especies herbáceas heliófilas. Esta dinámica indica que a medio y largo plazo las consecuencias serán exclusivamente fisonómicas. Tras comprobar la recurrencia histórica de estos fenómenos atmosféricos, el objetivo final de la investigación iniciada con este trabajo es valorar la importancia de los temporales de viento en la dinámica del paisaje forestal de Anaga

The LRRC8-mediated volume-regulated anion channel is altered in glaucoma.

Regulation of cellular volume is an essential process to balance volume changes during cell proliferation and migration or when intracellular osmolality increases due to transepithelial transport. We previously characterized the key role of volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC) in the modulation of the volume of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and, in turn, the aqueous humour (AH) outflow from the eye. The balance between the secretion and the drainage of AH determines the intraocular pressure (IOP) that is the major casual risk factor for glaucoma. Glaucoma is an ocular disease that causes irreversible blindness due to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. The recent identification of Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing 8 (LRRC8A-E) proteins as the molecular components of VRAC opens the field to elucidate their function in the physiology of TM and glaucoma. Human TM cells derived from non-glaucomatous donors and from open-angle glaucoma patients were used to determine the expression and the functional activity of LRRC8-mediated channels. Expression levels of LRRC8A-E subunits were decreased in HTM glaucomatous cells compared to normotensive HTM cells. Consequently, the activity of VRAC currents and volume regulation of TM cells were significantly affected. Impaired cell volume regulation will likely contribute to altered aqueous outflow and intraocular pressure

La Iglesia y los movimientos sociales en Brasil: Actos y fragmentos de sumisión y rebeldía

Esta disertación tiene como principal objeto de estudio analizar los límites y posibilidades de cambio que están ocurriendo con los campesinos brasileños, de la región nordeste del país, más específicamente, del estado de Paraiba. Este proceso de cambio, se inicia a principios de este siglo, siendo más acentuado en el período 1975-1989. Este proceso puede ser caracterizado por tentativas de ruptura de prácticas y patrones de dominación a la vista de acontecimientos económicos, políticos y socioculturales y de nuevos actores, incluyendo especialmente la acción relevante de la Iglesia Católica. Intentamos comprender los cambios ocurridos en las prácticas políticas y sociales de los campesinos, las acciones y demandas de sus organizaciones de clase, los tipos de confrontaciones a las acciones de los Sta te a través de la adopción de políticas públicas auxiliares. Las confrontaciones con los terratenientes que utilizan prácticas de represión y sometimiento más directas e inmediatas. Y también las actitudes de los campesinos como sujetos aculturados y por valores y procesos tradicionales y, al mismo tiempo, cambiando su comportamiento por demandas y necesidades de los patrones sociales modernos. Se consideró también la nueva perspectiva de la Iglesia, renovada por un lado, comprometida con los campesinos encogidos y por otro ha mantenido sus rasgos tradicionales, asumiendo también la identidad conflictiva de los campesinos, a veces avanzando, a veces retrocediendo, encerrándose en prácticas tradicionales, culturales, morales y religiosas, contribuyendo así al surgimiento del conflicto, permitiendo que las características de la dimensión conservadora y tradicional de la estructura social nordestina, permanezcan bajo nuevas formas. Esto se refleja tanto en los segmentos dominantes como en los dominados. La organización para la reivindicación de derechos, la ruptura del Contrato Social y la posibilidad histórica de establecer una nueva sociabilidad chocan con los esquemas culturales tradicionalmente internalizados constituyendo un obstáculo a los muchos intentos de romper las relaciones políticas sociales tradicionales, permitiendo así el surgimiento de un nuevo orden social.This dissertation has as its main object of study to analyse the limits and possibilities of change happening with Brazilian peasants, from the northeast region of the country, more specifically, form the state of Paraiba. This process of change, starts in the beginning of this century, being more accentuated in the period 1975-1989. This process can be characterized by attempts of rupture of domination practices and patterns in sight of economic, politic and sociocultural events and of new actors, including especially the relevant action of the Catholic Church. We tried to understand the changes occurring in the peasants' politic and social practices, the actions and demands of its class organizations, the types of confrontations to the Sta te' actions through the adoption of assistant public policies. The confrontations with the landowners who use practices of repression and subjugation more direct and immediate. And also the peasants attitudes as acculturated subjects and by traditional values and processes and at the same time, changing their behaviour by demands and needs of the modern social patterns. It was also considered the new perspective of the Church, renewed on one side, committed with the peasants shrugged and on the other it has kept its traditional features, assuming also the conflicting identity of the peasants, sometimes advancing, sometimes receding, enclosing themselves in traditional, cultural, moral and religious practices, thus contributing to the emergence of conflict, permitting that the conservative and traditional dimension characteristics of the Northeast social structure, remain under new shapes. This is reflected as much in the dominant as in the dominated segments. The organization for the demand of rights, the rupture of the Social Contract and the history possibility of establishing a new sociability crash with the cultural schemes traditionally internalized constituting an obstacle to the many attempts to break the traditional social political relations, permitting thus the emerging of a new social order

Identification of mycotoxins by UHPLC–QTOF MS in airborne fungi and fungi isolated from industrial paper and antique documents from the Archive of Bogotá

Mold deterioration of historical documents in archives and libraries is a frequent and complex phenomenon that may have important economic and cultural consequences. In addition, exposure to toxic fungal metabolites might produce health problems. In this work, samples of broths of fungal species isolated from the documentary material and from indoor environmental samples of the Archive of Bogotá have been analyzed to investigate the presence of mycotoxins. High resolution mass spectrometry made possible to search for a large number of mycotoxins, even without reference standards available at the laboratory. For this purpose, a screening strategy based on ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF MS) under MSE mode was applied. A customized home-made database containing elemental composition for around 600 mycotoxins was compiled. The presence of the (de)protonated molecule measured at its accurate mass was evaluated in the samples. When a peak was detected, collision induced dissociation fragments and characteristic isotopic ions were also evaluated and used for tentative identification, based on structure compatibility and comparison with literature data (if existing). Up to 44 mycotoxins were tentatively identified by UHPLC–QTOF MS. 34 of these tentative compounds were confirmed by subsequent analysis using a targeted LC–MS/MS method, supporting the strong potential of QTOF MS for identification/elucidation purposes. The presence of mycotoxins in these samples might help to reinforce safety measures for researchers and staff who work on reception, restoration and conservation of archival material, not only at the Archive of Bogotá but worldwide.Generalitat Valenciana (research group of excellence PROMETEO II/2014/023; ISIC 2012/016), from Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá (Special Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology No. 2215100-153-2013) and from Universidad Antonio Nariño Grant 2010246

Readout electronics for low dark count pixel detectors based on geiger mode avalanche photodiodes fabricated in conventional CMOS technologies for future linear colliders

The high sensitivity and excellent timing accuracy of Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes makes them ideal sensors as pixel detectors for particle tracking in high energy physics experiments to be performed in future linear colliders. Nevertheless, it is well known that these sensors suffer from dark counts and afterpulsing noise, which induce false hits (indistinguishable from event detection) as well as an increase of the necessary area of the readout system. In this work, we present a comparison between APDs fabricated in a high voltage 0.35 µm and a high integration 0.13 µm commercially available CMOS technologies that has been performed to determine which of them best fits the particle collider requirements. In addition, a readout circuit that allows low noise operation is introduced. Experimental characterization of the proposed pixel is also presented in this work

The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. III. From Intermediate- to High-Mass Protostars

We present $\sim10-40\,\mu$m SOFIA-FORCAST images of 14 intermediate-mass protostar candidates as part of the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. We build spectral energy distributions (SEDs), also utilizing archival Spitzer, Herschel and IRAS data. We then fit the SEDs with radiative transfer (RT) models of Zhang & Tan (2018), based on Turbulent Core Accretion theory, to estimate key protostellar properties. With the addition of these intermediate-mass sources, SOMA protostars span luminosities from $\sim10^{2}-10^{6}\:L_{\odot}$, current protostellar masses from $\sim0.5-30\:M_{\odot}$ and ambient clump mass surface densities, $\Sigma_{\rm cl}$ from $0.1-3\:{\rm{g\:cm}^{-2}}$. A wide range of evolutionary states of the individual protostars and of the protocluster environments are also probed. We have also considered about 50 protostars identified in Infrared Dark Clouds and expected to be at the earliest stages of their evolution. With this global sample, most of the evolutionary stages of high- and intermediate-mass protostars are probed. From the best fitting models, there is no evidence of a threshold value of protocluster clump mass surface density being needed to form protostars up to $\sim25\:M_\odot$. However, to form more massive protostars, there is tentative evidence that $\Sigma_{\rm{cl}}$ needs to be $\gtrsim1\:{\rm{g\,cm}}^{-2}$. We discuss how this is consistent with expectations from core accretion models that include internal feedback from the forming massive star.Comment: 40 pages, 21 figures, 4 tables, accepted to Ap

L-Ferritin Binding to Scara5 : A New Iron Traffic Pathway Potentially Implicated in Retinopathy

Iron is essential in the retina because the heme-containing enzyme guanylate cyclase modulates phototransduction in rods and cones. Transferrin endocytosis is the classical pathway for obtaining iron from the blood circulation in the retina. However, the iron storage protein ferritin has been also recently proposed as an iron carrier. In this study, the presence of Scara5 and its binding to L-ferritin was investigated in the retina. Our results showed that Scara5, the specific receptor for L-ferritin, was expressed in mouse and human retinas in many cell types, including endothelial cells. Furthermore, we showed that intravenously injected ferritin crossed the blood retinal barrier through L-ferritin binding to Scara5 in endothelial cells. Thus, suggesting the existence of a new pathway for iron delivery and trafficking in the retina. In a murine model of photoreceptor degeneration, Scara5 was downregulated, pointing out this receptor as a potential player implicated in retinopathy and also as a possible therapeutic target

Las escalas de calidad de vida familiar (cdvf-e). Apoyo y orientación para la intervención

The aim of this paper is to present cDVF-E scales for families with children of 0-18 years, on one hand, and over 18 years, on the other, that researchers from five spanish universities have recently validated and standardized to the spanish population. To this end, first, the importance of the construct of quality of family life and its implications for research and practice should be emphasized. Afterwards, we introduce the first international initiatives measuring the quality of family life developed in the first decade of this century. Then the features, dimensions and psychometric properties of the scales are synthetically presented. Finally, the authors encourage practitioners and organizations to use these tools in the context of family-centered model and provides, as a conclusions, some consideration

Introduciendo el profesionalismo médico en etapas precoces del currículo de medicina: un curso para alumnos de primer año del Grado de Medicina

a adquisición de valores y actitudes es un aspecto esencial de los resultados del aprendizaje de los estudiantes de medicina junto con los conocimientos y las habilidades prácticas y forma parte de lo que se conoce como profesionalis- mo médico. El proceso de aprendizaje de un médico implica no sólo el desarrollo de conocimientos y habilidades, sino también un proceso de transformación del alumno en el transcurso del cual aprende a ser diferente y a ser capaz de inte- grarse en una comunidad profesional. Por ello, debe considerarse seriamente la formación de nuestros estudiantes en este campo. Esta formación debe ser un proceso continuo y desde los primeros momentos del Grado de Medicina. En el contexto de la reforma de Bolonia, la Facultad de Medicina de la Universitat de Barcelona y otras facultades de medicina españolas han de nido sus resultados de aprendizaje. Entre ellos, gura que los estudiantes deben ser capaces de aplicar los valores profesionales de excelencia como altruismo, compromiso, responsabilidad, integridad y honestidad en la prác- tica médica. Sin embargo, esta temática no está su cientemente representada en las actividades de aprendizaje del plan de estudios. Por ello, hace seis años, decidimos implementar un curso introductorio sobre profesionalismo médico dirigi- do a estudiantes de primer curso de medicina. En este trabajo describimos nuestra experiencia durante esos años. Los re- sultados de esta experiencia indican que la introducción del profesionalismo desde momentos iniciales del Grado de Me- dicina es factible y altamente apreciado por los estudiantes. Palabras clave. Grado de Medicina. Profesionalismo. Introducing medical professionalism in early moments of the medical curriculum: a course for rst year's medical students Summary. The acquisition of values and attitudes is an essential aspect of the learning outcomes of medical students together with knowledge and practical skills and they are part of what is known as medical professionalism. The learning process of a physician implies not only the development of knowledge and skills but also a transformational process of the learner, whereby he/she also learns to be di erent and to be able to join a professional community. Therefore we need to consider seriously the training of our students in this eld. This training must be a continuous and on-going process throughout the entire educational continuum, beginning from early moments in medical school. In the context of the Bologna reform the Medical School of the University of Barcelona, and other Spanish medical schools, have de ned their learning outcomes. Among them, the students must be able to apply the professional values of excellence, altruism, commitment, responsibility, integrity and honesty in medical practice, but this topic is insu ciently represented in the curriculum learning activities. Consequently six years ago, we decided to implement an introductory course on medical professionalism addressed to rst year medical students. We describe our experience during the last six years of the implementation and development of this introductory course. Our results indicate that the introduction of professionalism from the earliest moments of the educative process in medical schools is feasible and is highly appreciated by our students. Key words. Professionalism. Undergraduate medical curriculum