First record of Salacia tetracythara Lamouroux, 1816 (Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) as an alien hydroid for the Atlantic Ocean

We present here the first record of Salacia tetracythara as an alien species for the Atlantic Ocean, specifically the coast of the state of Sergipe, northeast Brazil. The species was found attached to an artificial experimental plate installed in the rainy period (July-October 2017), in an estuarine region of the Sergipe River near the Sergipe Harbour. Salacia tetracythara is characterized by a small triangular space below each hydrotheca and two types of microbasic mastigophore nematocysts that differ in shape, size, and location. The species was described from Australia and has been recorded only for tropical to temperate regions of the Indo-Pacific. Salacia tetracythara seems to be a recent introduction into the Atlantic Ocean and, its introduction probably derived from ship transport between the Sergipe Harbour and regions of Oceania and/or Asia. Further investigation should be conducted to determine whether the species is established in the region and how far inside the estuary it has gone

Calliactis tricolor (Anthozoa, Acontiaria) epibionte em Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) no litoral sul do Paraná e Norte de Santa Catarina

A pesquisa sobre associações entre organismos de diferentes taxasão importantes para a compreensão da estrutura, dinâmica eevolução de uma comunidade. Entre as diversas associaçõesenvolvendo cnidários, a epibiose de anêmonas-do-mar é uma dasmais amplamente relatadas (e.g., CUTRESS & ROSS, 1969; CUTRESS, ROSS & SUTTON, 1970; ROSS, 1971, 1974a, b, 1983; BACH & HERRNKIND, 1980; CHINTIRIGLOU, DOUMENC & KOUTSOUBAS, 1992; PASTORINO, 1993; ATES, 1995a, b; CHRISTIDS, CHINTIRIGLOU & CULLEY, 1997; ACUÑA, EXCOFFON & SCELZO, 2003). Registros de anêmonas associadas a gastrópodes e pagurídeos, respectivamente cerca de 30 e 60 pares de espécies combinadas (ATES, 1995a), são mais freqüentes do que associações com braquiúros, relatadas somente com algumas espécies de majídeos e calapídeos (CUTRESS, ROSS & SUTTON, 1970; ROSS, 1974b, 1983; ACUÑA, EXCOFFON & SCELZO, 2003; LARENAS, 2004; WINTER & MASUNARI, 2006; LARENAS, 2004). Nestas associações, considerase que as anêmonas ganham maior mobilidade, aumentando assim sua disponibilidade alimentar e, eventualmente, recebem proteção, enquanto seus hospedeiros gozam de camuflagem e também de proteção contra predadores, fornecida pelos nematocistos da hóspede (ROSS, 1971, 1974b, 1983; BACH & HERRNKIND, 1980; ATES, 1995a). Freqüências mais altas destas associações parecem estar relacionadas a  comunidades com maiores pressões de predação sobre o hospedeiro (BACH & HERRNKIND, 1980). A grande maioria dos trabalhos sobre anêmonas epibiontes provém do hemisfério Norte. Para o Atlântico Sul, foram registradas: de Mar Del Plata, na costa da Argentina, a epibiose da anêmonado- mar Antholoba achates (DRAYTON in DANA, 1846) sobre o caranguejo Libinia spinosa Milne-Edwards, 1834 (ACUÑA, EXCOFFON & SCELZO, 2003) e sobre os gastrópodos Buccinanops cochlidium (Dillwyn, 1817) e Adelomelon brasiliana (Lammarck, 1811) (respectivamente PASTORINO, 1993 e LUZZATO & PASTORINO, 2006); no Brasil, CORRÊA (1964) traz observações casuais sobre o assunto,registrando a ocorrência de Calliactis tricolor (Le Sueur, 1817)epibionte em Libinia spinosa Milne Edwards 1834, e WINTER &MASUNARI (2006) constataram que C. tricolor foi o macroepizóicomais comum e abundante em L. ferreirae Brito-Capello, 1871. Dessa última associação, LARENAS (2004) descreveu comportamento de hospedeiro e da hóspede, observados em aquário durante três meses. O presente estudo acrescenta dados qualitativos e quantitativos sobre a epibiose da anêmona-do-mar C. tricolor em quatro espécies de Brachyura, provenientes da região litorânea do sul do Paraná e norte de Santa Catarina

Substrate type as a selective tool against colonization by non-native sessile invertebrates

Substratos de diferentes materiais, cores, texturas e orientação podem influenciar seletivamente no recrutamento de invertebrados sésseis e, assim, influenciar a comunidade resultante. Deste modo, o substrato pode funcionar como barreira contra o estabelecimento de espécies não nativas (NIS, na sigla em inglês). No sul do Brasil, o granito é a principal rocha formadora de costões rochosos naturais disponíveis para organismos incrustantes. Nesta investigação, nós testamos se o granito seleciona o recrutamento de espécies e se poderia, assim, impedir a colonização de espécies introduzidas ou criptogênicas já estabelecidas em substratos artificiais na região. Placas não polidas de granito e de polietileno foram submersas a cada mês em um píer de um iate clube na Baía de Paranaguá. Há uma comunidade já estabelecida sobre colunas de concreto e sobre flutuadores de fibra de vidro presentes no iate clube. Depois de um, dois e doze meses, as espécies presentes nas placas de diferentes materiais foram comparadas entre si e também com outros substratos. O granito foi colonizado por todas as sete espécies introduzidas encontradas na região, e por 18 das 26 espécies criptogênicas, sendo então ineficaz como barreira contra a colonização de NIS.Different substrates of varying composition, color, texture and orientation may selectively influence recruitment of sessile invertebrates and thereby influence the resultant community. Thus substrates may act as a barrier to the establishment of non-indigenous species (NIS). In southern Brazil, granite is the main rock forming natural rocky walls that are available for encrusting organisms. In this study we tested whether granite selectively influences recruitment and impedes colonization by introduced and cryptogenic species that are already established on artificial substrates within the region. Plates of rough cut granite and of polyethylene were made available each month under a pier at a yacht club in Paranaguá Bay. A community is already established on concrete columns and fiber glass floats on the piers. After one, two and twelve months, the faunal composition of the plates was compared between the two treatments and other artificial substrates. Granite was recruited by all the seven introduced species found in the Bay and by 18 of 26 cryptogenic species and therefore is ineffective as a barrier to NIS colonization

Automatic segmentation of right ventricle in cardiac cine MR images using a saliency analysis

PURPOSE: Accurate measurement of the right ventricle (RV) volume is important for the assessment of the ventricular function and a biomarker of the progression of any cardiovascular disease. However, the high RV variability makes difficult a proper delineation of the myocardium wall. This paper introduces a new automatic method for segmenting the RV volume from short axis cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) images by a salient analysis of temporal and spatial observations. METHODS: The RV volume estimation starts by localizing the heart as the region with the most coherent motion during the cardiac cycle. Afterward, the ventricular chambers are identified at the basal level using the isodata algorithm, the right ventricle extracted, and its centroid computed. A series of radial intensity profiles, traced from this centroid, is used to search a salient intensity pattern that models the inner-outer myocardium boundary. This process is iteratively applied toward the apex, using the segmentation of the previous slice as a regularizer. The consecutive 2D segmentations are added together to obtain the final RV endocardium volume that serves to estimate also the epicardium. RESULTS: Experiments performed with a public dataset, provided by the RV segmentation challenge in cardiac MRI, demonstrated that this method is highly competitive with respect to the state of the art, obtaining a Dice score of 0.87, and a Hausdorff distance of 7.26 mm while a whole volume was segmented in about 3 s. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method provides an useful delineation of the RV shape using only the spatial and temporal information of the cine MR images. This methodology may be used by the expert to achieve cardiac indicators of the right ventricle function

Podocoryna loyola, n. sp. (Hydrozoa, Hydractiniidae): a probably introduced species on artificial substrate from southern Brazil

Haddad, Maria Angélica, Bettim, Ariane Lima, Miglietta, Maria Pia (2014): Podocoryna loyola, n. sp. (Hydrozoa, Hydractiniidae): a probably introduced species on artificial substrate from southern Brazil. Zootaxa 3796 (3): 494-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.3.

Cunina octonaria McCrady

Cunina octonaria McCrady (Figs 31–32) References consulted. Mayer 1910: 460–465, 473, pl. 55, figs 1–2. Vannucci 1957: 82–84. Kramp 1959 a: 199– 200, fig. 307. Kramp 1961: 282–283. Goy 1979: 286–287, fig. 28. Bouillon 1999: 433–434, fig. 3.150. Nogueira 2012, fig. 15. Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 01/ 12 / 1997 — 3 specimens; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 22 / 12 / 1997 — 5 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 22 / 12 / 1997 — 6 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 22 / 12 / 1997 — 10 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 22 / 12 / 1997 — 9 specimens; (25 º 44 ’ 15 ”S – 48 º 21 ’ 60 ”W): 23 /01/ 1998 — 6 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 23 /01/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 23 /01/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 20 /02/ 1998 — 3 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 20 /02/ 1998 — 3 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 27 /05/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 28 / 10 / 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 28 / 10 / 1998 — 3 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 28 / 10 / 1998 — 2 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 25 / 11 / 1998 — 4 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 25 / 11 / 1998 — 2 specimens; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 21 / 12 / 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 22 /01/ 1999 — 2 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 24 /03/ 1999 — 5 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 24 /03/ 1999 — 2 specimens. Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 1494, 1 specimen, MZUSP 1497, 1 specimen, MZUSP 1503, 7 specimens, MZUSP 1526, 7 specimens, MZUSP 1489, 2 specimens. World distribution. Tropical regions of the three great oceans and in the Mediterranean Sea (Kramp 1961; Bouillon et al. 2004). Western Atlantic; southern United States (Kramp 1961), Mexico (Segura-Puertas 1992; Loman-Ramos et al. 2007), Brazil, and northern Argentina (Ramírez & Zamponi 1981). Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (Moreira 1973; Navas-Pereira 1980; 1981; Tronolone 2001; Nogueira 2011, 2012; this study). Description. Umbrella flattened (very flat in most specimens) 0.7–4.12 mm in diameter. Margin formed by lappets (Fig. 31). Walls of the gastric cavity usually opened and without manubrium. Without peripheral canal system. 8 manubrial pouches square, very close together, with the same number of tentacles (Fig. 31). Marginal tentacles solid, with rectangular ectodermal cells, leaving the umbrella to the opposite center of each manubrial pouch. Approximately 70 % of the specimens with 8 tentacles and manubrial pouches, and umbrellar diameter smaller than 2.5 mm. 1–5, usually 3 statocysts or only one statocyst (central) per lobe. Otoporpae small, observed only in some better-preserved individuals (Fig. 32). No larvae were found within the gastric cavity of adults, as is often reported in Cuninidae (Mayer 1910; Kramp 1961; Lucas & Reed 2009). Also there were no parasitic bitentaculate larvae, as reported on other medusae species, and are generally attributed to C. octonaria (Mayer 1910; Vannucci 1957; Bouillon et al. 2006). Systematic remarks. Thirteen species of the genus are valid (Bouillon & Boero 2000; Schuchert 2013). Five species of Cunina have been found in the southwest Atlantic (Bouillon 1999), four of these in Brazil: Cunina duplicata Maas (Kramp 1959 a), Cunina frugifera Kramp (Kramp 1957; Goy 1979), Cunina peregrina Bigelow (Vannucci 1963; Navas-Pereira 1981; Ramírez & Zamponi 1981), and Cunina octonaria (Migotto et al. 2002). Cunina octonaria is distinguished from C. frugifera by the shape of the manubrial pouches and by the absence of peripheral canals (Bouillon 1999). Cunina peregrina is larger (up to 14 mm) has wider marginal lappets, and usually more tentacles (8 to 14, usually 12) (Kramp 1961; Bouillon 1999). Cunina duplicata is even larger (up to 54 mm) and has numerous (up to 29) long and tapered manubrial pouches (Bouillon 1999). Narcomedusae are fragile and sometimes difficult to identify in samples collected with standard plankton nets. Our identification was based on the size, number of tentacles and marginal lappets, absence of peripheral canals, shape and distance between the gastric pouches, and the number and shape of otoporpae of the better-preserved specimens. Other species of the genus may be present among the damaged specimens.Published as part of Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira & Haddad, Maria Angélica, 2014, Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil, pp. 291-326 in Zootaxa 3768 (3) on pages 312-313, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/25233

Ectopleura dumortieri Van Beneden

Ectopleura dumortieri (Van Beneden) (Fig. 10) References consulted. Russell 1953: 76–79, fig. 33 A– D. Kramp 1961: 34. Bouillon 1999: 420, fig. 3.68. Tronolone 2001: 80–83, fig. 19. Bouillon et al. 2004: 105, fig. 55, G– J. Tronolone 2007: 53–54, fig. 2.20; Nogueira 2012, fig. 7. Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste: (25 º 44 ’ 15 ”S – 48 º 21 ’ 60 ”W): 01/ 12 / 1997 — 1 specimen; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 01/ 12 / 1997 — 2 specimens; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 22 / 12 / 1997 — 3 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 22 / 12 / 1997 — 1 specimen; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 22 / 12 / 1997 — 1 specimen; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 20 /02/ 1998 — 2 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 31 /03/ 1998 — 5 specimens; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 22 /04/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 24 /06/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 20 /08/ 1998 — 5 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 02/ 10 / 1998 — 32 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 02/ 10 / 1998 — 6 specimens. Reference specimens deposited. Dzoo-Cn 239, 5 specimens. MZUSP 1490, 3 specimens. MZUSP 1498, 1 specimen. World distribution. In the three great oceans, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, and extending toward cooler regions north and south (Kramp 1961; Santhakumari et al. 1997; Ballard & Myers 2000; Bouillon et al. 2004). In the western Atlantic, from New England (USA) to Panama (Kramp 1961; Miglietta et al. 2008), and Brazil (Migotto et al. 2002). Distribution in Brazil. From the state of Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (Migotto et al. 2002). Description. Umbrella almost spherical, 0.25–0.9 mm in diameter. Thick mesoglea with an apical thickening. Specimens very wrinkled and contracted, with mean size (0.5 mm height) smaller than the sizes mentioned by Bouillon (1999) and Russell (1953) (2–3 mm). Short apical canal in a few individuals. Four radial canals and circular canal. Exumbrella with eight longitudinal cnidocyst rows, arranged in four pairs, extending from the tentacular bulbs to the apex (sometimes not reaching the apex). Manubrium long, extending to the umbrella margin (Fig. 10), or exceeding it. Simple and tubular mouth, armed with cnidocysts. In contracted specimens the manubrium almost fills the subumbrellar cavity. Gonads surrounding the manubrium, leaving the mouth free. Four brown tentacular bulbs. Very extendable tentacles, with clusters of cnidocysts on abaxial surface (Fig. 10). Tentacles usually coiled to each other. Systematic remarks. Schuchert (2013) listed 31 species in the genus. However, most of the nominal species have been described only by part of their life cycle, such as the hydroid, newly released medusae, or adults (Bouillon & Boero 2000). Rearing experiments are thus necessary to elucidate the life cycles of the species (Bouillon & Boero 2000). Genetic studies also have the potential to clarify species by linking different life-cycle stages (Miranda et al. 2010). Only two species from the South Atlantic and Brazil known to produce medusae (Bouillon 1999; Migotto et al. 2002). E. dumortieri can easily be distinguished from E. obypa Migotto & Marques by the presence of four tentacles in the first and only two in the second (Migotto & Marques 1999). Russell (1953) commented that E. dumortieri slightly differentiates in the course of its development, and that newly released medusae are about 1 mm in height. In Brazil, specimens studied by Vannucci (1957) and Tronolone (2001), slightly larger than 1 mm, already had well-developed gonads, similar to the animals found in this study. Biological data. The species was more abundant in the winter months, especially August 1998. Migotto (1996) described the life cycle of populations from the Brazilian coast. The polyp is known in Paranaguá (Altvater 2009), Cananéia (Vannucci 1963), and São Sebastião (Migotto 1996). The medusa is euryhaline, occurring in estuaries such as Cananéia (Vannucci 1957, 1963), Paranaguá (R. Nagata pers. obs.), and São Francisco do Sul (Nogueira 2012).Published as part of Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira & Haddad, Maria Angélica, 2014, Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil, pp. 291-326 in Zootaxa 3768 (3) on pages 300-301, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/25233

Olindias sambaquiensis Muller

Olindias sambaquiensis Müller (Figs 27–30) References consulted. Vannucci 1951: 72–73, figs 1–4. Kramp 1959 a: 173. Kramp 1961: 227–228. Goy 1979: 291. Zamponi & Girolla 1989: 20–22, figs 3–9; Bouillon 1999: 432, fig. 3.137. Haddad 2006: 33–37, fig. 15. Nogueira & Haddad 2006 a: 880, figs 1–16. Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Shangrilá Beach (25 ° 39–40 ’S; 48 ° 21–26 ’W): 16 /04/ 1998 — 1 specimen; 20 /04/ 1998 — 16 specimens; 23 /05/ 1998 — 5 specimens; 08/08/ 1998 — 1 specimen; 15 /01/ 1999 — 1 specimen; 15 /05/ 1999 — 3 specimens; 26 /06/ 1999 — 4 specimens; 29 /07/ 1999 — 3 specimens; 17 /09/ 1999 — 190 specimens; 14 / 10 / 1999 — 77 specimens; 16 / 11 / 1999 — 17 specimens; 30 / 10 / 2005 — 25 specimens; 14 /01/ 2005 — 1 specimen; 03/05/ 2005 — 12 specimens; 25 /07/ 2005 — 29 specimens; Municipality of Guaratuba (25 ° 54 ’S; 48 ° 23 ’W): 21 /04/ 2001 — 1 specimen; 20 /05/ 2001 — 1 specimen; 29 /07/ 2001 — 1 specimen; 27 / 10 / 2001 — 12 specimens; 23 / 11 / 2001 — 2 specimens; 18 /01/ 2002 — 2 specimens; 23 /02/ 2002 — 10 specimens; 31 /05/ 2003 — 39 specimens; 08/08/ 2003 — 146 specimens; 20 /09/ 2003 — 61 specimens; 01/ 11 / 2003 — 10 specimens; 01/ 12 / 2003 — 2 specimens; 16 /01/ 2004 — 16 specimens; 27 /02/ 2004 — 3 specimens; 14 /04/ 2004 — 32 specimens; 12 /05/ 2004 — 295 specimens; 20 /06/ 2004 — 100 specimens; 23 /07/ 2004 — 27 specimens; 18 /08/ 2004 — 61 specimens; 22 / 10 / 2004 — 2 specimens; 25 / 11 / 2004 — 279 specimens; 15 / 12 / 2004 — 39 specimens; (25 º 53 ’S; 48 º 53 ’W): 03/09/ 2006 — 437 specimens; 23 /09/ 2006 — 1439 specimens; Barra do Saí Beach (25 ° 58 ’– 26 °01’S; 48 ° 35 ’W): 22 /07/ 2004 — 22 specimens; 30 /08/ 2004 — 83 specimens; 21 / 10 / 2004 — 1 specimen; 25 / 11 / 2004 — 15 specimens; 17 / 12 / 2004 — 3 specimens; 20 /04/ 2005 — 16 specimens; Munipality of Guaraqueçaba, Superagüi Island (25 ° 20–27 ’S; 48 °07’W): 29 / 10 / 2004 —2870 specimens; 15 /01/ 2005 — 6 specimens; 23 /07/ 2005 — 146 specimens; Municipality of Paranaguá, Mel Island (25 ° 33–36 ’S; 48 °07– 17 ’W): 27 / 10 / 2004 — 337 specimens; 23 /01/ 2005 — 2 specimens; 04/ 05/ 2005 — 2 specimens; 22 /07/ 2005 — 72 specimens; Municipality of Matinhos (25 ° 45–49 ’S; 48 ° 24–30 ’W): 30 / 10 / 2004 — 25 specimens; 14 /01/ 2005 — 1 specimen; 03/05/ 2005 — 47 specimens; 25 /07/ 2005 — 86 specimens. Reference specimens: MZUSP 900, 10 specimens. Dzoo-Cn 215, 2 specimens; Dzoo-Cn 198, 8 specimens. World distribution. Endemic to subtropical and temperate southwest Atlantic coast, from Rio de Janeiro State (22 °S) (Brazil) to San Blas Bay, Province of Buenos Aires (42 °S) (Argentina) (Mianzan 1989; Mianzan & Ramirez 1996; Genzano et al. 2008). Distribution in Brazil. From north of the State of Rio de Janeiro (A.C. Morandini pers. comm. 2012) to Santa Catarina (Nogueira et al. 2010). Description. Almost hemispherical umbrella, 6–10 cm in diameter. Manubrium slightly quadrangular without peduncle, mouth margin sinuous (Fig. 29), with 4 lips. 4 radial canals, 14–27 centripetal canals per quadrant, usually unbranched and ending blindly (Fig. 27). Gonads with papilliform processes closely folded (Fig. 30), on the radial canals, from the circular canal toward the middle part. About 60–100 primary hollow tentacles, reddish in living animals, originating on the exumbrella, just above the margin, with complete or incomplete nematocyst rings along their length, and with a nematocyst button at the tip (Fig. 28). 150–300 hollow secondary tentacles; usually yellowish in living animals, originating at the umbrellar margin, with semicircles of nematocysts over their entire length, except in the most proximal region, which is strongly muscular, and also with a small nematocyst button at the tip. Also on the margin, 90–200 club-shaped protrusions. Statocysts in pairs near the base of primary tentacles. Systematic remarks. Among the six valid species in the genus (Bouillon & Boero 2000; Schuchert 2013), O. sambaquiensis is distinguishable mainly by the absence of adhesive pads at the tip of the tentacles, the number of primary structures (centripetal canals, tentacles, and clubs), and the shape and size of the umbrella (Vannucci 1951; Kramp 1961). According to Kramp (1959 a), the other forms of Olindias Müller, except for O. singularis Browne, are distinguishable only by numerical characters and probably belong to a single species. However, the features mentioned above, the wide geographical separation, and the absence (at least apparently) of intermediate individuals are sufficient to consider them valid (Vannucci 1951 a). A wide variation in the pattern of radial and centripetal canals in this species occurs, such as individuals with between 2 and 5 radial canals (Nogueira & Haddad 2006 a). Biological data. It is frequently associated with accidents with bathers in Brazil (Vannucci 1951; Haddad et al. 2002) and Argentina (Zamponi & Facal 1987; Kokelj et al. 1995; Mianzan & Ramirez 1996; Mianzan et al. 2001), causing moderate to severe stings. In Brazil it can be found throughout the year, being more abundant during the winter off São Paulo (Vannucci 1951) and spring at Florianópolis (Nogueira et al. 2010). In Argentina, by contrast, the species occurs only during the warmer months (Vannucci & Tundisi 1962; Zamponi & Facal 1987; Chiaverano et al. 2004). Its life cycle, with a small, solitary polypoid phase, was described by Zamponi & Facal (1987).Published as part of Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira & Haddad, Maria Angélica, 2014, Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil, pp. 291-326 in Zootaxa 3768 (3) on pages 310-312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/25233

Aglaura hemistoma Peron & Lesueur

Aglaura hemistoma Péron & Lesueur (Figs 36–37) References consulted. Mayer 1910: 398–401, pl. 49, figs 3–7 figs 250–251. Vannucci 1957: 76–79. Kramp 1961: 251. Goy 1979: 284–285, fig. 25. Pagès et al. 1992: 44–45, fig. 53. Bouillon 1999: 437, fig. 3.170. Bouillon et al. 2004: 241, figs 16 A, 152 G. Tronolone 2007: 71–72, fig. 2.32. Material. Municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Balneário de Praia de Leste (25 º 44 ’ 15 ”S – 48 º 21 ’ 60 ”W): 01/ 12 / 1997 — 1 specimen; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 01/ 12 / 1997 — 4 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 20 /02/ 1998 — 4 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 31 /03/ 1998 — 3 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 31 /03/ 1998 — 14 specimens; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 22 /04/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 44 ’ 15 ”S – 48 º 21 ’ 60 ”W): 22 /04/ 1998 — 2 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 22 /04/ 1998 — 10 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 22 /04/ 1998 — 53 specimens; (25 º 44 ’ 15 ”S – 48 º 21 ’ 60 ”W): 27 /05/ 1998 — 4 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 27 /05/ 1998 — 46 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 27 /05/ 1998 — 19 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 27 /05/ 1998 — 43 specimens; (25 º 44 ’ 15 ”S – 48 º 21 ’ 60 ”W): 24 /06/ 1998 — 8 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 24 /06/ 1998 — 11 specimens; (25 º 44 ’ 15 ”S – 48 º 21 ’ 60 ”W): 16 /07/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 16 /07/ 1998 — 9 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 16 /07/ 1998 — 21 specimens; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 20 /08/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 44 ’ 15 ”S – 48 º 21 ’ 60 ”W): 20 /08/ 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 02/ 10 / 1998 — 40 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 28 / 10 / 1998 — 1 specimen; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 25 / 11 / 1998 — 8 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 21 / 12 / 1998 — 2 specimens; (25 º 42 ’ 65 ”S – 48 º 27 ’ 85 ”W): 22 /01/ 1999 — 2 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 24 /02/ 1999 — 4 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 24 /02/ 1999 — 26 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 24 /02/ 1999 — 11 specimens; (25 º 46 ’ 32 ”S – 48 º 12 ’ 15 ”W): 24 /03/ 1999 — 4 specimens; (25 º 48 ’ 10 ”S – 48 º04’ 90 ”W): 24 /03/ 1999 — 8 specimens; (25 º 50 ’ 25 ”S – 47 º 55 ’ 80 ”W): 24 /03/ 1999 — 25 specimens. Reference specimens deposited. MZUSP 1505, 1 specimen. Dzoo-Cn 253, 4 specimens. World distribution. In the three great oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, abundant in tropical and subtropical waters (Mayer 1910; Bouillon 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004). Distribution in Brazil. Near the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and from the state of Pernambuco to Rio Grande do Sul (Migotto et al. 2002). Description. Umbrella with parallel walls, apex flattened, 0.75–3.75 mm in height (Fig 36). Eight radial canals. Long thin gastric peduncle, mouth with 4 simple lips. Eight gonads attached on peduncle (Fig. 37), spherical in younger individuals and elongating to sausage-shaped in fully developed medusae. Umbrellar margin with numerous and juxtaposed short tentacles, with distal portion club-shaped. In undamaged specimens, tentacular length about ¾ of the umbrellar diameter, however tentacacles usually broken because of collection with nets. Eight statocysts. Systematic remarks. Aglaura Péron & Lesueur is a monotypic genus. The shape and consistency of the umbrella are typical of species of Rhopalonematidae. Because of their rigidity, specimens generally retain their shape. The shape and position of the gonads on the gastric peduncle distinguish A. hemistoma from apparently similar species with records in Brazil, such as Aglantha digitale (F. Müller) and Amphogona apicata Kramp. Biological data. Despite its preference for coastal waters on the Catalonia coast, Mediterranean Sea (Gili et al. 1988; Bouillon et al. 2004), A. hemistoma is generally considered a warm-ocean and epipelagic species that occasionally visits the coastal region, such as: in the Adriatic Sea (Benović & Bender 1987; Lucić et al. 2009) and the Gulf of Tunis (Daly Yahia et al. 2003), both in the Mediterranean; in the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean (Santhakumari 1993); and in the southern Benguela Current (Buecher & Gibbons 2000). On the Brazilian coast, the medusa is dominant on the middle and outer shelf, associated with Tropical Water, and occasionally enters coastal waters, tolerating salinities from 33 to 36.9 (Vannucci 1957, 1963; Tronolone 2007; Nogueira 2011). Moreira (1973) and Nogueira (2011) studied the diel vertical migration of the species, which aggregates on the surface at night. Colin et al. (2005) described an omnivorous diet of the species, including tintinnids and copepods.Published as part of Nagata, Renato Mitsuo, Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira & Haddad, Maria Angélica, 2014, Faunistic survey of Hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil, pp. 291-326 in Zootaxa 3768 (3) on pages 316-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/25233