Within and Between Group Variation of Individual Strategies in Common Pool Resources: Evidence from Field Experiments

With data from framed common pool resource experiments conducted with artisanal fishing communities in Colombia, we estimate a hierarchical linear model to investigate within-group and between-group variation in individual harvest strategies across several institutions. Our results suggest that communication serves to effectively coordinate individual strategies within groups, but that these coordinated strategies vary considerably across groups. In contrast, weakly enforced regulatory restrictions on individual harvests (as well as unregulated open access) produce significant variation in the individual strategies within groups, but these strategies are roughly replicated across groups so that there is little between-group variation.common pool resources, field experiments, communication, regulation, hierarchical linear models

Centralized and Decentralized Management of Local Common Pool Resources in the Developing World: Experimental Evidence from Fishing Communities in Colombia

This paper uses experimental data to test for a complementary relationship between formal regulations imposed on a community to conserve a local natural resource and nonbinding verbal agreements to do the same. Our experiments were conducted in the field in three regions of Colombia. Each group of five subjects played 10 rounds of an open access common pool resource game, and 10 additional rounds under one of five institutions— communication alone, two external regulations that differed by the level of enforcement, and communication combined with each of the two regulations. Our results suggest that the hypothesis of a complementary relationship between communication and external regulation is supported for some combinations of regions and regulations, but cannot be supported in general. We therefore conclude that the determination of whether formal regulations and informal communication are complementary must be made on a community-by-community basis.common pool resources, experiments, institutions, communication, regulation

Collective titling and the process of institution building : common property regime in the Colombian Pacific

The design of new rules and procedures to manage the commons is an ongoing process. The Colombian Government has assigned collective land titles (more than 5 million hectares) to 157 communities along the Pacific coast, benefiting more than 60,000 families. This two-page policy brief references a study that illustrates how collective titling has changed the region’s political landscape and the local environmental governance in Afro Colombian Communities. Formal property rights have created the incentives and legal tools to guard against encroachment by external intruders

Processing Data from Social Dilemma Experiments: A Bayesian Comparison of Parametric Estimators

Observed choices in Social Dilemma Games usually take the form of bounded integers. We propose a doubly-truncated count data framework to process such data. We compare this framework to past approaches based on ordered outcomes and truncated continuous densities using Bayesian estimation and model selection techniques. We find that all three frameworks (i) support the presence of unobserved heterogeneity in individual decision-making, and (ii) agree on the ranking of regulatory treatment effects. The count data framework exhibits superior efficiency and produces more informative predictive distributions for outcomes of interest. The continuous framework fails to allocate adequate probability mass to boundary outcomes, which are often of pivotal importance in these games.Social dilemma games; Hierarchical modeling; Bayesian simulation; Common property resource

Variación del estado de riesgo asegurado, sus consecuencias y tratamiento judicial, un análisis jurisprudencial crítico

Dentro del texto en cita, se aborda el fenómeno de variación del estado del riesgo dentro del contexto de los contratos de seguro. Para tales efectos, se exponen en primera medida los conceptos básicos a tener en cuenta para el entendimiento pleno de la naturaleza, alcances y efectos del contrato de seguro. Posteriormente, se expone un análisis concreto y sucinto de la jurisprudencia que ha tratado el tema en cita, para determinar el deber u obligación indemnizatoria que surge en cabeza de la entidad aseguradora en casos en donde se presente una modificación o cambio en el estado del riesgo. Finalmente, junto con todos los aspectos anteriormente mencionados, se analizan además los otros efectos colaterales que pueden llegar a desencadenarse como consecuencia de este mismo fenómeno fáctico y jurídico.Especialista en Derecho ComercialEspecializació

Sistema holístico focalizado en la recuperación de frutas, que se encuentran fuera de los parámetros estéticos estructurales y dimensionales con el fin de reducir el desperdicio de alimentos en la ciudad de Bogotá

OJO DE TIERRA es una propuesta focalizada en la disminución del desperdicio de alimentos, para generar un impacto social positivo por medio de un sistema novedoso y sostenible para quienes buscan ser un factor de cambio en su entorno, siendo accesibles y eficiencientes, para el cliente y nuestro entorno. Esta propuesta es un ecosistema holístico y sostenible que contempla una economía reparadora y regenerativa que busca que cada elemento, mantenga un ciclo continuo dentro del sistema, así como su utilidad y valor en todo momento de la cadena productiva. Fomentando la optimización de los recursos naturales utilizados en el proceso productivo, de forma eficiente y eficaz. Así mismo, con una mirada crítica desde la sostenibilidad, se promoviendo conciencia frente al desperdicio de las frutas, encaminando las acciones realizadas hacia el cambio para una experiencia alimentaria sostenible y saludable. Ojo de Tierra es un sistema con dos Unidades Estratégicas de Negocio, la primera origen móvil, por medio del cual manejaremos la venta directa con los clientes. La segunda es la plataforma nativa venta online de las canastas nativas, manteniendo la Comunicación: por medio de la página web y redes sociales siempre en función del marketing directo.Ojo de Tierra is a proposal focused on the reduction of food waste, to generate a positive social impact through a new and sustainable system for those who seek to be a factor of change in their environment, being accessible and efficient, for the client and our environment. This proposal is a holistic and sustainable ecosystem that includes a restorative and regenerative economy that seeks that each element maintains a continuous cycle within the system, as well as its usefulness and value at all times in the productive chain. Promoting the optimization of natural resources used in the production process, efficiently and effectively. Likewise, with a critical look from the sustainability, promoting awareness against the waste of fruits, directing the actions taken towards change for a sustainable and healthy food experience. Ojo de Tierra is a system with two Strategic Business Units, the first mobile origin, through which we will handle direct sales with customers. The second one is the native online sales platform of the native baskets, maintaining the Communication: through the website and social networks always based on direct marketing.Diseñador (a) IndustrialPregrad

Factores perinatales para riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños de 4 a 5 años en Colombia 2010.

Introducción: La OMS revela que en 2010 alrededor de 43 millones de niños menores de 5 años presentan sobrepeso. En Colombia según la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia en su versión 2005, mostraba una prevalencia general de sobrepeso de 3.1% niños de 0 a 4 años. Es una condición de salud de origen multifactorial en la que interviene factores genéticos, ambientales, maternos y perinatales. Objetivo: Establecer la asociación de riesgo entre el bajo peso al nacer y el desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños de 4 a 5 años. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal con los datos nutricionales, maternos y perinatales de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía en Salud del año 2010 en Colombia. Se analizó la asociación entre la variable independiente bajo peso al nacer con el desenlace sobrepeso y obesidad en menores de 4 a 5 años, usando como medida el IMC según la edad. Se realizaron análisis univariados, bivariados y de regresión logística con un modelo de riesgo según las variables que inciden en el desenlace y la variable independiente. Resultados: La muestra obtenida para el estudio fue de 2166 niños de 4 a 5 años de edad quienes cumplían los criterios de inclusión. La prevalencia de sobrepeso u obesidad en la primera infancia fue de 21.8% (472) y el bajo peso al nacer. Los resultados sugieren la asociación de bajo peso y sobrepeso u obesidad es de ORajustado= 0.560 (0.356 – 0.881). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que existe una asociación como factor protector entre el bajo peso y el sobrepeso u obesidad en la primera infancia. Sin embargo, debido al comportamiento de las variables consideradas en la muestra no hay suficiente información para rechazar completamente la hipótesis nula.Introduction: WHO reveals that in 2010 around 43 million children under 5 are overweight. In Colombia according to the National Nutrition Survey Situation in Colombia in its 2005 version, he showed an overall prevalence of 3. 1% overweight children 0-4 years. It is a health condition in multifactorial involving genetic, environmental, maternal and perinatal factors. Objective: To establish the association of risk between low birth weight and the development of overweight and obesity in children between 4 to 5 years. Methodology: A descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study with nutritional, maternal and perinatal data from the National Demographic Health Survey 2010 was conducted in Colombia. The association between the independent variable low birth weight (LBW) with the outcome overweight and obesity in children between 4 to 5 years, as measured using BMI for age was analyzed. Univariate analyzes were performed, bivariate and logistic regression model risk according to the variables that affect the outcome and the independent variable. Results: The sample was obtained for the study of 2166 children between 4 to 5 years of age who met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in early childhood was 21. 8% (472) and low birth weight. The results suggest the association of underweight and overweight or obese is ORajust = 0. 560 [IC95% 0356-0881]. Conclusions: The results suggest a protective factor association between low weight and overweight or obese in early childhood. However, due to the behavior of the variables considered in the sample there is not enough information to fully reject the null hypothesis

Study of the effect exerted by fructo-oligosaccharides from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) root flour in an intestinal infection model with Salmonella Typhimurium

Beneficial effects of prebiotics like inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) have been proven in health and nutrition. Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), an Andean crop, contains FOS (50 – 70 % of its dry weight) and, therefore, is considered a prebiotic. Commercial FOS can up- regulate total secretory IgA (S-IgA) in infant mice, prevent infection with Salmonella in swine or enhance immune response for Salmonella vaccine in a mouse model. Previously, we found that administration of yacon root flour regulates gut microbiota balance and has immu- nomodulatory effects without inflammatory responses. The aim of the present paper is to analyse if yacon prevents enteric infection caused by a strain of Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in a mouse model. BALB/c mice were supplemented with yacon flour (45d), challenged with S. Typhimurium and killed to study pathogen translocation, total and specific IgA production by ELISA, presence of IgA and other cytokines and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and clustor of differentiation 206 (CD206) receptors positive cells by immunofluorescence and histological changes. Yacon flour administration had a protective effect from 15 to 30 d of treatment. We found a peak of total S-IgA production without translocation of the pathogen for these periods. At 30 d, there was an increase in IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory proteins-1aþ cells and expression of the receptors CD206 and TLR4. Yacon flour did not have incidence in pathogen-specific S-IgA production. Longer periods (45 d) of administration had no protective effect. Therefore, yacon can prevent enteric infection caused by S. Typhimurium when given up to 30 d; this effect would be mediated by enhancing non-specific immunity, such as total S-IgA, that improves the immunological intestinal barrier.Fil: Velez, Eva Maria del Mar. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Castillo, Natalia Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Mesón, Oscar Enrique. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Grau, Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecológicas de las Yungas; ArgentinaFil: Bibas Bonet, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Microbiología; ArgentinaFil: Perdigón, Gabriela del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentin

Becoming a Multilatina: strategic capabilities as necessary conditions for the internationalization of Latin American firms

Purpose: This study aims to challenge the generic interpretation of Multilatinas as Latin American firms that have been able to internationalize because of highly competitive strategic capabilities. The authors test whether capabilities that international business researchers commonly associate with internationalization are necessary at different stages of the internationalization process to better understand the extent to which emerging market (EM) firms need to develop them. Design/methodology/approach: International business research suggests a positive association between strategic capabilities and firm internalization. However, it remains unclear what specific capabilities are necessary and when they are necessary. These questions are particularly important in the context of the internationalization of firms from emerging economies, such as Latin America. The authors apply necessary condition analysis (NCA) on a sample of Latin American firms at different internationalization stages to test what strategic capabilities represent necessary conditions for becoming a Multilatina. Findings: The findings suggest that only a few strategic capabilities are necessary for Latin American firms to become “Multilatinas”. While entrepreneurial orientation and marketing and sales capabilities represent necessary conditions, EM firms may internationalize even though other capabilities are developed to a lesser extent. The authors reflect on how shifts in local markets and technology drive the emergence of different types of Multilatinas. Research limitations/implications: Measuring strategic capabilities across multiple EM firms implies a risk that firm-specific aspects are not fully captured. While the authors focused on the comparative competitive strength of capabilities and took great care to minimize measurement error, the authors acknowledge possible bias. Also, while NCA does not require a minimum sample size, findings from our sample of firms from four countries may not generalize to the region or other EMs. Originality/value: As a relatively new statistical technique, the use of NCA has spread rapidly. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the linkage between organizational capabilities and firm internationalization has not been tested from a necessary conditions perspective yet. The reflections on the “Multilatina” concept based on the notion of EM firms as configurations of strategic capabilities inform current debates on EM multinational enterprises