Captação de microvibrações da imagem para identificação de sinais de homeopatia em plantas

The use of images, sensors and mathematical algorithms can help in the generation of technical attributes and facilitate the plant health diagnosis. Combined with this, computer vision provides a non-destructive and non-invasive strategy for collecting samples and analyzing plant propagules, provided the experiment traceability. Thus, the objective of this research was to identify signs of homeopathies of Magnetitum and Arsenicum tartaricum applied in purslane [Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.], using computational algorithms. The work of images capturing was carried out in the Laboratory of Plant Production and Didactic Garden of the Agronomy Course, UNISUL University. To evaluate signs in plants, based on the images, algorithms found in VibaHT® and ImageJ were used. The images were generated by webcam (online) and two homeopathies at 250 milesimal were applied for 14 days. The experimental procedure consisted of generating “640 × 480” pixel images from a transformed webcam to simulate a "red-green-NIR" (RGN) sensor, replacing the channel with a blue light filter and thus produce a near-infrared image (NIR). The images were also generated in their normal "red-green-blue" (RGB) channels to test the algorithms' competence. After capturing the images, mathematical analyzes of the pixel’s variation were performed, represented by three variables, developed by specific algorithms: lacunarity, entropy and stress. The number of experimental repetitions was sufficient to identify significant differences at the 1% probability level between the images, and the algorithms were robust to identify the signs of homeopathy.O uso de imagens, sensores e algoritmos matemáticos podem auxiliar na geração de atributos técnicos e facilitar o diagnóstico do estado de saúde das plantas. Combinado a isto, a visão computacional proporciona uma estratégia não-destrutiva e não-invasiva na coleta de amostras e na análise propágulos vegetais, facilitando a rastreabilidade do experimento. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar sinais das homeopatias Magnetitum e Arsenicum tartaricum aplicadas em plantas de beldroega [Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.], com o uso de algoritmos computacionais. O trabalho de captação das imagens foi realizado em laboratório de Produção Vegetal e Horto Didático do Curso de Agronomia da UNISUL Universidade. Para avaliar as plantas, com base nas imagens, foram utilizados algoritmos encontrados no VibaHT® e no ImageJ. As imagens foram geradas por webcam (online) e duas homeopatias na 250 milesimal foram aplicadas durante 14 dias. O procedimento experimental consistiu em gerar imagens 640 × 480 pixels a partir de uma webcam transformada para simular um sensor "red-green-NIR" (RGN) substituindo o canal por um filtro de luz azul e assim, produzir uma imagem do infravermelho próximo. Também foram geradas imagens com a webcam nos canais normais "red-green-blue" (RGB), para testar a competência dos algoritmos. Após a captação das imagens foram feitas as análises matemáticas da variação de pixels, representadas por três variáveis, desenvolvidas por algoritmos específicos: lacunaridade, entropia e estresse. O número de repetições do experimento foi suficiente para identificar diferenças significativas ao nível de 1% de probabilidade entre as imagens e, os algoritmos foram robustos para identificar os sinais da homeopatia

Uso de feromônio sexual no manejo da mariposa-oriental na cultura da macieira em São Joaquim/SC

Resumo- A percepção dos malicultores de São Joaquim para o emprego do feromônio sexual sintético no manejo da mariposa-oriental foi avaliada por meio de entrevistas. No município, 85,7% dos entrevistados conhecem a técnica da interrupção do acasalamento (TIA), entretanto, somente 68% a utilizam. Predomina o uso das formulações SPLAT®, ocorrendo sua instalação em dezembro, época considerada tardia devido à elevada população da praga. Cerca de 30% dos fruticultores não utilizam a TIA devido à escassez de mão de obra qualificada para distribuição dos liberadores e a dificuldade de monitorar a eficácia da técnica. Para ampliar o emprego da TIA no município é fundamental divulgar a época adequada de instalação dos liberadores, definir um método que reduza o investimento em mão de obra e estabelecer um sistema de monitoramento da praga nas áreas tratadas.Abstract- The perception of São Joaquim fruit growers to the use of the synthetic sex pheromone for the management of the oriental fruit moth was evaluated through interviews. In the municipality, 85.7% of the interviewees know the technique of mating disruption (MD), however only 68% use the technology. The use of SPLAT® formulations predominates, but only from December, considered late period due to the high population of the pest. About 30% of fruit growers do not use TIA due to the scarcity of skilled labor for distribution of the release and the difficulty of monitoring the effectiveness of the technique. In order to increase MD employment in the municipality, it is essential to publicize the appropriate time to release the liberators, to define a method that reduces investments in labor and to establish a pest monitoring system in the treated areas

Óleo essencial de Psidium cattleyanum no controle de fitopatógenos em sementes de feijão

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of Psidium cattleyanum essential oil for phytopathogen control in bean seeds. In order to obtain the oils P. cattleyanum was collected in four phenological phases. For each phase, pure oil, homeopathized oil 7CH (Hahnemannian centesimal dilution order) and 12CH were used and distilled water was the control. Eight replications were used, each with 25 seeds in petri dish. After seven days, germination and pathogen incidence were determined. Pure oil in the old leaves and new leaves phase and 7CH oil in the new leaves and flowering phase showed seed germination according to the certification legislation, above 70%. Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus flavus were incident in all treatments. Lower incidence of A. flavus occurred with the use of pure oil and 7CH oil of new leaves and flowering and 12CH of flowering. Collection season for the extraction of P. cattleyanum oils influences its antifungal action.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial del aceite esencial de Psidium cattleyanum para el control de fitopatógenos en semillas de frijol. Para obtener los aceites, se recogió P. cattleianum en cuatro fases fenológicas. Para cada fase, se usaron aceite puro, aceite homeopático 7CH (orden de dilución centesimal hahnemanniana) y 12CH y el agua destilada fue el control. Se utilizaron ocho réplicas, cada una con 25 semillas en placa de Petri. Después de siete días, se determinaron la germinación y la incidencia de patógenos. El aceite puro en la fase de hojas viejas y hojas nuevas y el aceite 7CH en las hojas nuevas y la fase de floración mostraron una germinación de semillas de acuerdo con la legislación de certificación, por encima del 70%. Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp. y Aspergillus flavus fueron incidentes en todos los tratamientos. Se produjo una menor incidencia de A. flavus con el uso de aceite puro y aceite de 7CH de hojas nuevas y floración y 12CH de floración. La temporada de recolección para la extracción de aceites P. cattleyanum influye en su acción antifúngica.O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial do óleo essencial de Psidium cattleyanum para controle de fitopatógenos em sementes de feijão. Para obtenção dos óleos foram realizadas coletas de P. cattleyanum em quatro fases fenológicas. Para cada fase, utilizou-se óleo puro, óleo homeopatizado 7CH (ordem de diluição centesimal hahnemanniana) e 12CH e a água destilada foi o controle. Foram utilizadas oito repetições, cada qual com 25 sementes em placa de Petri. Após sete dias de incubadas, determinou-se a percentagem de germinação e a incidência de patógenos. Óleo puro na fase de folhas velhas e folhas novas e o óleo 7CH na fase de folhas novas e floração apresentaram germinação das sementes de acordo com a legislação para certificação, acima de 70%. Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus flavus foram incidentes em todos os tratamentos. Menor incidência de A. flavus ocorreu com uso de óleo puro e no óleo 7CH de folhas novas e floração e 12CH da floração. A época de coleta para a extração dos óleos essenciais de P. cattleyanum influi sobre sua ação antifúngica

Efeitos dos inseticidas utilizados no controle de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biótipo B e sua seletividade aos inimigos naturais na cultura da soja

In recent crop seasons, the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B has become a serious pest in soybean crops due to high infestations and its control difficulties. Therefore, it is important to search control alternatives in the integrated pest management approach. Thus, it was evaluated in this study the efficacy of the whitefly control using different insecticides in greenhouse conditions and their selectivity to the parasitoids Encarsia formosa, Trichogramma pretiosum and Telenomus remus. Buprofezin 150 g.a.i. ha(-1) + mineral oil 0.2% v/v and pyriproxyfen 100 g.a.i. ha(-1) were considered the best options for the whitefly management due to combine good pest control efficacy with higher selectivity to the parasitoids except Encarsia formosa for which no treatment was classified as harmless. Betacyflutrin 9.375 + imidacloprid 75 g.i.a. ha(-1) was efficient on controlling whiteflies nymphs but was not harmless to the studied natural enemies. In general, the treatments including pyretroids compounds (betacyflutrin 9.375 + imidacloprid 75 + spiromesifen 60, betacyflutrin 9.375 + imidacloprid 75 and lambda-cyhalothrin 26.5 + thiametoxan 35.25 g.a.i. ha(-1)) were the most harmful to the evaluated parasitoids and therefore it use should be avoid whenever possible

Ritmos circadianos por busca de alimento de lagartas de Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

An understanding of behavior patterns that are fundamental to the biology of pest insects is arequisite for implementation of control strategies. This study aims to evaluate the circadian rhythms ofPseudoplusia includens larvae in four different natural diets. The study was conducted in laboratoryfor 48 hours hourly. The experimental design was randomized with four treatments (leaf discs) and tenreaplications with free choice. The treatments were: leaves of Rumex obtusifolius, Trifolium repens,Plantago lanceolata and Malus domestica. The caterpillars visited more leaves of T. repens and R.obtusifolius than the leaves of M. domestica and P. lanceolata. The searching activity lasted for the48 hours of the observation during the 24 hours and the increase in the searching activity occurredbetween 16 to 21 hours.A compreensão de padrões de comportamento que são fundamentais para a biologia de insetos-praga é um requisito para a implantação de estratégias de controle. Este trabalho objetivou estudar os ritmos circadianos por busca do alimento de lagartas de primeiro ínstar de Pseudoplusia includens em quatro dietas naturais. O estudo foi realizado em laboratório por 48h ininterruptas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (discos de folhas) e dez repetições, com chance de escolha. Os tratamentos foram: folhas de Rumex obtusifolius; Trifolium repens; Plantago lanceolata e Malus domestica. As lagartas visitaram significativamente mais folhas de T. repens e R. obtusifolius do que as de M. domestica e P. lanceolata. A atividade de busca do alimento se estendeu durante as 24horas do dia, com maior intensidade entre 16:00 e 21:00 horas. Circadian rhythms and food preference search of Pseudoplusia includenscaterpillars (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)AbstractAn understanding of behavior patterns that are fundamental to the biology of pest insects is arequisite for implementation of control strategies. This study aims to evaluate the circadian rhythms ofPseudoplusia includens larvae in four different natural diets. The study was conducted in laboratoryfor 48 hours hourly. The experimental design was randomized with four treatments (leaf discs) and tenreaplications with free choice. The treatments were: leaves of Rumex obtusifolius, Trifolium repens,Plantago lanceolata and Malus domestica. The caterpillars visited more leaves of T. repens and R.obtusifolius than the leaves of M. domestica and P. lanceolata. The searching activity lasted for the48 hours of the observation during the 24 hours and the increase in the searching activity occurredbetween 16 to 21 hours

Identification and field evaluation of a new blend of the sex pheromone of Hypsipyla grandella

<div><p>Abstract: The objective of this work was to identify and carry out a field testing of the sex pheromone composition of the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella, from a population in Southern Brazil. Abdominal glands of H. grandella females were excised and extracted using n-hexane; the gland extracts were analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID and GC-MS). Wind-tunnel and electrophysiology experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of gland compounds in the mating behavior of H. grandella males. In the field, pheromone traps containing the identified pheromone were tested. In addition to the two previously identified compounds - (9Z,12E)-tetradecadien-1-ol and (9Z,12E)-tetradecadienyl acetate -, in insects from Central America populations, two additional compounds were identified in the blend: (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol and (9Z)-tetradecenyl acetate. Gas chromatography-electroantennographic analyses showed that these four components elicited antennal responses from conspecific males. Wind tunnel bioassays using different amounts of the components Z9-14:OH, Z9,E12-14:OH, Z9-14:OAc, and Z9,E12-14:OAc, elicited male responses similar to the response to conspecific calling females. When the binary and quaternary mixtures were tested in field conditions, males were attracted to the traps containing the quaternary mixture. The new pheromone blend identified in H. grandella males has a great potential to be exploited as a monitoring tool or control measure in the field.</p></div