Etude des effets combinés de l'uranium et du cadmium chez le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans

Uranium is a natural radioactive trace element for which elevated concentrations can be found in the vicinity of some nuclear fuel cycle facilities or of intensive farming areas. Due its co-occurrence with different trace metals, such as cadmium, in geological ores, U is generally found associated with other contaminants in the environment. The study of their combined effects on ecosystems is of interest to better characterize such multi-metallic polluted sites. The mixture toxicity assessment and the identification of synergistic or antagonistic interaction are generally performed on the basis of additive reference models integrated to descriptive and purely statistical approaches with no real biological basis. Recently, mechanistic models were proposed to better account for the dynamics of biological and toxicological processes. However, such models have only been put into practice in a few number of mixture toxicity case studies. The aim of this PhD project was to assess the chronic U/Cd combined toxicity on the life history traits of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using both a descriptive (MixTox) and a mechanistic (DEBtox) approach. To do so, nematodes were exposed during eleven days to different U and Cd concentrations, alone or in mixture. A strong antagonistic interaction between U and Cd was identified for length increase and brood size endpoints on the basis of both approaches. From the study of the U and Cd media-to-food transfer and of the U and Cd bioaccumulation by C. elegans, we showed that the co-presence of U reduced the available Cd fraction for nematodes. To identify a possible interaction at organism level, occurring during the toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic steps, data were re-analyzed on the basis of U/Cd concentrations in food, assumed to be more closely related to available concentrations for C. elegans. Overall additive effects, without interaction, were identified between U and Cd, even if slightly contrasted conclusions were obtained on the basis of the descriptive and mechanistic approaches. The present study underlines the complexity of studying mixture toxicity and identifying chemical interactions. Despite some application problems, the mechanistic approach DEBtox is particularly promising to describe the toxicity of chemical mixtures over time and to test hypothetical interaction mechanisms. In the future, the improvement of tools to analyze the combined toxicity of contaminants would allow to better address the issue of mixtures in ecotoxicological risk assessment processes.L'uranium est un radioélément naturel, généralement retrouvé à l'état de traces, mais dont la concentration peut être significativement augmentée à proximité de certaines installations du cycle du combustible nucléaire ou de zones d'agriculture intensive. En raison de son association dans les minerais avec différents éléments traces métalliques tels que le cadmium, l'U est la plupart du temps présent en mélange avec d'autres contaminants dans l'environnement. L'étude de leurs effets combinés est indispensable afin de mieux appréhender le risque engendré par les contaminations métalliques multiples pour les écosystèmes. L'évaluation de la toxicité des mélanges et l'identification des interactions synergiques ou antagonistes sont généralement réalisées sur la base de modèles d'additivité de référence intégrés à des approches descriptives, purement statistiques et sans réelles considérations biologiques. Plus récemment, des modèles mécanistes ont été proposés en alternative afin de mieux rendre compte de la dynamique des processus biologiques et des mécanismes de toxicité des contaminants. Ceux-ci n'ont cependant été mis en pratique que dans un nombre limité de cas d'étude de la toxicité des mélanges. L'objectif de ce projet de thèse a été d'étudier les effets combinés chroniques de l'U et du Cd sur les traits de vie du nématode Caenorhabditis elegans, en utilisant en parallèle une approche descriptive (MixTox) et une approche mécaniste (DEBtox). Pour cela, une exposition des nématodes à différentes concentrations d'U et de Cd, seuls ou en mélange, a été réalisée durant onze jours. Une interaction antagoniste importante entre l'U et le Cd a été identifiée pour les critères d'effet de croissance et de reproduction, à partir des deux approches. L'étude du transfert de l'U et du Cd du milieu vers la nourriture ainsi que de leur bioaccumulation par C. elegans nous a permis de montrer que la coprésence d'U diminuait la fraction de Cd disponible pour l'exposition des nématodes. Afin de déceler la présence d'une éventuelle interaction au niveau des organismes, durant les phases toxicocinétique ou toxicodynamique, les données d'effet ont été réanalysées à partir des concentrations d'U et de Cd dans la nourriture, supposées plus proches des concentrations disponibles pour C. elegans. Des effets combinés globalement additifs, sans interaction notable, ont été mis en évidence pour l'U et le Cd même si des conclusions légèrement contrastées ont été obtenues à partir des approches descriptives et mécanistes. La présente étude permet d'illustrer la complexité de l'étude des effets des mélanges et de l'identification des interactions entre les substances. Malgré quelques difficultés d'application, l'approche mécaniste DEBtox semble particulièrement prometteuse pour décrire la toxicité de mélanges au cours du temps et tester d'éventuels mécanismes d'interaction. À terme, le perfectionnement des outils d'analyse des effets combinés des contaminants devrait permettre une meilleure prise en compte de la problématique des mélanges dans les démarches d'évaluation des risques

Study of the combined toxicity of uranium and cadmium to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

L'uranium est un radioélément naturel, généralement retrouvé à l'état de traces, mais dont la concentration peut être significativement augmentée à proximité de certaines installations du cycle du combustible nucléaire ou de zones d'agriculture intensive. En raison de son association dans les minerais avec différents éléments traces métalliques tels que le cadmium, l'U est la plupart du temps présent en mélange avec d'autres contaminants dans l'environnement. L'étude de leurs effets combinés est indispensable afin de mieux appréhender le risque engendré par les contaminations métalliques multiples pour les écosystèmes. L'évaluation de la toxicité des mélanges et l'identification des interactions synergiques ou antagonistes sont généralement réalisées sur la base de modèles d'additivité de référence intégrés à des approches descriptives, purement statistiques et sans réelles considérations biologiques. Plus récemment, des modèles mécanistes ont été proposés en alternative afin de mieux rendre compte de la dynamique des processus biologiques et des mécanismes de toxicité des contaminants. Ceux-ci n'ont cependant été mis en pratique que dans un nombre limité de cas d'étude de la toxicité des mélanges. L'objectif de ce projet de thèse a été d'étudier les effets combinés chroniques de l'U et du Cd sur les traits de vie du nématode Caenorhabditis elegans, en utilisant en parallèle une approche descriptive (MixTox) et une approche mécaniste (DEBtox). Pour cela, une exposition des nématodes à différentes concentrations d'U et de Cd, seuls ou en mélange, a été réalisée durant onze jours. Une interaction antagoniste importante entre l'U et le Cd a été identifiée pour les critères d'effet de croissance et de reproduction, à partir des deux approches. L'étude du transfert de l'U et du Cd du milieu vers la nourriture ainsi que de leur bioaccumulation par C. elegans nous a permis de montrer que la coprésence d'U diminuait la fraction de Cd disponible pour l'exposition des nématodes. Afin de déceler la présence d'une éventuelle interaction au niveau des organismes, durant les phases toxicocinétique ou toxicodynamique, les données d'effet ont été réanalysées à partir des concentrations d'U et de Cd dans la nourriture, supposées plus proches des concentrations disponibles pour C. elegans. Des effets combinés globalement additifs, sans interaction notable, ont été mis en évidence pour l'U et le Cd même si des conclusions légèrement contrastées ont été obtenues à partir des approches descriptives et mécanistes. La présente étude permet d'illustrer la complexité de l'étude des effets des mélanges et de l'identification des interactions entre les substances. Malgré quelques difficultés d'application, l'approche mécaniste DEBtox semble particulièrement prometteuse pour décrire la toxicité de mélanges au cours du temps et tester d'éventuels mécanismes d'interaction. À terme, le perfectionnement des outils d'analyse des effets combinés des contaminants devrait permettre une meilleure prise en compte de la problématique des mélanges dans les démarches d'évaluation des risques.Uranium is a natural radioactive trace element for which elevated concentrations can be found in the vicinity of some nuclear fuel cycle facilities or of intensive farming areas. Due its co-occurrence with different trace metals, such as cadmium, in geological ores, U is generally found associated with other contaminants in the environment. The study of their combined effects on ecosystems is of interest to better characterize such multi-metallic polluted sites. The mixture toxicity assessment and the identification of synergistic or antagonistic interaction are generally performed on the basis of additive reference models integrated to descriptive and purely statistical approaches with no real biological basis. Recently, mechanistic models were proposed to better account for the dynamics of biological and toxicological processes. However, such models have only been put into practice in a few number of mixture toxicity case studies. The aim of this PhD project was to assess the chronic U/Cd combined toxicity on the life history traits of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using both a descriptive (MixTox) and a mechanistic (DEBtox) approach. To do so, nematodes were exposed during eleven days to different U and Cd concentrations, alone or in mixture. A strong antagonistic interaction between U and Cd was identified for length increase and brood size endpoints on the basis of both approaches. From the study of the U and Cd media-to-food transfer and of the U and Cd bioaccumulation by C. elegans, we showed that the co-presence of U reduced the available Cd fraction for nematodes. To identify a possible interaction at organism level, occurring during the toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic steps, data were re-analyzed on the basis of U/Cd concentrations in food, assumed to be more closely related to available concentrations for C. elegans. Overall additive effects, without interaction, were identified between U and Cd, even if slightly contrasted conclusions were obtained on the basis of the descriptive and mechanistic approaches. The present study underlines the complexity of studying mixture toxicity and identifying chemical interactions. Despite some application problems, the mechanistic approach DEBtox is particularly promising to describe the toxicity of chemical mixtures over time and to test hypothetical interaction mechanisms. In the future, the improvement of tools to analyze the combined toxicity of contaminants would allow to better address the issue of mixtures in ecotoxicological risk assessment processes

Dynamic energy-based modeling of uranium and cadmium joint toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans

International audienceToxicokinetic – toxicodynamic energy-based models offer new alternatives to the commonly used approaches for the analysis of mixture toxicity data. Based on the Dynamic Energy Budget theory, DEBtox models enable the description of several endpoints over time simultaneously under the same framework. However, such model still has to be faced with experimental data in a multi-contamination context. In this study, the predictive capacities of a DEBtox model to describe the uranium and cadmium joint toxicity over the entire growth and reproduction period of the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was examined. The two reference additivity approaches, Concentration Addition and Response addition, implemented in the DEBtox model were tested. Assuming no interaction between the two toxicants through Response addition, the DEBtox model allowed a rather accurate fit of the U and Cd joint effects on the growth and reproduction of C. elegans: an interaction between the two metals at the toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic level seems thus unlikely or has only minor consequences. Interestingly, this study underlines that even if the compounds of a mixture share the same DEBtox physiological mode of action (in this case a decrease in assimilation), the Response addition approach may provide a better fit of joint toxicity data than the Concentration addition approach. Moreover, the present work highlighted limitations in the model predictions which are related to the simplifications of the DEBtox framework and its adaptations to the physiology of C. elegans and which lead to an overestimation of the U and Cd joint toxicity in some cases

Nested interactions in the combined toxicity of uranium and cadmium to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Uranium is a natural, ubiquitous radioactive element for which elevated concentrations can be found in the vicinity of some nuclear fuel cycle facilities or intensive farming areas, and most often in mixtures with other contaminants such as cadmium, due to co-occurrence in geological ores (e.g. U- or P-ore). The study of their combined effects on ecosystems is of interest to better characterize such multi-metallic polluted sites. In the present study, the toxicity of binary mixture of U and Cd on physiological parameters of the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was assessed over time. Descriptive modeling using concentration and response addition reference models was applied to compare observed and expected combined effects and identify possible synergistic or antagonistic interactions. A strong antagonism between U and Cd was identified for length increase and brood size endpoints. The study revealed that the combined effects might be explained by two nested antagonistic interactions. We demonstrate that the first interaction occurred in the exposure medium. We also identified a significant second antagonistic interaction which occurred either during the toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic steps. These findings underline the complexity of interactions that may take place between chemicals and thus, highlight the importance of studying mixtures at various levels to fully understand underlying mechanisms

Prognosis of Coronary Atherosclerotic Burden in Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathies

Background: Atherosclerosis is associated with a worse prognosis in many diseases such as ischemic cardiomyopathy, but its impact in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (dCMP) is lesser known. Our aim was to study the prognostic impact of coronary atherosclerotic burden (CAB) in patients with dCMP. Methods: Consecutive patients with dCMP and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction diagnosed by concomitant analysis of invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and CMR imaging were identified from registry-database. CAB was measured by Gensini score. The primary composite endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as cardiovascular (CV) mortality, non-fatal MI and unplanned myocardial revascularization. The results of 139 patients constituting the prospective study population (mean age 59.4 ± 14.7 years old, 74% male), average LV ejection fraction was 31.1 ± 11.02%, median Gensini score was 0 (0–3), and mid-wall late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was the most frequent LGE pattern (42%). Over a median follow-up of 2.8 years, 9% of patients presented MACE. Patients with MACE had significantly higher CAB compared to those who were free of events (0 (0–3) vs. 3.75 (2–15), p &lt; 0.0001). CAB remained the significant predictor of MACE on multivariate logistic analysis (OR: 1.12, CI: 1.01–1.23, p = 0.02). Conclusion: High CAB may be a new prognostic factor in dCMP patients.</jats:p

Prognosis of Coronary Atherosclerotic Burden in Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathies

International audienceBackground: Atherosclerosis is associated with a worse prognosis in many diseases such as ischemic cardiomyopathy, but its impact in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (dCMP) is lesser known. Our aim was to study the prognostic impact of coronary atherosclerotic burden (CAB) in patients with dCMP. Methods: Consecutive patients with dCMP and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction diagnosed by concomitant analysis of invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and CMR imaging were identified from registry-database. CAB was measured by Gensini score. The primary composite endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as cardiovascular (CV) mortality, non-fatal MI and unplanned myocardial revascularization. The results of 139 patients constituting the prospective study population (mean age 59.4 ± 14.7 years old, 74% male), average LV ejection fraction was 31.1 ± 11.02%, median Gensini score was 0 (0–3), and mid-wall late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was the most frequent LGE pattern (42%). Over a median follow-up of 2.8 years, 9% of patients presented MACE. Patients with MACE had significantly higher CAB compared to those who were free of events (0 (0–3) vs. 3.75 (2–15), p &lt; 0.0001). CAB remained the significant predictor of MACE on multivariate logistic analysis (OR: 1.12, CI: 1.01–1.23, p = 0.02). Conclusion: High CAB may be a new prognostic factor in dCMP patients