A comprehensive spatial-temporal analysis of driving factors of human-caused wildfires in Spain using Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression

Over the last decades, authorities responsible on forest fire have encouraged research on fire triggering factors, recognizing this as a critical point to achieve a greater understanding of fire occurrence patterns and improve preventive measures. The key objectives of this study are to investigate and analyze spatial-temporal changes in the contribution of wildfire drivers in Spain, and provide deeper insights into the influence of fire features: cause, season and size. We explored several subsets of fire occurrence combining cause (negligence/accident and arson), season (summer-spring and winter-fall) and size (100 Ha). The analysis is carried out fitting Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression models in two separate time periods (1988–1992, soon after Spain joined the European Union; and 2006–2010, after several decades of forest management). Our results suggest that human factors are losing performance with climate factors taking over, which may be ultimately related to the success in recent prevention policies. In addition, we found strong differences in the performance of occurrence models across subsets, thus models based on long-term historical fire records might led to misleading conclusions. Overall, fire management should move towards differential prevention measurements and recommendations due to the observed variability in drivers’ behavior over time and space, paying special attention to winter fires.This work has been financed by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Marcos Rodrigues is a postdoctoral ‘Juan de la Cierva Formación’ research fellow (FJCI-2016-31090); Adrian Jiménez-Ruano is a granted FPU-PhD student (Ref. 13/06618)

Tuning of the electronic levels of oligothiophene-naphthalimide semiconductors: in the search of ambipolar behaviour

Ambipolar organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), which can efficiently transport both holes and electrons, using a single type of electrode, are currently of great interest due to their possible applications in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-like circuits, sensors, and in light-emitting transistors. Several theoretical and experimental studies have argued that most organic semiconductors should be able to transport both types of carrier, although typically unipolar behavior is observed. One factor that can compromise ambipolar transport in organic semiconductors is poor solid state overlap between the HOMO (p-type) or LUMO (n-type) orbitals of neighboring molecules in the semiconductor thin film. In the search of low-bandgap ambipolar materials, where the absence of skeletal distortions allows closer intermolecular π-π stacking and enhanced intramolecular π-conjugation, a new family of oligothiophene-naphthalimide assemblies have been synthesized and characterized, in which both donor and acceptor moieties are directly conjugated through rigid linkers. In previous works we found that oligothiophene-napthalimide assemblies connected through amidine linkers (NDI derivates) exhibit skeletal distortions (50-60º) arising from steric hindrance between the carbonyl group of the arylene core and the sulphur atom of the neighbored thiophene ring. In the present work we report novel oligo- and polythiophene–naphthalimide analogues NAI-3T, NAI-5T and poly-NAI-8C-3T, in which the connections of the amidine linkage have been inverted in order to prevent steric interactions. Thus, the nitrogen atoms are directly connected to the naphthalene moiety in NAI derivatives while they were attached directly to the thiophene moiety in the previously investigated NDI-3T and NDI-5T. The calculated molecular structure of NAI-3T together shows how the steric interactions are not present in the novel NAI derivative. The planar skeletons in these new family induce higher degree of crystallinity and the carrier charge transport can be switched from n-type to ambipolar behaviour. The highest FET performance is achieved for vapor-deposited films of NAI-3T with mobilities of 1.95x10-4cm2V-1s-1 and 2.00x10-4cm2V-1s-1 for electrons and holes, respectively. Finally, these planar semiconductors are compared with their NDI derivates analogues, which exhibit only n-type mobility, in order to understand the origin of the ambipolarity in this new series of molecular semiconductors.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Simultaneous boron ion-channel/growth factor receptor activation for enhanced vascularization

[EN] Boron ion is essential in metabolism and its concentration is regulated by ion-channel NaBC1. NaBC1 mutations cause corneal dystrophies such as Harboyan syndrome. Here we propose a 3D molecular model for NaBC1 and show that simultaneous stimulation of NaBC1 and vascular growth factor receptors (VEGFR) promote angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo with ultra-low concentrations of VEGF. We show Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) organization into tubular structures indicative of vascularization potential. Enhanced cell sprouting was found only in the presence of VEGF and boron, effect abrogated after blocking NaBC1. We demonstrate that stimulated NaBC1 promotes angiogenesis via PI3k-independent pathways and that ¿5ß1/¿vß3-integrin binding is not essential to enhanced HUVEC organization. We describe a novel vascularization mechanism that involves the crosstalk and colocalization between NaBC1/VEGFR receptors. This has important translational consequences: just by administering boron, taking advantage of endogenous VEGF, in vivo vascularization is shown in a chorioallantoic membrane assay.P.R. acknowledges support from the Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espana (MINECO) (MAT2015-69315-C3-1-R), and European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). CIBER-BBN is an initiative funded by the VI National R&D&I Plan 2008-2011, Iniciativa Ingenio 2010, Consolider Program, CIBER Actions and financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III with assistance from the European Regional Development Fund. M. S. S. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC-HealInSynergy 306990) and the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC-EP/P001114/1). The authors are very grateful to Productos Florida farm for kindly providing chick embryos for CAM assay.Rico Tortosa, PM.; Rodrigo Navarro, A.; La Peña Del Rivero, MD.; Moulisova, V.; Costell, M.; Salmerón Sánchez, M. (2018). Simultaneous boron ion-channel/growth factor receptor activation for enhanced vascularization. Advanced Biosystems. 3(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/adbi.201800220S11231Yancopoulos, G. D., Davis, S., Gale, N. W., Rudge, J. S., Wiegand, S. J., & Holash, J. (2000). Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature, 407(6801), 242-248. doi:10.1038/35025215Carmeliet, P. (2005). Angiogenesis in life, disease and medicine. Nature, 438(7070), 932-936. doi:10.1038/nature04478Moulisová, V., Gonzalez-García, C., Cantini, M., Rodrigo-Navarro, A., Weaver, J., Costell, M., … Salmerón-Sánchez, M. (2017). Engineered microenvironments for synergistic VEGF – Integrin signalling during vascularization. Biomaterials, 126, 61-74. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.024Briquez, P. S., Clegg, L. E., Martino, M. M., Gabhann, F. M., & Hubbell, J. A. (2016). Design principles for therapeutic angiogenic materials. Nature Reviews Materials, 1(1). doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2015.6Hanft, J. R., Pollak, R. A., Barbul, A., Gils, C. va., Kwon, P. S., Gray, S. M., … Breen, T. J. (2008). Phase I trial on the safety of topical rhVEGF on chronic neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Journal of Wound Care, 17(1), 30-37. doi:10.12968/jowc.2008.17.1.27917Woo, E. J. (2012). Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: adverse events reported to the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database. The Spine Journal, 12(10), 894-899. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2012.09.052United States Food and Drug Administration Product Description Regranex https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/UCM142821.avi (accessed: May2008).Carmeliet, P., & Jain, R. K. (2011). Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of angiogenesis. Nature, 473(7347), 298-307. doi:10.1038/nature10144Hynes, R. O. (2002). Integrins. Cell, 110(6), 673-687. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00971-6Mahabeleshwar, G. H., Feng, W., Reddy, K., Plow, E. F., & Byzova, T. V. (2007). Mechanisms of Integrin–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Cross-Activation in Angiogenesis. Circulation Research, 101(6), 570-580. doi:10.1161/circresaha.107.155655Olsson, A.-K., Dimberg, A., Kreuger, J., & Claesson-Welsh, L. (2006). VEGF receptor signalling ? in control of vascular function. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 7(5), 359-371. doi:10.1038/nrm1911Alexander, R. A., Prager, G. W., Mihaly-Bison, J., Uhrin, P., Sunzenauer, S., Binder, B. R., … Breuss, J. M. (2012). VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration requires urokinase receptor (uPAR)-dependent integrin redistribution. Cardiovascular Research, 94(1), 125-135. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvs017Herkenne, S., Paques, C., Nivelles, O., Lion, M., Bajou, K., Pollenus, T., … Struman, I. (2015). The interaction of uPAR with VEGFR2 promotes VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Science Signaling, 8(403), ra117-ra117. doi:10.1126/scisignal.aaa2403Lauritzen, I., Chemin, J., Honoré, E., Jodar, M., Guy, N., Lazdunski, M., & Jane Patel, A. (2005). Cross‐talk between the mechano‐gated K 2P channel TREK‐1 and the actin cytoskeleton. EMBO reports, 6(7), 642-648. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400449Gasparski, A. N., & Beningo, K. A. (2015). Mechanoreception at the cell membrane: More than the integrins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 586, 20-26. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.017Munaron, L., Genova, T., Avanzato, D., Antoniotti, S., & Fiorio Pla, A. (2012). Targeting Calcium Channels to Block Tumor Vascularization. Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery, 8(1), 27-37. doi:10.2174/1574892811308010027Yao, X., & Garland, C. J. (2005). Recent Developments in Vascular Endothelial Cell Transient Receptor Potential Channels. Circulation Research, 97(9), 853-863. doi:10.1161/01.res.0000187473.85419.3eRico, P., Rodrigo-Navarro, A., & Salmerón-Sánchez, M. (2015). Borax-Loaded PLLA for Promotion of Myogenic Differentiation. Tissue Engineering Part A, 21(21-22), 2662-2672. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0044Park, M., Li, Q., Shcheynikov, N., Zeng, W., & Muallem, S. (2004). NaBC1 Is a Ubiquitous Electrogenic Na+-Coupled Borate Transporter Essential for Cellular Boron Homeostasis and Cell Growth and Proliferation. Molecular Cell, 16(3), 331-341. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.09.030Vithana, E. N., Morgan, P., Sundaresan, P., Ebenezer, N. D., Tan, D. T. H., Mohamed, M. D., … Aung, T. (2006). Mutations in sodium-borate cotransporter SLC4A11 cause recessive congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED2). Nature Genetics, 38(7), 755-757. doi:10.1038/ng1824Lopez, I. A., Rosenblatt, M. I., Kim, C., Galbraith, G. C., Jones, S. M., Kao, L., … Kurtz, I. (2009). Slc4a11Gene Disruption in Mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(39), 26882-26896. doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.008102Parker, M. D., Ourmozdi, E. P., & Tanner, M. J. A. (2001). Human BTR1, a New Bicarbonate Transporter Superfamily Member and Human AE4 from Kidney. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 282(5), 1103-1109. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4692Zangi, R., & Filella, M. (2012). Transport routes of metalloids into and out of the cell: A review of the current knowledge. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 197(1), 47-57. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2012.02.001Tanjore, H., Zeisberg, E. M., Gerami-Naini, B., & Kalluri, R. (2007). β1 integrin expression on endothelial cells is required for angiogenesis but not for vasculogenesis. Developmental Dynamics, 237(1), 75-82. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21385Gerber, H.-P., Dixit, V., & Ferrara, N. (1998). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induces Expression of the Antiapoptotic Proteins Bcl-2 and A1 in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273(21), 13313-13316. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.21.13313Tan, C., Cruet-Hennequart, S., Troussard, A., Fazli, L., Costello, P., Sutton, K., … Dedhar, S. (2004). Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by integrin-linked kinase (ILK). Cancer Cell, 5(1), 79-90. doi:10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00281-2George, E. L., Baldwin, H. S., & Hynes, R. O. (1997). Fibronectins Are Essential for Heart and Blood Vessel Morphogenesis But Are Dispensable for Initial Specification of Precursor Cells. Blood, 90(8), 3073-3081. doi:10.1182/blood.v90.8.3073Fassler, R., & Meyer, M. (1995). Consequences of lack of beta 1 integrin gene expression in mice. Genes & Development, 9(15), 1896-1908. doi:10.1101/gad.9.15.1896Soldi, R., Mitola, S., Strasly, M., Defilippi, P., Tarone, G., & Bussolino, F. (1999). Role of αvβ3 integrin in the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. The EMBO Journal, 18(4), 882-892. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.4.882Takahashi, S., Leiss, M., Moser, M., Ohashi, T., Kitao, T., Heckmann, D., … Fässler, R. (2007). The RGD motif in fibronectin is essential for development but dispensable for fibril assembly. Journal of Cell Biology, 178(1), 167-178. doi:10.1083/jcb.200703021Ribatti, D. (2008). Chapter 5 Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane as a Useful Tool to Study Angiogenesis. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, 181-224. doi:10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01405-6Novosel, E. C., Kleinhans, C., & Kluger, P. J. (2011). Vascularization is the key challenge in tissue engineering. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 63(4-5), 300-311. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.004García, J. R., & García, A. J. (2015). Biomaterial-mediated strategies targeting vascularization for bone repair. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 6(2), 77-95. doi:10.1007/s13346-015-0236-0Briquez, P. S., Hubbell, J. A., & Martino, M. M. (2015). Extracellular Matrix-Inspired Growth Factor Delivery Systems for Skin Wound Healing. Advances in Wound Care, 4(8), 479-489. doi:10.1089/wound.2014.0603Simón-Yarza, T., Formiga, F. R., Tamayo, E., Pelacho, B., Prosper, F., & Blanco-Prieto, M. J. (2012). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Delivery Systems for Cardiac Repair: An Overview. Theranostics, 2(6), 541-552. doi:10.7150/thno.3682Kargozar, S., Baino, F., Hamzehlou, S., Hill, R. G., & Mozafari, M. (2018). Bioactive Glasses: Sprouting Angiogenesis in Tissue Engineering. Trends in Biotechnology, 36(4), 430-444. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.12.003Laplante, M., & Sabatini, D. M. (2009). mTOR signaling at a glance. Journal of Cell Science, 122(20), 3589-3594. doi:10.1242/jcs.051011Byzova, T. V., Goldman, C. K., Pampori, N., Thomas, K. A., Bett, A., Shattil, S. J., & Plow, E. F. (2000). A Mechanism for Modulation of Cellular Responses to VEGF. Molecular Cell, 6(4), 851-860. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(05)00076-

Intronic hammerhead ribozymes in mRNA biogenesis

[EN] Small self-cleaving ribozymes are a group of natural RNAs that are capable of catalyzing their own and sequence-specific endonucleolytic cleavage. One of the most studied members is the hammerhead ribozyme (HHR), a catalytic RNA originally discovered in subviral plant pathogens but recently shown to reside in a myriad of genomes along the tree of life. In eukaryotes, most of the genomic HHRs seem to be related to short interspersed retroelements, with the main exception of a group of strikingly conserved ribozymes found in the genomes of all amniotes (reptiles, birds and mammals). These amniota HHRs occur in the introns of a few specific genes, and clearly point to a preserved biological role during pre-mRNA biosynthesis. More specifically, bioinformatic analysis suggests that these intronic ribozymes could offer a new form of splicing regulation of the mRNA of higher vertebrates. We review here the latest advances in the discovery and biological characterization of intronic HHRs of vertebrates, including new conserved examples in the genomes of the primitive turtle and coelacanth fishThis work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain (BFU2011-23398) to MdlP.García Robles, I.; Sanchez Navarro, JA.; La Peña Del Rivero, MD. (2012). Intronic hammerhead ribozymes in mRNA biogenesis. Biological Chemistry. 393(11):1317-1326. https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2012-0223S131713263931

Materials design for ambipolar devices: tuning orbital energetics in oligothiophene-naphthalimides semiconductors

Ambipolar organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), which can efficiently transport both holes and electrons, using a single type of electrode, are currently of great interest due to their possible applications in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-like circuits, sensors, and in light-emitting transistors. Several theoretical and experimental studies have argued that most organic semiconductors should be able to transport both types of carrier, although typically unipolar behavior is observed. One factor that can compromise ambipolar transport in organic semiconductors is poor solid state overlap between the HOMO (p-type) or LUMO (n-type) orbitals of neighboring molecules in the semiconductor thin film. In the search of low-bandgap ambipolar materials, where the absence of skeletal distortions allows closer intermolecular π-π stacking and enhanced intramolecular π-conjugation, a new family of oligothiophene-naphthalimide assemblies have been synthesized and characterized, in which both donor and acceptor moieties are directly conjugated through rigid linkers. In previous works we found that oligothiophene-napthalimide assemblies connected through amidine linkers (NDI derivates) exhibit skeletal distortions (50-60º) arising from steric hindrance between the carbonyl group of the arylene core and the sulphur atom of the neighbored thiophene ring (see Figure 1). In the present work we report novel oligo- and polythiophene–naphthalimide analogues NAI-3T, NAI-5T and poly-NAI-8C-3T, in which the connections of the amidine linkage have been inverted in order to prevent steric interactions. Thus, the nitrogen atoms are directly connected to the naphthalene moiety in NAI derivatives while they were attached directly to the thiophene moiety in the previously investigated NDI-3T and NDI-5T. In Figure 1 is depicted the calculated molecular structure of NAI-3T together with that of NDI-3T showing how the steric interactions are not present in the novel NAI derivative. The planar skeletons in these new family induce higher degree of crystallinity and the carrier charge transport can be switched from n-type to ambipolar behaviour. The highest FET performance is achieved for vapor-deposited films of NAI-3T with mobilities of 1.95x10-4cm2V-1s-1 and 2.00x10-4cm2V-1s-1 for electrons and holes, respectively. Finally, these planar semiconductors are compared with their NDI derivates analogues, which exhibit only n-type mobility, in order to understand the origin of the ambipolarity in this new series of molecular semiconductors.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Eukaryotic penelope-like retroelements encode hammerhead ribozyme motifs

[EN] Small self-cleaving RNAs, such as the paradigmatic Hammerhead ribozyme (HHR), have been recently found widespread in DNA genomes across all kingdoms of life. In this work, we found that new HHR variants are preserved in the ancient family of Penelope-like elements (PLEs), a group of eukaryotic retrotransposons regarded as exceptional for encoding telomerase-like retrotranscriptases and spliceosomal introns. Our bioinformatic analysis revealed not only the presence of minimalist HHRs in the two flanking repeats of PLEs but also their massive and widespread occurrence in metazoan genomes. The architecture of these ribozymes indicates that they may work as dimers, although their low self-cleavage activity in vitro suggests the requirement of other factors in vivo. In plants, however, PLEs show canonical HHRs, whereas fungi and protist PLEs encode ribozyme variants with a stable active conformation as monomers. Overall, our data confirm the connection of self-cleaving RNAs with eukaryotic retroelements and unveil these motifs as a significant fraction of the encoded information in eukaryotic genomes.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grant number BFU2011-23398).Cervera Olagüe, A.; La Peña Del Rivero, MD. (2014). Eukaryotic penelope-like retroelements encode hammerhead ribozyme motifs. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31(11):2941-2947. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu232S29412947311

Infants i adolescents, revolució del consum audiovisual : l'impacte de les plataformes en línia a Espanya

Uno de cada tres hogares españoles utiliza Internet para ver contenidos audiovisuales en línea, con lo que se modifican sustancialmente las formas de consumo tradicionales. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar las prácticas de uso en las plataformas y aplicaciones Over the Top, o plataformas OTT (aplicaciones que ofrecen contenido de vídeo a través de Internet en lugar de televisión por cable o satélite), por parte de niños, niñas y jóvenes en España y analizar la evolución y las tendencias de recepción a partir de un estudio descriptivo con 648 sujetos de 3 a 18 años. Para ello se ha utilizado la herramienta metodológica Qualtrics, con la que se han desarrollado dos cuestionarios diferentes, uno para los padres de niños y niñas de 3 a 12 años y otro para adolescentes de 13 a 18 años. Tras el análisis de las respuestas obtenidas se constata el aumento del consumo audiovisual global en las franjas de edad estudiadas, especialmente en los adolescentes, así como la multiplicidad de dispositivos a través de los cuales se establece la experiencia con los contenidos. Además, se incrementa la interactividad, especialmente en la franja de edad más avanzada, y se evidencia el potencial del consumo de productos transmedia relacionado con el visionado audiovisual en dichas plataformas, especialmente en los grupos de edades más bajas.Una de cada tres llars espanyoles utilitza Internet per veure continguts audiovisuals en línia, amb la qual cosa es modifiquen substancialment les formes de consum tradicionals. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és identificar les pràctiques d'ús en les plataformes i aplicacions Over the Top, o plataformes OTT (aplicacions que ofereixen contingut de vídeo a través d'Internet en lloc de televisió per cable o satèl·lit), per part d'infants i joves a Espanya i analitzar l'evolució i les tendències de recepció a partir d'un estudi descriptiu amb 648 subjectes de 3 a 18 anys. Per portar-ho a terme, s'ha fet servir l'eina metodològica Qualtrics, mitjançant la qual s'han desenvolupat dos qüestionaris diferents, un per als pares de nens i nenes de 3 a 12 anys, i un altre per a adolescents de 13 a 18 anys. Feta l'anàlisi de les respostes obtingudes, es constata l'augment del consum audiovisual global en les franges d'edat estudiades, especialment en els adolescents, així com la multiplicitat de dispositius a través dels quals s'estableix l'experiència amb els continguts. A més a més, s'incrementa la interactivitat, especialment en la franja d'edat més avançada, i s'evidencia el potencial del consum de productes transmèdia relacionat amb el visionament audiovisual en les citades plataformes, especialment en els grups d'edat més baixos

Infância e conteúdos audiovisuais online em Espanha: Uma abordagem ao consumo e mediação parental em plataformas OTT.

Multimedia convergence and the arrival of the Internet in the audiovisual market have affected the patterns of consumption and reception of content in the family environment and in the media literacy processes of minors. Despite the fact that the figures for linear television consumption by the youngest children remain unchanged, the progressive penetration of audiovisual platforms in Spanish households is undeniable, and the role played by parents/guardians is fundamental. The aim of this research is to identify the practices of use in these platforms by children of infant and primary school in Spain, and to analyse the parental mediation systems in the new scenario of media convergence, based on a descriptive study carried out with 431 parents or tutors. To carry it out, the Qualtrics methodological tool has been used, by means of the application of a questionnaire through a snowball sampling. After the analysis of the results, important changes were observed in parental mediation, in accordance with the progressive increase in the age of the children, although the most frequent regulation in both age groups is linked to the time that the parents or guardians allow the children to pass through the different devices, rather than in the restrictions around the contents. Moreover, there are no significant differences in the type of audiovisual products they consume on linear television and OTT platforms, with children's series and films predominating at the earliest ages  La convergencia multimedia y la llegada de Internet al mercado audiovisual ha afectado a las pautas de consumo y recepción de contenidos en el entorno familiar y en los procesos de alfabetización mediática de los menores. A pesar de que las cifras de consumo de televisión lineal por parte de los más pequeños se mantienen, es innegable la penetración progresiva en los hogares españoles de las plataformas audiovisuales, siendo fundamental el papel que realizan los padres/tutores. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar las prácticas de uso en dichas plataformas por parte de niños/as de infantil y primaria en España, y analizar  los sistemas de mediación parental en el nuevo escenario de convergencia mediática, a partir de un estudio descriptivo realizado con 431 padres/madres o tutores. Para llevarlo a cabo se ha utilizado la herramienta metodológica Qualtrics, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario a través de un muestreo en bola de nieve. Tras el análisis de los resultados se constatan cambios importantes en la mediación parental, acordes con el incremento progresivo en la edad de los niños/as, aunque la regulación más frecuente en ambas franjas de edad está vinculada al tiempo que los progenitores o tutores permiten a los menores pasar frente a los diferentes dispositivos, más que en las restricciones en torno a los contenidos. Además, no se constatan diferencias significativas respecto al tipo de productos audiovisuales que consumen en la televisión lineal y en las plataformas OTT, predominando las series y las películas infantiles en edades más tempranas.A convergência multimídia e a chegada da Internet ao mercado audiovisual afetaram os padrões de consumo e recepção de conteúdo no ambiente familiar e nos processos de alfabetização midiática de menores. Embora os valores para o consumo linear de televisão sejam menores, a penetração progressiva nos lares espanhóis das plataformas audiovisuais é inegável, sendo fundamental o papel desempenhado pelos pais / responsáveis. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar as práticas de uso nessas plataformas por filhos de filhos primários e secundários da Espanha e analisar os sistemas de mediação parental no novo cenário de convergência da mídia, a partir de um estudo descritivo realizado com 431 pais ou mães ou responsáveis. Para isso, foi utilizada a ferramenta metodológica Qualtrics, através da aplicação de um questionário através de uma amostra de bola de neve. Após a análise dos resultados, mudanças importantes na mediação dos pais são observadas, em consonância com o aumento progressivo da idade das crianças, embora a regulação mais frequente nas duas faixas etárias esteja ligada ao tempo que os pais ou responsáveis ​​permitem os menores passam na frente dos diferentes dispositivos, mais do que nas restrições em torno do conteúdo. Além disso, não há diferenças significativas em relação ao tipo de produtos audiovisuais consumidos nas plataformas de televisão linear e OTT, prevalecendo as séries e os filmes infantis nas idades mais precoce

Validity and reliability of the kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia present and lifetime version DSM-5 (K-SADS-PL-5) Spanish version

Background: There are various language adaptations of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). In order to comply with the changes in DSM classification, the Spanish edition of the interview was in need of update and evaluation. Methods: K-SADS-PL was adapted to correspond to DSM-5 categories. All clinicians received training, and a 90% agreement was reached. Patients and their parents or guardians were interviewed and videotaped, and the videos were exchanged between raters. Factor analysis was performed and inter-rater reliability was calculated only in the case of diagnoses in which there were more than five patients. Results: A total of 74 subjects were included. The Factor Analysis yielded six factors (Depressive, Stress Hyperarousal, Disruptive Behavioral, Irritable Explosive, Obsessive Repetitive and Encopresis), representing 72% of the variance. Kappa values for inter-rater agreement were larger than 0.7 for over half of the disorders. Conclusions: The factor structure of diagnoses, made with the instrument was found to correspond to the DSM-5 disorder organization. The instrument showed good construct validity and inter-rater reliability, which makes it a useful tool for clinical research studies in children and adolescents