Principales riesgos y límites de la aplicación del principio de iura novit curia en el arbitraje nacional

Iura novit curia is a general principle of law by which judges are obliged to apply, in judicial proceedings, the respective law if it has not been invoked by the procedural parties. However, should this obligation be transferred to the arbitral tribunals? This research tries to approach an answer, as well as the practical problems that are generated when arbitrators decide to implement this principle while they issue their award.El principio de iura novit curia es un principio general del derecho, por el cual los jueces se encuentran obligados a aplicar, en los procesos judiciales, las normas respectivas si no han sido invocadas por las partes procesales. Sin embargo, ¿dicha obligación debe ser trasladada a los tribunales arbitrales? La presente investigación intenta acercarnos a una respuesta, así como a los problemas prácticos que se generan cuando los árbitros deciden implementar este principio al emitir su laudo

MLO-Y4 osteocytic cell clones express distinct gene expression patterns characteristic of different stages of osteocyte differentiation

Osteocytes are the most abundant bone cell and are formed when osteoblasts become embedded in the bone matrix. Through changes in gene expression and paracrine effects, osteocytes regulate the number of osteoblasts, bone forming cells, and osteoclasts, bone resorbing cells, which are needed to maintain bone mass. MLO-Y4 is the better characterized osteocytic cell line; however, lacks expression of sclerostin, the product of the SOST gene, which is fundamental for osteocyte function and blocks bone formation. With the objective to isolate MLO-Y4 clones with different gene expression profiles, we performed cultures at very low density of MLO-Y4 cells stably transfected with nuclear green fluorescent protein (MLO-nGFP). Cell morphology was visualized under a fluorescence microscope. Once the cells reached 80% confluency, RNA was extracted and quantitative real time PCR was performed. Clones exhibit different sizes and morphology, with some cells showing a spindle-like shape and others with abundant projections and a star-like shape. Gene expression also differed among clones. However, none of the clones examined expressed SOST. We conclude that the MLO-nGFP clones constitute a useful tool to study osteocyte differentiation and the role of osteocytes in the control of bone formation and resorption in vitro

From coinductive proofs to exact real arithmetic: theory and applications

Based on a new coinductive characterization of continuous functions we extract certified programs for exact real number computation from constructive proofs. The extracted programs construct and combine exact real number algorithms with respect to the binary signed digit representation of real numbers. The data type corresponding to the coinductive definition of continuous functions consists of finitely branching non-wellfounded trees describing when the algorithm writes and reads digits. We discuss several examples including the extraction of programs for polynomials up to degree two and the definite integral of continuous maps

Controlling suction by vapour equilibrium technique at different temperatures, application to the determination of the water retention properties of MX80 clay

Problems related to unsaturated soils are frequently encountered in geotechnical or environmental engineering works. In most cases, for the purpose of simplicity, the problems are studied by considering the suction effects on volume change or shear strength under isothermal conditions. Under isothermal condition, very often, a temperature independent water retention curve is considered in the analysis, which is obviously a simplification. When the temperature changes are too significant to be neglected, it is necessary to account for the thermal effects. In this paper, a method for controlling suction using the vapour equilibrium technique at different temperatures is presented. First, calibration of various saturated saline solutions was carried out from temperature of 20 degrees C to 60 degrees C. A mirror psychrometer was used for the measurement of relative humidity generated by saturated saline solutions at different temperatures. The results obtained are in good agreement with the data from the literature. This information was then used to determine the water retention properties of MX80 clay, which showed that the retention curve is shifting down with increasing of temperature

Lagrangian formulation for noncommutative nonlinear systems

In this work we use the well known formalism developed by Faddeev and Jackiw to introduce noncommutativity within two nonlinear systems, the SU(2) Skyrme and O(3) nonlinear sigma models. The final result is the Lagrangian formulations for the noncommutative versions of both models. The possibility of obtaining different noncommutative versions for these nonlinear systems is demonstrated.Comment: 8 pages. Revex 4.

Ice and mixed-phase cloud statistics on the Antarctic Plateau

Statistics on the occurrence of clear skies, ice clouds, and mixed-phase clouds over Concordia Station, in the Antarctic Plateau, are provided for multiple timescales and analyzed in relation to simultaneous meteorological parameters measured at the surface. Results are obtained by applying a machine learning cloud identification and classification (CIC) code to 4 years of measurements between 2012-2015 of downwelling high-spectral-resolution radiances, measured by the Radiation Explorer in the Far Infrared-Prototype for Applications and Development (REFIR-PAD) spectroradiometer. The CIC algorithm is optimized for Antarctic sky conditions and results in a total hit rate of almost 0.98, where 1.0 is a perfect score, for the identification of the clear-sky, ice cloud, and mixed-phase cloud classes. Scene truth is provided by lidar measurements that are concurrent with REFIR-PAD. The CIC approach demonstrates the key role of far-infrared spectral measurements for clear-cloud discrimination and for cloud phase classification. Mean annual occurrences are 72.3%, 24.9%, and 2.7% for clear sky, ice clouds, and mixed-phase clouds, respectively, with an inter-annual variability of a few percent. The seasonal occurrence of clear sky shows a minimum in winter (66.8%) and maxima (75%-76%) during intermediate seasons. In winter the mean surface temperature is about 9 C colder in clear conditions than when ice clouds are present. Mixed-phase clouds are observed only in the warm season; in summer they amount to more than one-third of total observed clouds. Their occurrence is correlated with warmer surface temperatures. In the austral summer, the mean surface air temperature is about 5gC warmer when clouds are present than in clear-sky conditions. This difference is larger during the night than in daylight hours, likely due to increased solar warming. Monthly mean results are compared to cloud occurrence and fraction derived from gridded (Level 3) satellite products from both passive and active sensors. The differences observed among the considered products and the CIC results are analyzed in terms of footprint sizes and sensors' sensitivities to cloud optical and geometrical features. The comparison highlights the ability of the CIC-REFIR-PAD synergy to identify multiple cloud conditions and study their variability at different timescales

O TERRORISMO DE BAIXO CUSTO OU A AMEAÇA INVISÍVEL: O TERRORISMO E AS POLÍTICAS BRASILEIRAS DE ANTITERRORISMO

We propose to study a tactical change into the violent political action of terrorist attacks: in addition to the car bombs and the attacks on public spaces performed by organized terrorist cells, attacks can growingly be pursued at a lower organizational and material cost. We propose to define such attacks as “low cost terrorism”, referring to recent events (Paris, London, Brussels, and Barcelona). Aside from the theoretical discussion and characterization of terrorism as a macrosecuritization process, we discuss Brazil’s anti-terrorist legislation in this context and highlight inconsistencies and inadequacies of the country’s to address the phenomena of terrorism, especially when referring to “low cost terrorism”.Propomos o estudo de uma inflexão tática na ação política dos ataques terroristas: somados aos carros bombas e ataques ao público realizados por células terroristas organizadas, ataques crescentemente têm sido realizados com baixo custo organizacional e material. Propomos definir tais ataques como “terrorismo de baixo custo”, tomando como referência eventos recentes Paris, Londres, Bruxelas e Barcelona. Além desta visão teórica e a caracterização do terrorismo como processo de macrossecuritização, discutimos a legislação antiterrorista brasileira neste contexto e destacamos as inconsistências e inadequações do país para lidar com o fenômeno do terrorismo, em particular o “terrorismo de baixo custo”