Compton-thick AGN in the NuSTAR era II: A deep NuSTAR and XMM-Newton view of the candidate Compton thick AGN in NGC 1358

We present the combined NuSTATR and XMM-Newton 0.6-79 keV spectral analysis of a Seyfert 2 galaxy, NGC 1358, which we selected as a candidate Compton thick (CT-) active galactic nucleus (AGN) on the basis of previous Swift/BAT and Chandra studies. According to our analysis, NGC 1358 is confirmed to be a CT-AGN using physical motivated models, at >3 $\sigma$ confidence level. Our best-fit shows that the column density along the 'line-of-sight' of the obscuring material surrounding the accreting super-massive black hole is N$\rm _H$ = [1.96--2.80] $\times$ 10$^{24}$ cm$^{-2}$. The high-quality data from NuSTAR gives the best constraints on the spectral shape above $\sim$10 keV to date on NGC 1358. Moreover, by combining NuSTAR and XMM-Newton data, we find that the obscuring torus has a low covering factor ($f_c$ <0.17), and the obscuring material is distributed in clumps, rather than uniformly. We also derive an estimate of NGC 1358's Eddington ratio, finding it to be $\lambda_{\rm Edd}$ $\sim$$4.7_{-0.3}^{+0.3}$ $\times$ 10$^{-2}$, which is in acceptable agreement with previous measurements. Finally, we find no evidence of short-term variability, over a $\sim$100 ks time-span, in terms of both 'line-of-sight' column density and flux.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Feasibility study of a hybrid-electric multipurpose craft for coastal sustainable navigation

The importance of reducing polluting emissions of small crafts operating in coastal areas is also linked to the concept of preserving the marine and coastal environment. So, nowadays the need to reduce as far as possible the pollutants' emissions is a primary objective that must be considered in the design of any type of vessel. This paper illustrates the design of a small vessel conceived with two different operational conditions: passenger transport and research support unit. In particular, the hybrid-electric power system was designed to guarantee ZEM (Zero Emission Mode) navigation, even in protected areas where usually navigation is not allowed, such as natural reserves

X-ray spectral and timing analysis of the Compton Thick Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068

We present the timing and spectral analysis of the Compton Thick Seyfert 2 active galactic nuclei NGC 1068 observed using {\it NuSTAR} and {\it XMM-Newton}. In this work for the first time we calculated the coronal temperature ($\rm{kT_{e}}$) of the source and checked for its variation between the epochs if any. The data analysed in this work comprised of (a) eight epochs of observations with {\it NuSTAR} carried out during the period December 2012 to November 2017, and, (b) six epochs of observations with {\it XMM-Newton} carried out during July 2000 to February 2015. From timing analysis of the {\it NuSTAR} observations, we found the source not to show any variations in the soft band. However, on examination of the flux at energies beyond 20 keV, during August 2014 and August 2017 the source was brighter by about 20\% and 30\% respectively compared to the mean flux of the three 2012 {\it NuSTAR} observations as in agreement with earlier results in literature. From an analysis of {\it XMM-Newton} data we found no variation in the hard band (2 $-$ 4 keV) between epochs as well as within epochs. In the soft band (0.2 $-$ 2 keV), while the source was found to be not variable within epochs, it was found to be brighter in epoch B relative to epoch A. By fitting physical models we determined $\rm{kT_{e}}$ to range between 8.46$^{+0.39}_{-0.66}$ keV and 9.13$^{+0.63}_{-0.98}$ keV. From our analysis, we conclude that we found no variation of $\rm{kT_{e}}$ in the source.Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Bifunctional Paramagnetic and Luminescent Clays Obtained by Incorporation of Gd3+and Eu3+Ions in the Saponite Framework

A novel bifunctional saponite clay incorporating gadolinium (Gd3+) and europium (Eu3+) in the inorganic framework was prepared by one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. The material exhibited interesting luminescent and paramagnetic features derived from the co-presence of the lanthanide ions in equivalent structural positions. Relaxometry and photoluminescence spectroscopy shed light on the chemical environment surrounding the metal sites, the emission properties of Eu3+, and the dynamics of interactions between Gd3+ and the inner-sphere water placed in the saponite gallery. The optical and paramagnetic properties of this solid make it an attractive nanoplatform for bimodal diagnostic applications

The microbiota and autoimmunity: their role in thyroid autoimmune diseases

Since the 1970s, the role of infectious diseases in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD) has been an object of intensive research. The last decade has witnessed many studies on Yersinia enterocolitica, Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial organisms and their potential impact on GD. Retrospective, prospective and molecular binding studies have been performed with contrary outcomes. Until now it is not clear whether bacterial infections can trigger autoimmune thyroid disease. Common risk factors for GD (gender, smoking, stress, and pregnancy) reveal profound changes in the bacterial communities of the gut compared to that of healthy controls but a pathogenetic link between GD and dysbiosis has not yet been fully elucidated. Conventional bacterial culture, in vitro models, next generation and high-throughput DNA sequencing are applicable methods to assess the impact of bacteria in disease onset and development. Further studies on the involvement of bacteria in GD are needed and may contribute to the understanding of pathogenetic processes. This review will examine available evidence on the subject

Inferring Compton-thick AGN candidates at z>2 with Chandra using the >8 keV restframe spectral curvature

To fully understand cosmic black hole growth we need to constrain the population of heavily obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) at the peak of cosmic black hole growth ($z\sim$1-3). Sources with obscuring column densities higher than $\mathrm{10^{24}}$ atoms $\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$, called Compton-thick (CT) AGN, can be identified by excess X-ray emission at $\sim$20-30 keV, called the "Compton hump". We apply the recently developed Spectral Curvature (SC) method to high-redshift AGN (2<z<5) detected with Chandra. This method parametrizes the characteristic "Compton hump" feature cosmologically redshifted into the X-ray band at observed energies <10 keV. We find good agreement in CT AGN found using the SC method and bright sources fit using their full spectrum with X-ray spectroscopy. In the Chandra deep field south, we measure a CT fraction of $\mathrm{17^{+19}_{-11}\%}$ (3/17) for sources with observed luminosity $\mathrm{>5\times 10^{43}}$ erg $\mathrm{s^{-1}}$. In the Cosmological evolution survey (COSMOS), we find an observed CT fraction of $\mathrm{15^{+4}_{-3}\%}$ (40/272) or $\mathrm{32\pm11 \%}$ when corrected for the survey sensitivity. When comparing to low redshift AGN with similar X-ray luminosities, our results imply the CT AGN fraction is consistent with having no redshift evolution. Finally, we provide SC equations that can be used to find high-redshift CT AGN (z>1) for current (XMM-Newton) and future (eROSITA and ATHENA) X-ray missions.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Delayed-Release Dimethyl-Fumarate In The Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis In Italy

INTRODUCTION: Disease Modifying Therapies (DMTs) have significantly improved clinical conditions of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) patients. However, several unmet needs are still relevant in RRMS. Recently, a new therapy, delayed-release dimethyl-fumarate (DMF; also known as gastro-resistant DMF), has been approved and reimbursed by the Italian Drug Agency (AIFA) for the treatment of RRMS.OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost-effectiveness of DMF vs. pharmacological alternatives indicated for the first-line treatment of RRMS in Italy.METHODS: The analysis was conducted from the perspective of the Italian National Healthcare Service (NHS) and outcomes and costs were evaluated over a 50-year time horizon (equivalent to a lifetime horizon). Both outcomes and costs were discounted at 3.5%. The Markov model estimates the clinical and economic consequences of treating RRMS patients with the following therapeutic options: DMF, interferon (IFN) beta-1a intramuscular (IM); IFN beta-1a subcutaneous (SC) at two different doses, 22 mcg and 44 mcg; IFN beta-1b SC; glatiramer acetate (GA) SC 20 mg; oral teriflunomide. Clinical efficacy data used in this analysis came from an elaboration of the mixed treatment comparison (MTC) already published. According to the Italian NHS perspective, only the following direct costs were considered: pharmacological treatment acquisition, treatment monitoring, relapse management, direct costs associated with disability, adverse event management. Administration costs were assumed equal to €0, because every treatment included in the economic analysis can be self-administered. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were developed and cost effectiveness acceptability curves generated.RESULTS: In the base-case analysis, DMF was more efficacious than alternatives, in terms of both survival (19.496 vs. 19.297-19.461 discounted LYs, respectively), and QALYs (6.548 vs. 5.172- 6.212 discounted QALYs, respectively). Per-patient lifetime costs with DMF amounted to € 276,500, similarly to the other options. DMF was the drug with the largest effect of disability cost reduction. DMF was dominant vs. IFN beta-1a 44 mcg and cost-effective vs. all other IFNs, GA and teriflunomide, with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICERs) between € 11,272 and € 23,409. All ICER values were lower than the € 50,000 per QALY threshold. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that, for all tested scenarios, ICER of DMF vs. therapeutic alternatives remained favourable (≤ 50.000 €/QALY gained) and the results of probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that the probability for DMF of being favourable (≤ 50.000 €/QALY gained) was between around 70% and 93%, thus ensuring robustness of the results.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this economic analysis show that, at the current price and the described assumptions, DMF represents a cost-effective option vs. other available first-line treatments indicated in RRMS in the perspective of the Italian NHS.[Article in Italian

Resolving the cosmic X-ray background with a next-generation high-energy X-ray observatory

The cosmic X-ray background (CXB), which peaks at an energy of ~30 keV, is produced primarily by emission from accreting supermassive black holes (SMBHs). The CXB therefore serves as a constraint on the integrated SMBH growth in the Universe and the accretion physics and obscuration in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). This paper gives an overview of recent progress in understanding the high-energy (>~10 keV) X-ray emission from AGNs and the synthesis of the CXB, with an emphasis on results from NASA's NuSTAR hard X-ray mission. We then discuss remaining challenges and open questions regarding the nature of AGN obscuration and AGN physics. Finally, we highlight the exciting opportunities for a next-generation, high-resolution hard X-ray mission to achieve the long-standing goal of resolving and characterizing the vast majority of the accreting SMBHs that produce the CXB.Comment: Science White paper submitted to Astro2020 Decadal Survey; 5 pages, 3 figures, plus references and cover pag

A proposito di un caso di ricostruzione della mano mediante uso di sostituto dermico

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