Aplicação de lodo de esgoto em solos agrícolas: efeitos na enxurrada e no carreamento de metais

The use of sewage sludge in agricultural soils as a macro and micronutrient source and as a soil conditioner has been one of the alternatives for its disposal. However, sewage sludge contains trace metals, which are potential sources of pollution. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge application on surface water contamination through runoff when it was applied in a soil cultivated with corn. The effect of sludge application on the concentration and load of copper, nickel and zinc and the volume of runoff water and sediment were evaluated. The experiment was set up in plots used to study erosion losses in Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The soil is a clayey Rhodic Hapludox. Three treatments were studied: no sewage sludge, sewage sludge to supply the N required by the crop and twice that amount, with four replications. The water and sediment lost by runoff were measured after each rainfall, and sampled for chemical analysis. The volumes of water and sediment lost by runoff decreased after sewage sludge application. The waste application increased trace metal concentration in the runoff water and sediment, especially zinc, which was present in high concentration in the sewage sludge used. Nevertheless, the load of trace metals transported from the plot was mostly dependent on the total runoff volume. Most of the Cu, Zn and Ni losses were via sediment, and occurred in a few highly erosive rainfall events in the period studied.O uso de lodo de esgoto em solos agrícolas como fonte de macro e micronutrientes e como condicionador de solos tem sido uma das alternativas para sua disposição final. O lodo de esgoto, entretanto, contém metais que são potencialmente fonte de poluição. Estudou-se o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto na contaminação de águas superficiais por meio da enxurrada proveniente de solo agrícola cultivado com milho. O efeito da aplicação do lodo na concentração e no carreamento de cobre, níquel e zinco e no volume de enxurrada e sedimentos foi avaliado. Os tratamentos foram aplicados em parcelas utilizadas para estudos de perdas por erosão em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. O solo era um Latossolo Vermelho férrico argiloso. Os três tratamentos foram: sem lodo, com lodo para suprir o N requerido pela cultura e duas vezes essa quantidade, com quatro repetições. A água e o sedimento perdidos pela enxurrada eram medidos na manhã seguinte de cada chuva e amostrados para análise química. Os volumes de água e de sedimentos perdidos por enxurrada diminuíram com a aplicação do lodo. A aplicação do resíduo aumentou a concentração de metais na água e no sedimento, especialmente do zinco que estava presente em alta concentração do lodo de esgoto utilizado. Entretanto, a carga de metais transportados das parcelas foi dependente principalmente do volume total de enxurrada. A maior parte das perdas de Cu, Ni e Zn foi via sedimento e ocorreu em alguns poucos eventos de alta erosividade no período de estudo

Greenhouse Gas Assessment and Strategies to Achieve CO₂ Sequestration in the Brazilian Palm Oil Life Cycle

As the palm oil production is expanding in Brazilian Amazon region, this study aimed to determinate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions since the agricultural phase to transportation of crude palm oil (CPO) and then indicate strategies to achieve the CO2 sequestration. The scope of this study comprised since the stage of oil palm seedlings production until the transportation of CPO. Inventory data for the year of 2009 included the agricultural production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and the extraction and transportation of CPO. The management of palm oil mill effluent (POME), use of fertilizers, fuels, pesticides, and electricity contributed to 66.5, 17.9, 15.1, 0.4, and 0.1% of the total emissions, respectively. Agricultural phase, CPO extraction, and transportation emitted 32,131, 79,590, and 1,104 t CO2-eq, respectively. The carbon (C) footprint was 0.79 t CO2-eq / t CPO, and the highest GHG emissions were associated to the management of POME. On the other hand, the use of all residues from the mill as fertilizer substitute can minimize the GHG emissions and increase soil C stocks. In addition, the methane (CH4) from POME captured and used for steam or electricity is also a viable alternative to reduce the GHG emissions

Opções de mitigação de gases do efeito estufa na mudança do uso da terra, pecuária e agricultura no Brasil

National inventories of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (implementation of the National Communications) are organized according to five main sectors, namely: Energy, Industrial Processes, Agriculture, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LUCF) and Waste. The objective of this study was to review and calculate the potential of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in Brazil for the Agricultural and LUCF. The first step consisted in an analysis of Brazilian official and unofficial documents related to climate change and mitigation policies. Secondly, business as usual (BAU) and mitigation scenarios were elaborated for the 2010-2020 timeframe, and calculations of the corresponding associated GHG emissions and removals were performed. Additionally, two complementary approaches were used to point out and quantify the main mitigation options: a) following the IPCC 1996 guidelines and b) based on EX-ACT. Brazilian authorities announced that the country will target a reduction in its GHG between 36.1 and 38.9% from projected 2020 levels. This is a positive stand that should also be adopted by other developing countries. To reach this government goal, agriculture and livestock sectors must contribute with an emission reduction of 133 to 166 Mt CO2-eq. This seems to be reachable when confronted to our mitigation option values, which are in between the range of 178.3 to 445 Mt CO2-eq. Government investments on agriculture are necessary to minimize the efforts from the sectors to reach their targets.Inventários nacionais acerca de emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) (refinamentos das Comunicações Nacionais) são organizadas de acordo com cinco principais setores, a saber: Energia, Processos Industriais, Agropecuária, Mudanças do Uso da Terra e Florestas e Tratamento de Resíduos. O objetivo dessa revisão foi calcular o potencial das estratégias de mitigação de GEE no Brasil para agropecuária e mudança de uso da terra e florestas. A primeira etapa consistiu na análise de documentos oficiais e não-oficiais do Brasil relacionados a mudanças climáticas e políticas de mitigação. O cenário atual, sem adoção de ações mitigadoras (BAU), e os cenários de mitigação foram elaborados para o período 2010-2020. Efetuaram-se os cálculos associados às emissões e remoções de GEE. Adicionalmente, duas estratégias foram utilizadas para destacar e quantificar as principais opções de mitigação: a) seguindo metodologia do IPCC 1996 e b) baseando-se no EX-ACT. Autoridades brasileiras anunciaram que o país buscará reduzir sua taxa de emissão de GEE em 36.1 a 38.9% em relação a 2020. Este é um posicionamento positivo que deve ser adotado por outros países em desenvolvimento. Para alcançar essa meta governamental, os setores agricultura e pecuária devem contribuir reduzindo a emissão em 133 a 166 Mt CO2-eq. Tal redução parece ser atingível quando confrontada com os valores do presente trabalho sobre opções de mitigação os quais estão entre 178,3 e 445 Mt CO2-eq. Investimentos governamentais nos setores agrícola, pecuária e silvicultura são necessários para minimizar os esforços para atingir as metas de redução de emissão pelos outros setores do país.CNPqFAPESPCAPES - COFECU

Stakeholder-driven transformative adaptation is needed for climate-smart nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa.

Improving nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa under increasing climate risks and population growth requires a strong and contextualized evidence base. Yet, to date, few studies have assessed climate-smart agriculture and nutrition security simultaneously. Here we use an integrated assessment framework (iFEED) to explore stakeholder-driven scenarios of food system transformation towards climate-smart nutrition security in Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia. iFEED translates climate-food-emissions modelling into policy-relevant information using model output implication statements. Results show that diversifying agricultural production towards more micronutrient-rich foods is necessary to achieve an adequate population-level nutrient supply by mid-century. Agricultural areas must expand unless unprecedented rapid yield improvements are achieved. While these transformations are challenging to accomplish and often associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions, the alternative for a nutrition-secure future is to rely increasingly on imports, which would outsource emissions and be economically and politically challenging given the large import increases required. [Abstract copyright: © 2024. The Author(s).

Soil carbon dynamics under sugarcane

No contexto da atual busca por alternativas ao consumo de combustíveis fósseis, a cultura da cana-de-açúcar tem sido apontada como uma das mais viáveis fontes de combustível renovável a partir da biomassa. A tradicional colheita manual, feita após a queima da palhada para facilitar o corte e o transporte, vem sendo substituída pela colheita mecanizada, sem queima, por razões econômicas, legais e ambientais. Sabe-se que a manutenção da palhada sobre o solo influencia a dinâmica de água, nutrientes e matéria orgânica do solo, mas seus efeitos ainda não são suficientemente conhecidos, principalmente no longo prazo. O objetivo esta pesquisa é simular, através de modelagem matemática, a dinâmica do carbono do solo no agrossistema canade- açúcar. Medidas no campo foram efetuadas em uma das áreas a mais tempo sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil, localizada nas terras da Usina São Martinho, em Pradópolis, São Paulo. Foram analisadas duas cronossequências em talhões reformados e plantados com cana há 2, 4, 6 e 8 anos, com e sem queima pré-colheita, em áreas com histórico de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar por cerca de 50 anos. Os efeitos da queima e da manutenção da palhada sobre o carbono total, carbono da matéria orgânica particulada e carbono da biomassa microbiana foram avaliados. As determinações de carbono da biomassa microbiana e da matéria orgânica particulada mostraramse mais sensíveis à mudança de manejo da palhada do que o carbono total. A área com maior tempo de adoção do sistema de manejo sem queima, oito anos, na camada superficial, apresentou maiores teores de carbono total (30% maior), carbono da biomassa microbiana (2,5 vezes maior), e carbono da matéria orgânica particulada (3,8 vezes maior). O estoque de carbono total, corrigido para diferenças de densidade entre as áreas, foi maior nas áreas sem queima, principalmente na área com oito anos. A aplicação do modelo CENTURY, requereu adaptação para a dinâmica de decomposição da palhada de cana-de-açúcar. Para tanto, o modelo foi testado em cinco áreas diferentes no Brasil e na Austrália, com dados de experimentos de decomposição de palhada. A principal adaptação feita ao modelo CENTURY foi a definição da espessura da camada de palha mais próxima do solo, mais vulnerável à decomposição. Essa camada, que anteriormente era considerada praticamente ilimitada (5.000 g C m-2) no modelo, foi fixada em 110 g C m-2. Esta modificação proporcionou melhora na correlação entre dados medidos e simulados, aumentando o R2 de 0,79 para 0,93. Uma vez adaptado para simular a decomposição da palhada, o modelo CENTURY foi aplicado na simulação da dinâmica temporal da produção de colmos e do carbono do solo. Foram usados dados de experimentos conduzidos por períodos de 12 meses a 60 anos, provenientes de Goiana e Timbaúba (PE), Brasil; Pradópolis (SP), Brasil; e Mount Edgecombe, Kwazulu-Natal, África do Sul. O modelo CENTURY foi capaz de simular de forma satisfatória a dinâmica temporal do carbono do dos colmos (R2=0,76) e do solo (R2 =0,89). Em seguida, o modelo foi usado para fazer predições em longo prazo do estoque de carbono nos dois sistemas de manejo de palhada estudados. As predições realizadas a partir dos dados dos experimentos de campo revelam que a há, em longo prazo, uma tendência de maiores estoques de carbono no manejo sem queima da palhada. Este acréscimo no estoque é condicionado por fatores como condições climáticas, textura do solo, tempo de implantação do sistema sem queima e manejo da adubação nitrogenada.Sugarcane has been considered one of the most feasible renewable fuel crops, in the current search for alternatives to fossil fuel. The crop has been traditionally burned to make manual harvest easier, but there has been an increase in the area harvested mechanically and without burning, due to economic, legal and environmental issues. The maintenance of sugarcane litter on the soil affects water, nutrient and organic matter dynamics, but the long term effects of this practice are still not sufficiently understood, especially in the long term. The goal of this work is to simulate, through mathematical modeling, soil carbon dynamics under sugarcane. Soil samples were collected in one of the areas with a long term history of unburned sugarcane in Brazil, at the Sao Martinho farm in Pradopolis, Sao Paulo. Two chronosequences, composed by sugarcane fields that were reformed and planted 2, 4, 6 and 8 years with and without burning, in areas that had been cultivated with sugarcane for close to 50 years. Total carbon, particulate organic matter carbon and microbial biomass carbon were evaluated in the burned and unburned cane plots. The soil microbial biomass carbon and particulate organic matter carbon were more sensitive to litter management changes that total carbon. The area with the longest period of adoption of the unburned management, eight years, had higher content of total carbon (30% higher), microbial biomass carbon (by a factor of 2.5), particulate organic matter carbon (by a factor of 3.8) than the area where the residues were burned. The total carbon stocks, after correction for density differences, were also higher in the unburned treatment, markedly in the area with eight years of green cane management. In order to adapt the CENTURY model to simulate sugarcane litter decomposition, data from five experiments in Brazil and Australia were used. The main adaptation performed in the model was setting the limit for the mass of litter closer to the soil, more vulnerable to decomposition, to 110 gCm-2. This parameter was previously set at a high value, 5.000 gCm-2. This change caused an improvement in the correlation between simulated and observed data, with an R2 of 0.79 before the change, and 0.93 after the change. Once the changes were made to the model, CENTURY was used to simulate the temporal dynamics of stalk production and soil carbon. Data from experiments with different durations, from 12 months to 60 years, were used. The experiment sites were: Goiana and Timbauba, Pernambuco, Brazil; Pradopolis, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Mount Edgecombe, Kwazulu- Natal, South Africa. The CENTURY model was able to simulate well the temporal dynamics of the stalk (R2=0.76) and of the soil carbon (R2 =0.89). Finally, the model was used to simulate long term scenarios considering the two litter management systems studied. The predictions made from the field experiments data reveal that there is, in the long term, a trend for higher carbon stocks in the unburned system. This increment in stock is conditioned by factors such as climate, soil texture, time of adoption of the unburned system, and nitrogen fertilizer management

Net greenhouse gas fluxes in Brazilian ethanol production systems

Biofuels are both a promising solution to global warming mitigation and a potential contributor to the problem. Several life cycle assessments of bioethanol have been conducted to address these questions. We performed a synthesis of the available data on Brazilian ethanol production focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon (C) sinks in the agricultural and industrial phases. Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) from fossil fuels, methane (CH(4)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) from sources commonly included in C footprints, such as fossil fuel usage, biomass burning, nitrogen fertilizer application, liming and litter decomposition were accounted for. In addition, black carbon (BC) emissions from burning biomass and soil C sequestration were included in the balance. Most of the annual emissions per hectare are in the agricultural phase, both in the burned system (2209 out of a total of 2398 kg C(eq)), and in the unburned system (559 out of 748 kg C(eq)). Although nitrogen fertilizer emissions are large, 111 kg C(eq) ha-1 yr-1, the largest single source of emissions is biomass burning in the manual harvest system, with a large amount of both GHG (196 kg C(eq) ha-1 yr-1). and BC (1536 kg C(eq) ha-1 yr-1). Besides avoiding emissions from biomass burning, harvesting sugarcane mechanically without burning tends to increase soil C stocks, providing a C sink of 1500 kg C ha-1 yr-1 in the 30 cm layer. The data show a C output: input ratio of 1.4 for ethanol produced under the conventionally burned and manual harvest compared with 6.5 for the mechanized harvest without burning, signifying the importance of conservation agricultural systems in bioethanol feedstock production.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico - (CNPq)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)Carbon Management and Sequestration Center at the Ohio State Universit

Quantifying soil carbon stocks and greenhouse gas fluxes in the sugarcane agrosystem: point of view

Strategies to mitigate climate change through the use of biofuels (such as ethanol) are associated not only to the increase in the amount of C stored in soils but also to the reduction of GHG emissions to the atmosphere.This report mainly aimed to propose appropriate methodologies for the determinations of soil organic carbon stocks and greenhouse gas fluxes in agricultural phase of the sugarcane production. Therefore, the text is a piece of contribution that may help to obtain data not only on soil carbon stocks but also on greenhouse gas emissions in order to provide an accurate life cycle assessment for the ethanol. Given that the greenhouse gas value is the primary measure of biofuel product quality, biorefiners that can show a higher offset of their product will have an advantage in the market place

Estimação da produtividade dos resíduos da cana-de-açúcar por meio do sensor MODIS

Currently, the development of second generation ethanol has been intensely researched in Brazil. That has generated a demand for identifying the areas with the highest potential for straw production to base second generation ethanol plants. This work described the production of straw for the microregion of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, using the NPP MODIS product for the years 2006 to 2010. The data to build the maps were obtained by using plant carbon content, straw to stalk ratio, aboveground biomass and crop water content values from the literature. The model was calibrated with IBGE official data to correct losses caused by atmospheric interference. The calibration was performed using sugarcane productivity because it is the only data available from IBGE. This calibration generated factors that were multiplied by the straw model. The adjusted values were compared to the official data using the Mann-Whitney test and there werent significant differences between the estimated and observed straw yield for 2006, 2007 and 2009 (p-value> 0.05). However, for 2008 and 2010 the estimated data were significantly different from the observed data, likely due to the extended rainy seasons in both years. Overall, the methodology was appropriate to describe the spatial distribution of sugarcane straw in the studied region.Pages: 193-20