Acute effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes: A review

Abstract The literature has shown the efficiency of exercise in the control of type 2 diabetes (T2D), being suggested as one of the best kinds of non-pharmacological treatments for its population. Thus, the scientific production related to this phenomenon has growing exponentially. However, despite its advances, still there is a lack of studies that have carried out a review on the acute effects of physical exercise on metabolic and hemodynamic markers and possible control mechanisms of these indicators in individuals with T2D, not to mention that in a related way, these themes have been very little studied today. Therefore, the aim of this study was to organize and analyze the current scientific production about the acute effects of physical exercise on metabolic and hemodynamic markers and possible control mechanisms of these indicators in T2D individuals. For such, a research with the following keywords was performed: -exercise; diabetes and post-exercise hypotension; diabetes and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption; diabetes and acute effects in PUBMED, SCIELO and HIGHWIRE databases. From the analyzed studies, it is possible to conclude that, a single exercise session can promote an increase in the bioavailability of nitric oxide and elicit decreases in postexercise blood pressure. Furthermore, the metabolic stress from physical exercise can increase the oxidation of carbohydrate during the exercise and keep it, in high levels, the post exercise consumption of O², this phenomenon increases the rate of fat oxidation during recovery periods after exercise, improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and reduces glycemia between 2-72 h, which seems to be dependent on the exercise intensity and duration of the effort. Key words: Metabolic diseases; Hypertension; Nitric oxide; Blood glucose; Oxygen consumption Core tip: Physical exercise is one of the best kinds of non-pharmacological treatments to prevent and control type 2 diabetes (T2D), being recommended by important medical associations, such as American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association. In the literature, studies about the effects of a single exercise session on the population, its changes in blood pressure, glycemia, carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, increase in nitric oxide and others are increasing exponentially. In this review, we report the most recent and important findings in the literature about the ef- REVIEW Submit

Efeitos agudos de diferentes intensidades e volumes de exercício aeróbio sobre as concentrações de triptofano e serotonina em mulheres idosas fisicamente ativas

O envelhecimento provoca uma diminuição na concentração de serotonina, que por sua vez, pode produzir anormalidades de comportamento como: agressividade, insônia, comportamento suicida ou criminal e perda do desejo sexual. Entretanto, estudos demonstram que o exercício aeróbio parece aumentar agudamente as concentrações de triptofano e serotonina. Por outro lado, não há relatos na literatura de estudos que tenham investigado os efeitos de diferentes intensidades e volumes de exercício aeróbio sobre as concentrações de triptofano e serotonina em mulheres idosas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos agudos de diferentes intensidades e volumes de exercício aeróbio sobre as concentrações de triptofano e serotonina em mulheres idosas fisicamente ativas. Para tanto, 49 mulheres idosas (idade entre 60 e 75 anos), fisicamente ativas, foram distribuídas em seis grupos: controle (GC; n = 8) e cinco experimentais: 1) exercício aeróbio realizado a 90% do limiar ventilatório (LV90; n = 8); 2) exercício realizado em intensidade de limiar ventilatório (LV; n = 8), 3) exercício realizado em intensidade relativa a 90% do ponto de compensação respiratório (PCR90; n = 8), todos com duração de 20 min; 4) teste de esforço máximo (Gmáx; n = 8); e 5) exercício realizado em intensidade de limiar ventilatório com duração de 60 min (LV60min; n = 9). Antes e após a realização das sessões de exercícios foram realizadas coletas de sangue venoso para quantificação das concentrações de triptofano e serotonina. Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas (p >; 0,05) entre (GC, LV90, LV, PCR90, Gmáx e LV60min) e intragrupos (pré e pós) nas concentrações de serotonina e triptofano. Em conclusão, sessões agudas de exercício aeróbio realizado em diferentes intensidades e volumes não resultaram em alterações significativas nas concentrações de serotonina e tripotofano em mulheres idosas.Aging causes a decrease in the concentration of serotonin, which in turn, can produce abnormalities of behavior as aggression, insomnia, suicidal or criminal behavior and loss of sexual desire. However, studies show that aerobic exercise seems to increase acutely the concentrations of tryptophan and serotonin. Furthermore, there are no reports of studies that have investigated the effects of different intensities and volumes of aerobic exercise on the concentrations of tryptophan and serotonin in older women physically active. The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of different intensities and volumes of aerobic exercise on the levels of tryptophan and serotonin in older women. For this, 49 older women (aged 60 to 75 years) physically active were divided into six groups: being a control group (CG, n = 8) and five experimental groups: 1) aerobic exercise performed at 90% of ventilatory threshold (VT90, n = 8); 2) intensity exercise performed at ventilatory threshold (VT, n = 8); 3) intensity exercise performed on 90% of the respiratory compensation point (RCP90, n = 8), each with lasting 20 min; 4) maximal incremental test (MIT, n = 8); and 5) exercise held in ventilatory threshold intensity with lasting 60 min (VT60min, n = 9). Before and after completion of the exercise sessions, venous blood samples were collected to quantify the levels of tryptophan and serotonin. There were no differences (p >; 0.05) between and within groups in the concentrations of serotonin and tryptophan. In conclusion, acute bouts of aerobic exercise performed at different intensities and volumes did not result in significant changes in the concentrations of serotonin and tryptophan in older women

Efeitos de diferentes intervalos de recuperação no desempenho muscular isocinético em idosos

OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos de diferentes intervalos de recuperação (IR) entre séries de contração isocinética no desempenho muscular em idosos. MÉTODOS: Vinte idosos voluntários (66,9±3,9 anos, 76,1±13,4kg, 169±5,2cm) foram submetidos a três sessões de exercício resistido isocinético unilateral da musculatura extensora do joelho com diferentes IR (1 minuto, 2 minutos, e 3 minutos) na velocidade de 60° s-1. Cada sessão consistia em três séries de 10 repetições durante as quais foram avaliados o pico de torque (PT), trabalho total (TT) e índice de fadiga (IF). ANOVA fatorial para medidas repetidas, com a análise de Post hoc por Bonferroni, foi utilizada para identificar possíveis diferenças entre os IR. O nível de significância estatístico utilizado foi de p0,05). Apesar de ter sido observado menor desempenho muscular na 3ª série em todos os IR, maiores quedas no PT, TT e IF foram observadas quando adotado o IR de 1minuto (p0.05). Although muscle performance was lower during the third sets with all RI, the greatest decreases in PT, TW and FI occurred with the 1 minute RI (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the RI variable has an important influence on isokinetic muscle performance in older adults, particularly from the third sets onwards, which suggests that RI should be increased as successive sets are performed within the same exercise session

Cycling as the Best Sub-8-Hour Performance Predictor in Full Distance Triathlon

For any triathlon distance (short, Olympic, half-distance and full-distance), competitors spend more time cycling than swimming or running, but running has emerged as the discipline with the greatest influence on overall performance at the Olympic distance. However, there is a lack of evidence on which discipline has the greatest influence on performance in the overall full-distance triathlon (3.8 km swimming/180 km cycling/42.195 km running), especially for the fastest performing athletes of all time. The total race times of 51 fastest triathletes (sub-8-hour) were studied, while for the split times, a sample of 44 participants was considered. The discipline that seemed to better predict total race time was cycling (coefficient = 0.828; < 0.001), followed by running (coefficient = 0.726; < 0.001) and swimming (coefficient = 0.476; < 0.001). Furthermore, cycling was the discipline with the highest performance improvement over the years, whereas running had a slightly decrease. In conclusion, cycling seems to be the discipline with greater influence in final result for the full-distance triathlon

Influência da fadiga no equilíbrio do pé de apoio de jogadores de futebol

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of fatigue on the balance of the support leg kick in soccer players. 19 soccer players were divided randomly into two groups: group exhauston (GEX), underwent an effort with incremental load at exhaustion on a treadmill, and the control group (GCE) underwent effort with constant lower load. Parameters of static balance in single support (one foot) were evaluated before and after the protocols, using a force platform (AMTI OR6-5). The GEX showed enlargement of the displacement of center of pressure (COP) (p < 0.05) after exhaustion, for the right foot. The maximum displacement of the antero posterior center of pressure of the right leg of the GEX incresead significantly (p < 0.05) after exhaustion in relation to resting values. In conclusion, fatigue can impair the ability to keep balance for the support leg in soccer players. Mainly on support to the foot that is not the usual support for the kick.O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a influencia da fadiga no equilíbrio do pé de apoio no momento do chute em jogadores de futebol. Participaram desta pesquisa 19 atletas de futebol divididos em dois grupos: grupo exaustão (GEX) que realizou um esforço com carga incremental até a exaustão em esteira rolante, e o grupo controle (GCE) realizou um esforço leve-constante de forma continua em esteira rolante. Antes e após os protocolos foram avaliados parâmetros de equilíbrio estático em apoio unipodal, utilizando uma plataforma de força. O GEX apresentou aumento da área de deslocamento do centro de pressão (COP) (p < 0,05) após exaustão, tanto para o pé direito como para o esquerdo. A velocidade máxima de deslocamento do centro de pressão ântero-posterior da perna direita do GEX aumentou significantemente (p < 0,05) após a exaustão em relação aos valores de repouso. A fadiga pode diminuir a capacidade de equilíbrio do pé de apoio em jogadores de futebol. Principalmente no apoio com o pé que não é o usual de apoio para o chute

Covid-19 e Pós-pandemia: Implicações e impactos em pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares

A COVID-19 desencadeou uma série de mudanças nos dados epidemiológicos de diversas patologias, uma vez que é um fator agravante em diversas doenças, destacando-se as doenças cardiacas As complicações consideradas em pacientes com COVID-19 possui diversos mecanismos, desde injuria cardiaca direta, ou por lesão cardiaca indireta pelo virus, como a resposta inflamatoria, lesão endotelial e problemas de coagulação gerados pelo patogeno. O acompanhamento de pacientes com esse tipo de condição cardiaca é de grande importancia, pois, um manejo terapeutico eficiente e cauteloso pode minimizar as sequelas deixadas por essa manifestação viral

Anthropometric and hemodynamic indicators of cardiovascular risk and associated factor with high blood pressure in miners

Obesity and hypertension are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and their prevalence seems to vary according to profession. In this scenario, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in employees of a mining company and to identify associated factors with high blood pressure (BP). To this end, 197 volunteers (61.4% male) aged between 20 and 60, all employees of a mining company had their body mass index and BP measured. Excessive weight (overweight + obesity) and high BP values (pre-hypertension + hypertension) were observed in 76.1% and 46.1% of the sample, respectively; and the prevalence of pre-hypertensive individuals was higher (p <0.05) in men. The likelihood of having high BP was higher in males (11%), in those above than 40 years old (13%) and overweight (13%). In conclusion, a significant portion of the miners assessed is at risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, measures against hypertension must be directed to male employees and those above than 40 years old. Overweight prevention and control are the main therapeutic measures to be adopted

Análise do processo de pirólise de sementes de Açaí (Euterpe Oleracea, Mart): Influência da temperatura no rendimento dos produtos de reação e nas propriedades físico-químicas do Bio-Óleo / Process analysis of pyrolise of Açaí (Euterpe Oleracea, Mart) seeds: Influence of temperature on the yield of reaction products and physico-chemical properties of Bio-Oil

Neste trabalho, investigou-se a influência da temperatura no rendimento de produtos de reação (bio-óleo, gás,  e coque) e nas propriedades físico-químicas (índice de acidez, densidade e viscosidade cinemática) do bio-óleo obtido via pirólise de sementes de Açaí (Euterpe oleracea, Mart.), um resíduo rico em lignina-celulose, em escala piloto. A reação de pirólise foi realizada em reator de 143 L, operando em modo batelada a 350, 400 e 450 ºC, 1,0 atmosfera. O bio-óleo foi caracterizado físico-quimicamente em termos de densidade, viscosidade cinemática, índice de acidez e índice de refração. Os rendimentos do bio-óleo, , e gás variaram entre 2,0 e 4,39% (em peso), 26,58 e 29,39% (em peso) e 18,76 e 30,56% (em peso), respectivamente, aumentando com a temperatura do processo, enquanto que da fase sólida (coque) variou entre 35,67 e 52,67% (em peso), diminuindo com a temperatura. As densidades de bio-óleo e viscosidades cinemáticas variaram entre 1,0236 e 1,0468 g/cm³ e 57,22 e 68,34 mm²/s, respectivamente, aumentado com a temperatura, enquanto que os índices de acidez do bio-óleo variaram entre 70,26 e 92,87 mg KOH/g, diminuindo com a temperatura. 

Butyrate Protects Mice from Clostridium difficile-Induced Colitis through an HIF-1-Dependent Mechanism

Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis is a key factor predisposing intestinal infection by Clostridium difficile. Here, we show that interventions that restore butyrate intestinal levels mitigate clinical and pathological features of C. difficile-induced colitis. Butyrate has no effect on C. difficile colonization or toxin production. However, it attenuates intestinal inflammation and improves intestinal barrier function in infected mice, as shown by reduced intestinal epithelial permeability and bacterial translocation, effects associated with the increased expression of components of intestinal epithelial cell tight junctions. Activation of the transcription factor HIF-1 in intestinal epithelial cells exerts a protective effect in C. difficile-induced colitis, and it is required for butyrate effects. We conclude that butyrate protects intestinal epithelial cells from damage caused by C. difficile toxins via the stabilization of HIF-1, mitigating local inflammatory response and systemic consequences of the infection