Glutathione And S-nitrosoglutathione In Alginate/chitosan Nanoparticles: Cytotoxicity

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in several physiological processes, such as the control of vascular tone, the immune response and the wound healing process. Thus, there is a great interest in the development of NO-releasing drugs and in matrices which are able to stabilize and release NO locally in different tissues. Thiols, such as glutathione (GSH), are ready nitrosated to form the NO donors S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs). In this work, GSH, a precursor of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), was encapsulated into a mucoadhesive combination of alginate/chitosan nanoparticles. The encapsulated GSH was nitrosated in the alginate/chitosan nanoparticles by adding sodium nitrite, leading to the formation of encapsulated GSNO. The cytotoxicity characterization of the nanoparticles containing either GSH or GSNO showed that these materials were completely non cytotoxic to cellular viability. These results show that this novel nanostructure biomaterial has a great potential to be use in biomedical applications where NO has a therapeutical effect.3041Seabra, A.B., Fitzpatrick, A., Paul, J., De Oliveira, M.G., Weller, R., (2004) Br. J. Dermatol., 151, p. 977Seabra, A.B., Pankotai, E., Fehér, M., Somlai, A., Kiss, L., Bíró, L., Szabó, C., Lacza, Z., (2007) Br. J. Dermatol., 156, p. 814Moore, C., Tymvios, C., Emerson, M., (2010) Thromb. Haemost., 104, p. 342Amadeu, T.P., Seabra, A.B., De Oliveira, M.G., Costa, A.M.A., (2007) J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 21, p. 629Amadeu, T.P., Seabra, A.B., De Oliveira, M.G., Costa, A.M.A., (2008) J. Surg Res., 149, p. 84Nahrevanian, H., Amini, M., (2008) Iranian J. Basic Med. Sci., 11, p. 197Seabra, A.B., Durán, N., (2010) J. Mater. Chem., 20, p. 1624Kapadia, M.R., Chow, L.W., Tsihlis, N.D., Ahanchi, S.S., Eng, J.W., Murar, J., Martinez, J., Kibbe, M.R., (2008) J. Vasc. Surg., 47, p. 173De Oliveira, M.G., Shishido, S.M., Seabra, A.B., Morgon, M.H., (2002) J. Phys. Chem., 106, p. 8963Hogg, N., Singh, R.J., Kalyanaraman, B., (1996) FEBS Lett., 382, p. 223Seabra, A.B., Da Silva, R., De Souza, G.F.P., De Oliveira, M.G., (2008) Artif. Organs, 32, p. 262Seabra, A.B., Martins, D., Simes, M.M.S.G., Da Silva, R., Brocchi, M., De Oliveira, M.G., (2010) Artif. Organs, 34, p. 204Seabra, A.B., De Souza, G.F.P., Da Rocha, L.L., Eberlin, M.N., De Oliveira, M.G., (2004) Nitric Oxide, 11, p. 263Seabra, A.B., Da Silva, R., De Oliveira, M.G., (2005) Biomacromolecules, 6, p. 2512Frost, M.C., Reynolds, M., Meyerhoff, M.E., (2005) Biomaterials, 26, p. 1685Fortenberry, J.D., Owens, M.L., Brown, L.A.S., (1999) Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 276, p. 435Douglas, K.L., Piccirillo, C.A., Tabrizian, M., (2006) J. Control. Release, 115, p. 354Correa, D.H.A., Melo, P.S., De Carvalho, C.A.A., De Azevedo, M.B.M., Durán, N., Haun, M., (2005) Eur. J. Pharmacol., 510, p. 17De Conti, R., Oliveira, D.A., Fernandes, A.M.A.P., Melo, P.S., Rodriguez, J.A., Haun, M., Castro, S.L., Durán, N., (1998) In Vitro Mol. Toxicol, 11, p. 153Borefreund, E., Puerner, J.A., (1984) J. Tissue Cult. Methods, 9, p. 7Denizot, F., Lang, R., (1986) J. Immunol. Methods, 89, p. 27

Nanoparticles In Treatment Of Thermal Injured Rats: Is It Safe?

The aim of this study was to assess whether thermal trauma induced oxidative stress altered the balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems in the blood of burn wound rats in the absence and presence of silver nanoparticles and S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO. Free silver nanoparticles, free GSNO and silver nanoparticles + GSNO had no cytotoxic effects. Under anesthesia, the shaved dorsum of the rats was exposed to 90°C (burn group) water bath. Studied compounds were administered topically immediately and at 28 days after the burn injury, four times a day. Silver nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles + GSNO were no toxic in vitro and in vivo. There were no significant differences in the levels of urea, creatinine, aminotransferases and hematological parameters, in control-burn groups (free silver nanoparticles) and treated-burn groups (free GSNO or silver nanoparticles + GSNO). There were no differences in lipid peroxidation and in the levels of protein carbonyls and glutathione, used as oxidative stress markers. A little inflammatory cell response, papillary dermis vascularization, fibroblasts differentiated into contractile myofibroblasts and the presence of a large amount of extracellular matrix were evidenced in treated groups following skin injury. These results indicate that silver nanoparticles and GSNO may provide an effective action on wound healing.3041Tian, J., Wong, K.K.Y., Ho, C.M., Lok, C.N., Yu, W.Y., Che, C.M., Chiu, J.F., Tam, P.K.H., (2007) J. Chem. Med. Chem., 2, p. 129Teli, M.K., Mutalik, S., Rajanikant, G.K., (2010) Cur. Pharm. Design., 16, p. 1882Schaller, M., Laude, J., Bodewaldt, H., Hamm, G., Korting, H.C., (2004) Skin Pharmacol. Physiol., 17, p. 31Seabra, A.B., Da Silva, R., De Souza, G.F.P., De Oliveira, M.G., (2008) Artif. Organs, 32, p. 262Seabra, A.B., Pankotai, E., Fehér, M., Somlai, A., Kiss, L., Bíró, L., Szabó, C., Lacza, Z., (2007) Br. J. Dermatol., 156, p. 814Seabra, A.B., Martins, D., Simes, M.M.S.G., Da Silva, R., Brocchi, M., De Oliveira, M.G., (2010) Artif. Organs, 34, p. 204Durán, N., Marcato, P.D., Alves, O.L., De Souza, G.I.H., Esposito, E., (2005) J. Nanobiotechnol., 3, p. 1Durán, N., Marcato, P.D., De Souza, G.I.H., Alves, O.L., Esposito, E., (2007) J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 3, p. 203Amadeu, T.P., Seabra, A.B., De Oliveira, M.G., Costa, A.M.A., (2007) J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 21, p. 629Amadeu, T.P., Seabra, A.B., De Oliveira, M.G., Costa, A.M.A., (2008) J. Surg Res., 149, p. 84Correa, D.H.A., Melo, P.S., De Carvalho, C.A.A., De Azevedo, M.B.M., Durán, N., Haun, M., (2005) Eur. J. Pharmacol., 510, p. 17De Conti, R., Oliveira, D.A., Fernandes, A.M.A.P., Melo, P.S., Rodriguez, J.A., Haun, M., Castro, S.L., Durán, N., (1998) Vitro Mol. Toxicol, 11, p. 153Borefreund, E., Puerner, J.A., (1984) J. Tissue Cult. Methods, 9, p. 7Denizot, F., Lang, R., (1986) J. Immunol. Methods, 89, p. 271Michailidis, Y., Jamurta, A.Z., Nikolaidis, M.G., Fatouros, I.G., Koutedakis, Y., Papassotiriou, I., (2007) Med. Sci. Sport Exerc., 39, p. 1107Davis, T.A., Amare, M., Naik, S., Kovalchuk, A.L., Tadaki, D., (2007) Wound Repair Regen., 15, p. 57

La patologia veterinaria nel museo Alessandrini-Ercolani dell'universit\ue0 di Bologna Veterinary pathology in the Alessandrini-Ercolani museum of Bologna university

La collezione dei 2837 oggetti del Museo di Anatomia Patologica e Teratologia Veterinaria \u201cAlessandrini-Ercolani\u201d, fondato nel 1863 come Museo di Patologia Comparata, ha interesse storico e didattico, e comprende: plastiche in gesso e cera di lesioni organiche in colori e dimensioni originali, preparati a secco di animali con alterazioni teratologiche, una speciale raccolta di artropatie e numerosi disegni di patologie eseguiti dal famoso ceroplasta Cesare Bettini. Le plastiche a colori, uniche nel loro genere, riproducono anche malattie scomparse in Europa. Il volume contiene note sulla storia della collezione e dei fondatori, l\u2019intero catalogo di Ercolani e 336 fotografie di preparazioni e disegni selezionati. The collection of 2837 items housed in the museum of Veterinary Pathology and Teratology \u201cAlessandrini-Ercolani\u201d, established in 1863 as Museum of Comparative Pathology, has an educational and an historical interest, and comprises: plastics in chalk, clay and wax, reproducing organic diseases in original volumes and colours, \u201cdry\u201d preparations of animals with teratological defects, a special exhibit of arthropathies, and large numbers of colour drawings of pathological specimens made by Cesare Bettini, the famous wax modeller of the same specimens. The coloured plastics are rare to the point of being unique and some of them reproduce diseases disappeared in Europe. This volume comprises historical notes on musem collections and founders, the entire Ercolani\u2019s catalogue and 336 photographs of selected pathological anatomy preparations and drawings

TUMORI PRIMITIVI DEL POLMONE NEL GATTO: INDAGINI IMMUNOISTOCHIMICHE

I tumori primitivi del polmone sono estremamente rari nel gatto. In letteratura sono stati descritti prevalentemente carcinomi adenosquamosi e carcinomi bronchioloalveolari, mentre altre forme sono state diagnosticate solo occasionalmente. Sono stati studiati 14 tumori primitivi del polmone osservati nel corso degli ultimi 20 anni. Le neoplasie sono state riclassificate secondo lo schema proposto dalla WHO-ICTDA in base alle caratteristiche istologiche, istochimiche ed immunoistochimiche. Sono stati diagnosticati 3 carcinomi squamosi, 2 carcinomi bronchioloalveolari, 1 carcinoma a grandi cellule, 3 carcinomi adenosquamosi, 3 adenocarcinomi (1 papillare, 2 acinosi), e 2 carcinomi delle ghiandole bronchiali. I 14 soggetti in esame (3 persiani e 11 europei, 8 maschi e 6 femmine) avevano un\u2019et\ue0 compresa fra 3 e 15 anni. Tra i soggetti osservati, 9/14 casi presentavano metastasi a distanza, e 2/14 solo ai linfonodi regionali. Le indagini immunoistochimiche sono state eseguite con un ampio pannello di anticorpi (VIM, CK AE1/AE3, CK 5/6, HBME1-1, CAD-E e CK 19) con metodo ABC. Sono risultati positivi 3/14 casi per VIM; 14/14 per CK AE1/AE3; 2/14 per CK 5/6; 3/14 per HBME-1; 6/14 per Cad-E e 12/14 per CK19. In base ai risultati ottenuti le diagnosi sono state confermate. L\u2019espressione di CK AE1/AE3 \ue8 stata riscontrata in tutti i casi, seppure con intensit\ue0 minore nelle forme squamose. La VIM \ue8 risultata positiva nelle forme carcinomatose indifferenziate; HBME-1 e CK5/6, utilizzati per la diagnosi differenziale con i mesoteliomi pleurici, sono risultati positivi in una bassa percentuale di casi. La positivit\ue0 a CK19, contrariamente ai risultati attesi, \ue8 stata riscontrata nella maggior parte dei casi esaminati

I TUMORI NEI GATTI NEL VENTENNIO 1984-2003: 1696 CASI

Il materiale archiviato oggetto di studio è rappresentato da 1696 neoplasie riscontrate in 3682 gatti mediante esami autoptici e bioptici; i campioni provenivano quasi esclusivamente da animali della provincia di Bologna, in un periodo compreso fra il 1984 e il 2003. Per la classificazione delle neoplasie si è adottato lo schema proposto per i tumori animali dalla WHO-IHCTDA. Tra le varie patologie diagnosticate nel ventennio spiccano nettamente per incidenza le malattie neoplastiche, che rappresentano il 46,06% dei casi. L’età dei soggetti al momento della diagnosi variava da pochi mesi a 22 anni, con maggiore incidenza a 10 anni (13,3%). Non sembra esserci una correlazione significativa fra sesso e sviluppo delle neoplasie, eccezion fatta per i tumori mammari, che sono più frequenti nelle femmine intere piuttosto che nelle femmine sterilizzate e nei maschi. Il comportamento biologico delle neoplasie risulta prevalentemente maligno (66,27%) , e le neoplasie implicate sono rappresentate dai carcinomi (44,87%), a cui seguono i fibrosarcomi (14,03%) e i linfomi (7,37%) di tipo multicentrico e intestinale. Nel corso dei 20 anni considerati i carcinomi hanno mantenuto la prima posizione e hanno subito un aumento progressivo nel tempo; il considerevole aumento dei casi di fibrosarcoma nel ventennio considerato (13,02% nel primo decennio e 86,98% nel secondo su un totale di 238 casi) è relativo ad un particolare tipo di questa neoplasia correlata alla sede vaccinale (sarcoma post-vaccinale); le neoplasie emolinfopoietiche hanno conservato nel tempo la terza posizione, con un picco massimo nel 1988. Gli organi sede primaria d’insorgenza sono costituiti dalla mammella (36,44%), dalla cute (35,85%) e dall’intestino (5,54%)

Congenital Pauch Calf Syndrome in Romagnola Cattle

In the last decade genetic diseases have become a matter of considerable concern for the Romagnola breeders, with Spastic Paresis being the most commonly referred disorder (estimated prevalence of 0.6%). We describe here a new congenital and possibly inherited defect observed in 12 Romagnola calves (10 were stillborn, two lived only some hours) admitted to our Department. Breeders seem to be finding this problem particularly worrisome. We have decided to call this defect Congenital "Paunch Calf" Syndrome because of the main clinical feature and because this is the name farmers use to describe the affected animals. All the calves showed an enlarged and floating abdomen, denoting a considerable abdominal effusion. Moreover they all had facial deformities characterized by shortened and flattened face and in some cases by enlarged head. A disproportionate shortness of the limbs (rhizomelia) was evident in one case. Cleft palate was evident in four calves. At necropsy all but one animal had marked subcutaneous oedema, especially in the ventral part of the abdominal wall. Different quantities of ascites fluid (in some cases up to 10 liters) were present in the abdominal cavity. The liquid ranged from yellow to red, with different grades of turbidity. The liver presented a moderate to severe diffuse fibrosis. It was moderately tough and enlarged with irregular and enhanced lobular pattern. One or more cysts, with serous or reddish fluid content, were observed on the peritoneal surface of the left lobe and/or of the hepatic hilus. On surface section, the parenchyma was irregularly separated by slight fibrous bands. Diffuse ectasia of the intrahepatic veins was also detected. Representative samples from the liver were collected and processed for histological examination. Five micron sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson-trichrome stain, Gomori and rhodanine techniques. Microscopical examination revealed an extensive distorsion of lobular architecture by widespread fibrosis in periportal areas and around centrolobular veins. In some lobules the fibrosis was extended to perisinusoidal spaces. Capsular fibrotic thickening and cellular degeneration or atrophy were detected in some cases. Cardiac malformations were evident in 10 calves; they were characterized by atrial (one calf) and interventricular septal defect (eight calves), and patent ductus arteriosus (three calves). A genetic cause is strongly suspected

Cytological diagnosis of mandibular salivary gland adenocarcinoma in a dog

A case of mandibular salivary gland adenocarcinoma in a 9 year old female dog is described. Material collected by fine needle aspiration underwent cytological examination and after the diagnosis of salivary carcinoma the mass was surgically excised and then was processed for histological examination. The aim of this work is to describe the cytopathological features of this carcinoma and to emphasize the usefulness of fine needle aspiration technique, which is an effective, inexpensive and minimally invasive method of diagnosis that can be performed before incisional biopsy or even before surgical excision

Putative role of inhaled dusts in the development of canine lung carcinoma

Although some studies suggest an association between the exposition to urban pollutants and lung cancer in dogs, the relationship between the deposition of black dust matter in lung (also termed anthracosis) and primary pulmonary carcinoma has never been investigated. In order to clarify this association we have scored the deposit of particulate matter (PM) in lung tissue of dogs with primary carcinoma and evaluated the correlation with the tumour histological type and grade. 34 canine lung tumours out of 64 selected from our records (formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, HE stain) were diagnosed as primary carcinoma on the basis of necropsy report, histological pattern and TTF-1 immunohistochemistry, and classified (WHO 1999) as 16 papillary adenocarcinoma, 1 acinar adenocarcinoma, 9 bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, 1 squamous carcinoma, 2 adenosquamous carcinoma, 4 large cell carcinoma, 1 bronchial gland carcinoma; the histological grading (McNiel et al, JAVMA 1997) prompted grade I in 7 cases, grade II in 20 cases and grade III in 7 cases. Non-tumourous lung tissue in all cases of primary carcinomas displayed a considerable amount of black dusts within macrophages in the peribronchiolar and perivascular interstitium; PM score (Schoning et al, AJVR 1996) was 1 (minimal amount) in 4 cases, 2 (moderate) in 12 cases and 3 (massive) in 18 cases; in 13 cases there was also huge evidence of PM within tumour tissue. Nevertheless, there was no significant relationship (ANOVA) among PM score and the histological type or grade. The comparison of PM score in lungs with primary carcinoma with PM score in another series of 164 randomly selected canine lungs (Bettini et al, ProcESVP 2005) evidenced in the former group a significantly higher (p=0,0009) deposit of inhaled dusts. These findings strongly suggest that canine pulmonary carcinomas more frequently develop in heavily anthracotic lungs, which may reflects the effect of inhaled carcinogens from urban pollutants