56 research outputs found
Antenna Design and Implementation for the Future Space Ultra-Long Wavelength Radio Telescope
In radio astronomy, the Ultra-Long Wavelengths (ULW) regime of longer than 10
m (frequencies below 30 MHz), remains the last virtually unexplored window of
the celestial electromagnetic spectrum. The strength of the science case for
extending radio astronomy into the ULW window is growing. However, the
opaqueness of the Earth's ionosphere makes ULW observations by ground-based
facilities practically impossible. Furthermore, the ULW spectrum is full of
anthropogenic radio frequency interference (RFI). The only radical solution for
both problems is in placing an ULW astronomy facility in space. We present a
concept of a key element of a space-borne ULW array facility, an antenna that
addresses radio astronomical specifications. A tripole-type antenna and
amplifier are analysed as a solution for ULW implementation. A receiver system
with a low power dissipation is discussed as well. The active antenna is
optimized to operate at the noise level defined by the celestial emission in
the frequency band 1 - 30 MHz. Field experiments with a prototype tripole
antenna enabled estimates of the system noise temperature. They indicated that
the proposed concept meets the requirements of a space-borne ULW array
facility.Comment: Submitted to Experimental Astronomy, 23 pages, 17 figure
Detection of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos with Lunar Orbital Radio Telescope
Particle cascades induced by ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays and
neutrinos impacting on the lunar regolith usually radiate Cherenkov radio
emissions due to the presence of excess negative charge, which is known as
Askaryan effect. Several experiments have been carried out to detect the
Cherenkov radio emissions in the lunar regolith. To prepare for future lunar
Ultra-Long Wavelength (ULW, frequencies below 30 MHz) radio astronomy missions,
we study the detection of the Cherenkov radio emissions with the ULW radio
telescope that are operating at the lunar orbit. We have carried out instrument
modelling and analytic calculations for the analysis of aperture, flux and
event rate, and the analyses show the detectability of the Cherenkov radiation.
Based on the properties of the Cherenkov radiation, we have demonstrated that
the cosmic ray and neutrino events could be reconstructed with the three ULW
vector antennas onboard the lunar satellites via measurements of the Askaryan
radio pulse intensity, polarizations, etc. The results obtained by this study
would be useful for future lunar radio explorer mission, where the detections
of UHE cosmic rays and neutrinos could be successfully attempted.Comment: Accepted for publication in European Physical Journal C, 18 pages, 11
figure
Hard X-ray Flares Preceding Soft X-ray Outbursts in Aquila X-1: A Link between Neutron Star and Black Hole State Transitions
We have analyzed {\it Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer} (RXTE) data of the neutron
star transient Aquila X-1 obtained during its outbursts in May/June 1999 and
September/October 2000. We find that in the early rise of these outbursts, a
hard flare in the energy range above 15 keV preceded the soft X-ray peak. The
hard X-ray flux of the hard flares at maximum was more than a factor of three
stronger than at any other point in the outbursts. The rise of the hard X-ray
flare to this maximum, was consistent with a monotonically brightening low/hard
state spectrum. After the peak of the hard flare, a sharp spectral transition
occurred with spectral pivoting in the range 8--12 keV. Our timing analysis
shows that during the hard flare the power spectra were mainly composed of
band-limited noise and a 1--20 Hz QPO, which correlate in frequency.
Immediately after the hard flare, the power spectra turned into power law
noise. The spectral and timing properties during and after the hard flares are
very similar to those in black hole transients during the early rise of an
outburst. We suggest that these hard flares and spectral transitions in Aql X-1
are of the same origin as those observed in black hole transients. This leads
to the association of the 1--20 Hz QPOs and band-limited noise in Aql X-1 with
those in black hole transients. We discuss the impact of this discovery on our
understanding of soft X-ray transient outbursts, state transitions and
variability in X-ray binaries.Comment: 13 pages including 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL. For
more details, see http://zon.wins.uva.nl/~yuwf/xraytransients.htm
Space-based Aperture Array For Ultra-Long Wavelength Radio Astronomy
The past decade has seen the rise of various radio astronomy arrays,
particularly for low-frequency observations below 100MHz. These developments
have been primarily driven by interesting and fundamental scientific questions,
such as studying the dark ages and epoch of re-ionization, by detecting the
highly red-shifted 21cm line emission. However, Earth-based radio astronomy
below frequencies of 30MHz is severely restricted due to man-made interference,
ionospheric distortion and almost complete non-transparency of the ionosphere
below 10MHz. Therefore, this narrow spectral band remains possibly the last
unexplored frequency range in radio astronomy. A straightforward solution to
study the universe at these frequencies is to deploy a space-based antenna
array far away from Earths' ionosphere. Various studies in the past were
principally limited by technology and computing resources, however current
processing and communication trends indicate otherwise. We briefly present the
achievable science cases, and discuss the system design for selected scenarios,
such as extra-galactic surveys. An extensive discussion is presented on various
sub-systems of the potential satellite array, such as radio astronomical
antenna design, the on-board signal processing, communication architectures and
joint space-time estimation of the satellite network. In light of a scalable
array and to avert single point of failure, we propose both centralized and
distributed solutions for the ULW space-based array. We highlight the benefits
of various deployment locations and summarize the technological challenges for
future space-based radio arrays.Comment: Submitte
On the prospects of imaging Sagittarius A* from space
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at sub-millimeter waves has the
potential to image the shadow of the black hole in the Galactic Center,
Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), and thereby test basic predictions of the theory of
general relativity. We investigate the imaging prospects of a new Space VLBI
mission concept. The setup consists of two satellites in polar or equatorial
circular Medium-Earth Orbits with slightly different radii, resulting in a
dense spiral-shaped uv-coverage with long baselines, allowing for extremely
high-resolution and high-fidelity imaging of radio sources. We simulate
observations of a general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics model of Sgr A* for
this configuration with noise calculated from model system parameters. After
gridding the -plane and averaging visibilities accumulated over multiple
months of integration, images of Sgr A* with a resolution of up to 4 as
could be reconstructed, allowing for stronger tests of general relativity and
accretion models than with ground-based VLBI.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, published in Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 342,
201
Disc-jet coupling in an atoll-type neutron star X-ray binary: 4U 1728-34 (GX 354-0)
We have analysed 12 simultaneous radio (VLA) and X-ray (RXTE) observations of
the atoll-type X-ray binary 4U 1728-34, performed in two blocks in 2000 and
2001. We have found that the strongest and most variable emission seems to be
associated with repeated transitions between hard (island) and softer (lower
banana) X-ray states, while weaker, persistent radio emission is observed when
the source is steadily in the hard X-ray state. There is a significant positive
ranking correlation between the radio flux density at 8.46 GHz and the 2-10 keV
X-ray flux. Moreover, significant positive ranking correlations between radio
flux density and X-ray timing features (i.e. break and low-frequency Lorentzian
frequencies) have been found. These correlations represent the first evidence
for a coupling between disc and jet in an atoll-type X-ray binary. Furthermore,
drawing an analogy between the hard (island) state and the low/hard state of
black hole binaries, we confirm previous findings that accreting neutron stars
are a factor of ~30 less `radio loud' than black holes.Comment: accepted for publication in MNRAS Letter
Conquering the Solar System with CubeSat Technology – First Results of CubeSat Hardware Beyond Low Earth Orbit
This paper sets out to show the in-flight results of The Netherlands-China Low-Frequency Explorer (NCLE) – one of the first times CubeSat hardware has left low Earth Orbit.
The Netherlands-China Low-Frequency Explorer (NCLE), is a low-frequency payload which is part of the Chinese Chang’e 4 mission. The NCLE instrument consists of three 5-meter long monopole antennas mounted on the Queqiao satellite and will be measuring in the 80 kHz - 80 MHz radio frequency range. The instrument is designed to address a multitude of high-profile science cases, but predominantly NCLE will open up the low-frequency regime for radio astronomy and will prepare for the ground-breaking observations of the 21-cm line emission from the Dark Ages and the Cosmic Dawn, considered to be the holy grail of cosmology.
The design of the instrument began in May 2016, with a launch scheduled May 2018. This left only 2 years to develop, build and test the instrument. Given the short development time the design is based on COTS and space qualified components as much as possible, and a design and model philosophy common to nano-satellites was adopted. Even so, special care had to be taken as one of the main challenges of this mission is EMC. This is an area which is only marginally considered during a typical CubeSat project and required a different approach.
Following the delivery in March 2018, less than 2 years after the project started, the instruments was successful launched in the 21st of May 2018 and saw its first return of telemetry January 2019. In this paper, the design of the instrument will be covered, as well as the first in flight results which were obtained. These results indicate NCLE is performing admirably after having spent over a year in interplanetary space.
The NCLE instrument represents one of the first times the CubeSat methodology and hardware left Low Earth Orbit. This, together with the strict EMC requirements have resulted in CubeSat hardware which can be used in future interplanetary missions. The promising results give strong confidence in the technology and enables new mission opportunities which could not be served by CubeSats in the past. This will fuel the next phase of the CubeSat revolution where they will venture out into interplanetary space in support of bigger missions
Correlated X-ray spectral and timing behavior of the black hole candidate XTE J1550-564: A new interpretation of black hole states
We present an analysis of data of the black hole candidate and X-ray transient XTE J1550-564, taken with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer between 1998 November 22 and 1999 May 20. During this period the source went through several different states, which could be divided into soft and hard states based on the relative strength of the high-energy spectral component. These states showed up as distinct branches in the color-color and hardness-intensity diagrams, connecting to form a structure with a comblike topology, the branch corresponding to the soft state forming the spine and the branches corresponding to the various hard states forming the teeth of the comb. The power spectral properties of the source were strongly correlated with its position on the branches. The broadband noise became stronger and changed from power law-like to band-limited, as the spectrum became harder. Three types of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) were found: 1-18 Hz and 102-284 Hz QPOs on the hard branches, and 16-18 Hz QPOs on and near the soft branch. The 1-18 Hz QPOs on the hard branches could be divided into three subtypes. The frequencies of the high- and low-frequency QPOs on the hard branches were correlated with each other and were anticorrelated with spectral hardness. The changes in QPO frequency suggest that the inner disk radius only increases by a factor of 3-4 as the source changes from a soft to a hard state. Our results on XTE J1550-564 strongly favor a two-dimensional description of black hole behavior, where the regions near the spine of the comb in the color-color diagram can be identified with the high state, and the teeth with transitions from the high state, via the intermediate state (which includes the very high state) to the low state, and back. The two physical parameters under-lying this two-dimensional behavior vary to a large extent independently and could for example be the accretion rate through the disk and the size of the Comptonizing region causing the hard tail. The difference between the various teeth is then associated with the mass accretion rate through the disk, suggesting that high state ↔ low state transitions can occur at any disk mass accretion rate and that these transitions are primarily caused by another, independent parameter. We discuss how this picture could tie in with the canonical, one-dimensional behavior of black hole candidates that has usually been observed.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísica
Correlated X-ray Spectral and Timing Behavior of the Black Hole Candidate XTE J1550-564: A New Interpretation of Black Hole States
We present an analysis of RXTE data of the X-ray transient XTE J1550-564. The
source went through several states, which were divided into spectrally soft and
hard states. These states showed up as distinct branches in the color-color
diagram, forming a structure with a comb-like topology; the soft state branch
forming the spine and the hard state branches forming the teeth. Variability
was strongly correlated with the position on the branches. The broad band noise
became stronger, and changed from power law like to band limited, as the
spectrum became harder. Three types of QPOs were found: 1-18 Hz and 102-284 Hz
QPOs on the hard branches, and 16-18 Hz QPOs on and near the soft branch. The
frequencies of the high and low frequency QPOs on the hard branches were
correlated with each other, and anti-correlated with spectral hardness. The
changes in QPO frequency suggest that the inner disc radius only increases by a
factor of 3-4 as the source changes from a soft to a hard state. Our results on
XTE J1550-564 strongly favor a 2-dimensional description of black hole
behavior, where the regions near the spine of the comb in the color-color
diagram can be identified with the high state, and the teeth with transitions
from the high state, via the intermediate state (which includes the very high
state) to the low state, and back. The two physical parameters underlying this
behavior vary to a large extent independently and could for example be the mass
accretion rate through the disk and the size of a Comptonizing region.Comment: 49 pages (inlcuding 26 figures and 4 tables), accepted for
publication in ApJ Supplement
Correlated X-ray spectral and timing behavior of the black hole candidate XTE J1550-564: A new interpretation of black hole states
We present an analysis of data of the black hole candidate and X-ray transient XTE J1550-564, taken with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer between 1998 November 22 and 1999 May 20. During this period the source went through several different states, which could be divided into soft and hard states based on the relative strength of the high-energy spectral component. These states showed up as distinct branches in the color-color and hardness-intensity diagrams, connecting to form a structure with a comblike topology, the branch corresponding to the soft state forming the spine and the branches corresponding to the various hard states forming the teeth of the comb. The power spectral properties of the source were strongly correlated with its position on the branches. The broadband noise became stronger and changed from power law-like to band-limited, as the spectrum became harder. Three types of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) were found: 1-18 Hz and 102-284 Hz QPOs on the hard branches, and 16-18 Hz QPOs on and near the soft branch. The 1-18 Hz QPOs on the hard branches could be divided into three subtypes. The frequencies of the high- and low-frequency QPOs on the hard branches were correlated with each other and were anticorrelated with spectral hardness. The changes in QPO frequency suggest that the inner disk radius only increases by a factor of 3-4 as the source changes from a soft to a hard state. Our results on XTE J1550-564 strongly favor a two-dimensional description of black hole behavior, where the regions near the spine of the comb in the color-color diagram can be identified with the high state, and the teeth with transitions from the high state, via the intermediate state (which includes the very high state) to the low state, and back. The two physical parameters under-lying this two-dimensional behavior vary to a large extent independently and could for example be the accretion rate through the disk and the size of the Comptonizing region causing the hard tail. The difference between the various teeth is then associated with the mass accretion rate through the disk, suggesting that high state ↔ low state transitions can occur at any disk mass accretion rate and that these transitions are primarily caused by another, independent parameter. We discuss how this picture could tie in with the canonical, one-dimensional behavior of black hole candidates that has usually been observed.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísica
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