A Genomic Distance Based on MUM Indicates Discontinuity between Most Bacterial Species and Genera

The fundamental unit of biological diversity is the species. However, a remarkable extent of intraspecies diversity in bacteria was discovered by genome sequencing, and it reveals the need to develop clear criteria to group strains within a species. Two main types of analyses used to quantify intraspecies variation at the genome level are the average nucleotide identity (ANI), which detects the DNA conservation of the core genome, and the DNA content, which calculates the proportion of DNA shared by two genomes. Both estimates are based on BLAST alignments for the definition of DNA sequences common to the genome pair. Interestingly, however, results using these methods on intraspecies pairs are not well correlated. This prompted us to develop a genomic-distance index taking into account both criteria of diversity, which are based on DNA maximal unique matches (MUM) shared by two genomes. The values, called MUMi, for MUM index, correlate better with the ANI than with the DNA content. Moreover, the MUMi groups strains in a way that is congruent with routinely used multilocus sequence-typing trees, as well as with ANI-based trees. We used the MUMi to determine the relatedness of all available genome pairs at the species and genus levels. Our analysis reveals a certain consistency in the current notion of bacterial species, in that the bulk of intraspecies and intragenus values are clearly separable. It also confirms that some species are much more diverse than most. As the MUMi is fast to calculate, it offers the possibility of measuring genome distances on the whole database of available genomes

Quantification of stochastic noise of splicing and polyadenylation in Entamoeba histolytica

Alternative splicing and polyadenylation were observed pervasively in eukaryotic messenger RNAs. These alternative isoforms could either be consequences of physiological regulation or stochastic noise of RNA processing. To quantify the extent of stochastic noise in splicing and polyadenylation, we analyzed the alternative usage of splicing and polyadenylation sites in Entamoeba histolytica using RNA-Seq. First, we identified a large number of rarely spliced alternative junctions and then showed that the occurrence of these alternative splicing events is correlated with splicing site sequence, occurrence of constitutive splicing events and messenger RNA abundance. Our results implied the majority of these alternative splicing events are likely to be stochastic error of splicing machineries, and we estimated the corresponding error rates. Second, we observed extensive microheterogeneity of polyadenylation cleavage sites, and the extent of such microheterogeneity is correlated with the occurrence of constitutive cleavage events, suggesting most of such microheterogeneity is likely to be stochastic. Overall, we only observed a small fraction of alternative splicing and polyadenylation isoforms that are unlikely to be solely stochastic, implying the functional relevance of alternative splicing and polyadenylation in E. histolytica is limited. Lastly, we revised the gene models and annotated their 3′UTR in AmoebaDB, providing valuable resources to the community

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary, Hypercalcemic Type (SCCOHT) beyond SMARCA4 Mutations: A Comprehensive Genomic Analysis.

Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is an aggressive malignancy that occurs in young women, is characterized by recurrent loss-of-function mutations in the SMARCA4 gene, and for which effective treatments options are lacking. The aim of this study was to broaden the knowledge on this rare malignancy by reporting a comprehensive molecular analysis of an independent cohort of SCCOHT cases. We conducted Whole Exome Sequencing in six SCCOHT, and RNA-sequencing and array comparative genomic hybridization in eight SCCOHT. Additional immunohistochemical, Sanger sequencing and functional data are also provided. SCCOHTs showed remarkable genomic stability, with diploid profiles and low mutation load (mean, 5.43 mutations/Mb), including in the three chemotherapy-exposed tumors. All but one SCCOHT cases exhibited 19p13.2-3 copy-neutral LOH. SMARCA4 deleterious mutations were recurrent and accompanied by loss of expression of the SMARCA2 paralog. Variants in a few other genes located in 19p13.2-3 (e.g., PLK5) were detected. Putative therapeutic targets, including MAGEA4, AURKB and CLDN6, were found to be overexpressed in SCCOHT by RNA-seq as compared to benign ovarian tissue. Lastly, we provide additional evidence for sensitivity of SCCOHT to HDAC, DNMT and EZH2 inhibitors. Despite their aggressive clinical course, SCCOHT show remarkable inter-tumor homogeneity and display genomic stability, low mutation burden and few somatic copy number alterations. These findings and preliminary functional data support further exploration of epigenetic therapies in this lethal disease

Étude de l’expression des éléments transposables chez drosophila melanogaster par approche bioinformatique

Transposable elements (TEs) are major components of most genomes, and their impact on genome evolution is now well documented. However, the way they affect the transcriptome is still not clearly established. Using the sequenced genome of Drosophila melanogaster and EST libraries (“Expressed Sequence Tag”, large tags (~500bp) corresponding to subsequences of a transcribed cDNA sequences), we describe here the TE insertions that are unequivocally transcribed, and we have determined their location in the sequenced genome of Drosophila melanogaster. We show that most TE families are transcribed, and we have specifically identified 69 expressed TE insertions, half of which are located inside genes, mostly within introns and 5′UTRs regulatory regions.Les éléments transposables sont des composants majeurs de la plupart des génomes, et leur impact sur l’évolution des génomes est maintenant bien documenté. Cependant, la manière par laquelle ils participent au transcriptome n’est pas encore clairement établie. En utilisant le génome séquencé de Drosophila melanogaster et les bibliothèques d’EST, nous avons déterminé les insertions d’éléments transposables qui sont transcrites sans équivoque, ainsi que leur localisation dans le génome séquencé de D.melanogaster. Nous montrons que la plupart des familles d’éléments transposables sont transcrites, et nous identifions spécifiquement 69 insertions d’éléments transposables exprimés, dont la moitié réside dans des gènes, la plupart dans des introns et des régions régulatrices 5’UTR

Study of transposable elements expression indrosophila melanogaster by bioinformatic approach

Les éléments transposables sont des composants majeurs de la plupart des génomes, et leur impact sur l’évolution des génomes est maintenant bien documenté. Cependant, la manière par laquelle ils participent au transcriptome n’est pas encore clairement établie. En utilisant le génome séquencé de Drosophila melanogaster et les bibliothèques d’EST, nous avons déterminé les insertions d’éléments transposables qui sont transcrites sans équivoque, ainsi que leur localisation dans le génome séquencé de D.melanogaster. Nous montrons que la plupart des familles d’éléments transposables sont transcrites, et nous identifions spécifiquement 69 insertions d’éléments transposables exprimés, dont la moitié réside dans des gènes, la plupart dans des introns et des régions régulatrices 5’UTR.Transposable elements (TEs) are major components of most genomes, and their impact on genome evolution is now well documented. However, the way they affect the transcriptome is still not clearly established. Using the sequenced genome of Drosophila melanogaster and EST libraries (“Expressed Sequence Tag”, large tags (~500bp) corresponding to subsequences of a transcribed cDNA sequences), we describe here the TE insertions that are unequivocally transcribed, and we have determined their location in the sequenced genome of Drosophila melanogaster. We show that most TE families are transcribed, and we have specifically identified 69 expressed TE insertions, half of which are located inside genes, mostly within introns and 5′UTRs regulatory regions

In vivo genome-wide CRISPR screens identify SOCS1 as intrinsic checkpoint of CD4 + T H 1 cell response

International audienceInactivation of SOCS1 optimizes adoptive T cell therapy including human CAR-T cell composition and efficacy

Phase I/II Study of the WEE1 Inhibitor Adavosertib (AZD1775) in Combination with Carboplatin in Children with Advanced Malignancies: Arm C of the AcSé-ESMART Trial

International audienceAbstract Purpose: AcSé-ESMART Arm C aimed to define the recommended dose and activity of the WEE1 inhibitor adavosertib in combination with carboplatin in children and young adults with molecularly enriched recurrent/refractory malignancies. Patients and Methods: Adavosertib was administered orally, twice every day on Days 1 to 3 and carboplatin intravenously on Day 1 of a 21-day cycle, starting at 100 mg/m2/dose and AUC 5, respectively. Patients were enriched for molecular alterations in cell cycle and/or homologous recombination (HR). Results: Twenty patients (median age: 14.0 years; range: 3.4–23.5) were included; 18 received 69 treatment cycles. Dose-limiting toxicities were prolonged grade 4 neutropenia and grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia requiring transfusions, leading to two de-escalations to adavosertib 75 mg/m2/dose and carboplatin AUC 4; no recommended phase II dose was defined. Main treatment-related toxicities were hematologic and gastrointestinal. Adavosertib exposure in children was equivalent to that in adults; both doses achieved the cell kill target. Overall response rate was 11% (95% confidence interval, 0.0–25.6) with partial responses in 2 patients with neuroblastoma. One patient with medulloblastoma experienced unconfirmed partial response and 5 patients had stable disease beyond four cycles. Seven of these eight patients with clinical benefit had alterations in HR, replication stress, and/or RAS pathway genes with or without TP53 alterations, whereas TP53 pathway alterations alone (8/10) or no relevant alterations (2/10) were present in the 10 patients without benefit. Conclusions: Adavosertib–carboplatin combination exhibited significant hematologic toxicity. Activity signals and identified potential biomarkers suggest further studies with less hematotoxic DNA-damaging therapy in molecularly enriched pediatric cancers

XPO1 regulates erythroid differentiation and is a new target for the treatment of β-thalassemia.

β-thalassemia major (β-TM) is an inherited hemoglobinopathy caused by a quantitative defect in the synthesis of β-globin chains of hemoglobin, leading to the accumulation of free a-globin chains that aggregate and cause ineffective erythropoiesis. We have previously demonstrated that terminal erythroid maturation requires a transient activation of caspase-3 and that the chaperone Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) accumulates in the nucleus to protect GATA-1 transcription factor from caspase-3 cleavage. This nuclear accumulation of HSP70 is inhibited in human β-TM erythroblasts due to HSP70 sequestration in the cytoplasm by free a-globin chains, resulting in maturation arrest and apoptosis. Likewise, terminal maturation can be restored by transduction of a nuclear-targeted HSP70 mutant. Here we demonstrate that in normal erythroid progenitors, HSP70 localization is regulated by the exportin-1 (XPO1), and that treatment of β-thalassemic erythroblasts with an XPO1 inhibitor increased the amount of nuclear HSP70, rescued GATA-1 expression and improved terminal differentiation, thus representing a new therapeutic option to ameliorate ineffective erythropoiesis of β-TM