Estereótipos de gênero em adolescentes: uma análise da influência escolar sobre a formação, manutenção e mudanças dos estereótipos

  This research aimed at investigating gender stereotypes among adolescent students of two schools – one religious and the other non-religious – trying to identify possible differences that the school orientation could exert on its students in the formation, maintenance and change of stereotypes. This work proposal made it possible to trace a profile of the adolescents’ stereotyped perception on their male and female peers in three analysis levels, auto-stereotypes, hetero-stereotypes and meta- -perception. For this purpose, five-point Likert scales were utilized and the data obtained were analyzed statistically utilizing descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The analyses indicated that women are mainly characterized by collective traces. However, the number of individualistic attributes which are applied to them is quite significant, differently from the male characterization which is strongly marked by individualistic attributes and lacks of collective ones. The attributions are more intense among the students of religious school, what suggests that this group tends to utilize more often the stereotypes and that there is a marked tendency towards the ingroup in the attributions. The data indicate that women are more stereotyped than men in the number of attributes used in the characterization as well as in the intensity with which they are attributed. Keywords: adolescence; stereotypes; gender; school education.  Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar estereótipos de gênero entre adolescentes alunos de uma escola leiga e outra confessional, buscando identificar possíveis diferenças que a orientação da escola pudesse exercer em seus alunos na formação, manutenção e mudança dos estereótipos. A proposta deste trabalho possibilitou traçar um perfil da percepção estereotipada dos adolescentes sobre seus pares femininos e masculinos em três níveis de análises: autoestereótipos, heteroestereótipos e metapercepção. Para isso, foram utilizadas escalas tipo Likert de cinco pontos e os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando-se estatística descritiva e ANOVA. As análises indicaram que as mulheres são preferencialmente caracterizadas por traços coletivistas. Contudo, o número de atributos individualistas que são aplicados a elas é bastante significativo, diferente da caracterização masculina que é fortemente marcada por atributos individualistas e carece de atributos coletivistas. As atribuições são mais intensas entre os alunos da escola confessional, o que sugere que esse grupo tende a utilizar mais os estereótipos existindo uma tendência marcante em favorecer o próprio grupo nas atribuições. Os dados indicam que as mulheres são mais estereotipadas que os homens tanto no número de atributos usados na caracterização quanto na intensidade com que esses são atribuídos.  Palavras-chave: adolescência; estereótipos; gênero; educação escolar

Impact of educational intervention on cleaning and disinfection of an emergency unit

We aimed to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on the surface cleaning and disinfection of an emergency room. This is an interventional, prospective, longitudinal, analytical and comparative study. Data collection consisted of three stages (Stage 1—baseline, Stage 2—intervention and immediate assessment, Stage 3—long term assessment). For the statistical analysis, we used a significance level of α = 0.05. The Wilcoxon and the Mann–Whitney test tests were applied. We performed 192 assessments in each stage totaling 576 evaluations. Considering the ATP method, the percentage of approval increased after the educational intervention, as the approval rate for ATP was 25% (Stage 1), immediately after the intervention it went to 100% of the approval (Stage 2), and in the long run, 75% of the areas have been fully approved. Stage 1 showed the existence of significant differences between the relative light units (RLU) scores on only two surfaces assessed: dressing cart (p = 0.021) and women’s toilet flush handle (p = 0.014); Stage 2 presented three results with significant differences for ATP: dressing cart (p = 0.014), women’s restroom door handle (p = 0.014) and women’s toilet flush handle (p = 0.014); in step III, there was no significant difference for the ATP method. Therefore, conclusively, the educational intervention had a positive result in the short term for ATP; however, the same rates are not observed with the colony-forming units (CFU), due to their high sensitivity and the visual inspection method since four surfaces had defects in their structure.publishersversionpublishe

The use of soy oil deodorization distillate as an alternative source of vitamin E reduced the weight gain of rats

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if the use of soybean oil deodorization distillate as an alternative source of vitamin E, both in natura and neutralized, affected the growth of Wistar rats. The effects on the Food Conversion Ratio and the Net Protein Efficiency Ratio for casein were also determined. METHODS: Recently weaned, male, Specific Pathogen Free rats, fed on the AIN-93G formulated diet, were divided into five experimental groups, each with 10 animals, and supplemented by oral-gastric drip: the control and no protein groups were supplemented with olive oil (placebo); group B was supplemented with crude soybean oil deodorization distillate; group N was supplemented with neutralized soybean oil deodorization distillate and group E was supplemented with EphinalÒ. Groups B, N and E received the vitamin mixture depleted with respect to vitamin E. RESULTS: The weight increases of the rats and the ratios calculated for groups control and E gave higher values than for the other groups (p0.05) between groups B and N with respect to weight gain, showing values 32% lower than for groups control and E. Groups control and E showed the highest values for Protein Efficiency Ratio, 3.9 and 4.0, and for Food Conversion Ratio, 0.38 and 0.41, respectively, showing no significant difference between these two groups. Group B showed lower Protein Efficiency Ratio and Food Conversion Ratio values, 3.0 and 0.26, than group N, 3.5 and 0.32, showing that neutralization of the soybean oil deodorization distillate reduced possible anti-nutritional or toxic effects of this residue. CONCLUSION: It was shown that the use of soybean oil deodorization distillate had a negative effect on the weight gain of rats and on the indexes of diet and protein quality of the casein.OBJETIVO: Verificar se a utilização do destilado da desodorização do óleo de soja in natura e neutralizado como fonte alternativa de vitamina E afetava o crescimento de ratos Wistar, assim como, o quociente de conversão alimentar e o quociente de eficiência líquida da caseína. MÉTODOS: Ratos Specific Pathogen Free, machos, recém-desmamados, receberam dieta segundo a formulação AIN-93G e foram divididos em cinco grupos experimentais, com dez animais cada um, e respectivamente suplementados por gavagem: os grupos-controle e aprotéico foram suplementados com óleo de oliva (placebo); o grupo B, suplementado com destilado da desodorização do óleo de soja bruto; o grupo N, suplementado com destilado da desodorização do óleo de soja neutralizado e o grupo E, suplementado com Ephinalâ. Os grupos B, N e E receberam mistura vitamínica depletada em vitamina E. RESULTADOS: A evolução ponderal dos ratos e os quocientes calculados para os grupos-controles e E apresentaram valores superiores (p0,05), e os valores foram 32% inferiores aos grupos-controle e E. Os grupos-controle e E apresentaram maiores valores de quociente de eficiência protéica líquida, 3,9 e 4,0, e quociente de conversão alimentar, 0,38 e 0,41, respectivamente, não diferindo entre si. O grupo B apresentou menores valores de quociente de eficiência protéica líquida e quociente de conversão alimentar (3,0 e 0,26) em relação ao grupo N (3,5 e 0,32), o que demonstrou que a neutralização do destilado da desodorização do óleo de soja reduziu possíveis efeitos antinutricionais ou tóxicos desse resíduo. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se, assim, que o destilado da desodorização do óleo de soja influenciou negativamente a evolução ponderal dos ratos e os índices de qualidade dietética e protéica da caseína.69369

Brazilian Green Propolis: Anti-Inflammatory Property by an Immunomodulatory Activity

The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of green propolis extracts from Apis mellifera were investigated using acute and chronic inflammation models. Swiss mice were anesthetized and a cotton pellet granuloma was implanted in subcutaneous tissue. Then the mice were divided into six groups and received apyrogenic water or different propolis extracts by oral route (5 mg/kg). According to the treatment the groups were designated as E1A, E1B, E10, E11, and E12. The control group received apyrogenic water. The treatment was performed by six days when the mice were killed. The blood and the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were collected to measure the leukocyte recruitment. In acute pulmonary inflammation, Balb/c mice received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli by intranasal route for three days. Concomitantly the mice received by oral route apyrogenic water (control) or E10 and E11 propolis extracts. BAL was performed to assess the inflammatory infiltrate and cytokine quantification. The results showed that the E11 extract has anti-inflammatory property in both models by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines suggesting an immunomodulatory activity

Erratum to: The study of cardiovascular risk in adolescents – ERICA: rationale, design and sample characteristics of a national survey examining cardiovascular risk factor profile in Brazilian adolescents

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