Papel de la microglía en la neuroinflamación generada mediante neuraminidasa

Por otra parte, en este trabajo se han desarrollado herramientas para el análisis morfológico objetivo de la microglía. Estas herramientas han permitido la categorización de la población de microglía basándonos en parámetros morfológicos, y el establecimiento de distintos morfotipos asociados a diferentes regiones cerebrales y/o diversos estados de activación. Además, se ha demostrado una correlación entre diferentes parámetros morfológicos y la expresión de la citoquina pro-inflamatoria IL-1β. Estas herramientas de análisis morfológico podrían ser de gran ayuda para la evaluación y el diagnóstico de enfermedades neurodegenerativas o neurológicas en muestras obtenidas post-mortem.Está ampliamente aceptado que en algunas ocasiones la neuroinflamación es un proceso previo al desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas y que la microglía juega un papel clave en el desarrollo de la misma. En particular, se han descrito complicaciones neurológicas tras infecciones generadas por agentes patógenos que contienen en su estructura neuraminidasa (NA), como es el caso del virus de la gripe. Esta enzima actúa eliminando residuos de ácido siálico terminal de cadenas glucídicas complejas, que frecuentemente presentan glucoproteínas y glucolípidos. La administración intracerebroventricular de NA en animales de laboratorio genera un proceso inflamatorio estéril, que se caracteriza por el reclutamiento de células inmunes periféricas, la activación de la microglía y los astrocitos, y una pérdida parcial del epitelio ependimario. Sin embargo, no se conoce el mecanismo mediante el cual la NA desencadena estos procesos, ni la importancia de la microglía en el desarrollo de los mismos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis han mostrado que la microglía desempeña un papel fundamental en la inflamación inducida por NA. En particular, la NA activa a la microglía a través del receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), que es esencial en el inicio de la respuesta inflamatoria generada mediante NA, mientras que el receptor TLR2 también participa pero en menor medida. Por otra parte, también se ha evidenciado que la microglía activada por NA participa en la muerte de los ependimocitos, contribuyendo así a la pérdida del epitelio ependimario. Además, se ha comprobado que en la neuroinflamación inducida por NA la microglía residente desempeña un papel fundamental en comparación con el de los monocitos circulantes infiltrados, los cuales incrementan aún más la virulencia del proceso inflamatorio

Rediscovering the Potential of Indigenous Storytelling for Conservation Practice

Several intergovernmental policy instruments, including the World Heritage Convention of UNESCO and the Convention on Biological Diversity, have proposed to develop integrated strategies to build bridges between biological and cultural diversity agendas. We contend that to succeed in this endeavor, it is crucial to link biocultural revitalization to conservation practice. Our hope with this review is to call attention to indigenous storytelling as an option worth adding to the repertoire of conservation practitioners who aim to: (1) link conservation actions to indigenous worldviews; (2) foster connections between indigenous peoples and their landscapes; (3) facilitate intergenerational transfer of indigenous knowledge; (4) support dialogue over conservation; and (5) promote local participation in conservation. Because indigenous stories are full of resonance, memory, and wisdom—in a footing that is structurally free of power imbalance between conservation practitioners and local communities—, we contend that they can be crucial to guide future efforts in biocultural conservation practice. Our review shows that deeper consideration and promotion of indigenous storytelling can lead to enhanced understanding of diverse values and perceptions around biodiversity, while offering a constructive approach for greater inclusion of indigenous peoples in conservation pursuits.Peer reviewe

Food Safety Management in a Global Environment: The Role of Risk Assessment Models

Quantitative risk assessment models are playing a minor role in the development of the new EU legal framework for food safety. There is a tendency of the EU institutions to apply the precautionary principle versus the predisposition of the USA institutions to rely on risk analysis. This paper provides a comparison of the role played by quantitative risk assessment models in the development of new policies on food safety in the EU and in the USA, focusing on a study case: the supply chain of shell eggs. We suggest that EU regulatory bodies should reconsider the role that quantitative risk assessment models have to play in order to design more effective food safety management systems.Food safety policy, food safety assurance, risk analysis, risk assessment, precautionary principle, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Semiquantitative activity-based detection of JWH-018, a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist, in oral fluid after vaping

The rapid proliferation of new synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) has initiated considerable interest in the development of so-called “untargeted” screening strategies. One of these new screening technologies involves the activity-based detection of SCRAs. In this study, we evaluated whether (synthetic) cannabinoid activity can be detected in oral fluid (OF) and, if so, whether it correlates with SCRA concentrations. OF was collected at several time points in a placebo-controlled JWH-018 administration study. The outcome of the cell-based cannabinoid reporter system, which monitored the cannabinoid receptor activation, was compared to the quantitative data for JWH-018, obtained via a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. A total of 175 OF samples were collected and analyzed via both methods. The cannabinoid reporter assay correctly classified the vast majority of the samples as either negative (<0.25 ng/mL; 74/75 = 99%) or having low (0.25−1.5 ng/mL; 16/16 = 100% and 1.5−10 ng/mL; 37/41 = 90%), mid (10−100 ng/mL; 23/25 = 92%) or high (>100 ng/mL; 16/18 = 89%) JWH-018 concentrations. Passing−Bablok regression analysis yielded a good linear correlation, with no proportional difference between both methods (slope 0.97; 95% confidence interval 0.86−1.14) and only a small systematic difference. This is the first study to demonstrate the applicability of an untargeted, activity-based approach for SCRA detection in OF. Additionally, the outcome of the cannabinoid reporter assay was compared to the gold standard (LC-MS/MS), showing a good correlation between both methods, indicating that the cannabinoid reporter assay can be used for an estimation of drug concentrations

Needs Detection for Carers of Family Members with Dementia

Alzheimer’s; Dementia; Carer; Needs; Resources; Mental healthAlzhéimer; Demencia; Cuidador; Necesidades; Recursos; Salud mentalAlzheimer; Demència; Cuidador; Necessitats; Recursos; Salut mentalAim: To determine the perceived needs of carers of non-institutionalized family members that suffer from dementia. Methods: Two-steps qualitative study by focus groups of relatives in three centres of different characteristics from the Girona Health Region (step 1) and two in-depth interviews with significant professionals in dementia care (step 2). The analysis was performed based on the interpretation of the transcribed data and the bottom-up coding of categories and themes. The information was triangulated and coding was agreed upon. Results: There were three groups, 26 main carers of community-dwelling relatives with dementia in step 1 and two in-depth interviews with dementia-specialised healthcare and social care professionals in step 2. The demands were categorised according to three main themes: whether they were addressed to the members of care services for more direct and close care, to the agencies for a better joint working and less fragmented system, or to society for better comprehension and social recognition. We emphasize the need for a consultation-liaison reference figure throughout the process both for aspects of greater efficiency in the management of resources and for greater empowerment of carer

Anxiety and mild microglial activation in the amygdala two weeks after NA-induced neuroinflammation

A single injection of neuraminidase (NA) within the cerebral ventricles (ICV) triggers an acute neuroinflammation. Neurological complications or behavioral alterations have been associated to neuroinflammation. While some of these symptoms decline with time along with inflammation, the possibility of long-term sequelae should be considered. Thus, we aimed to explore if NA-induced neuroinflammation provokes behavioral or neurological disturbances at medium (2 weeks) and long (10 weeks) term. Rats were ICV injected with NA or saline. First, neurological alterations of the sensorimotor reflexes were not found, suggesting that NA does not cause disturbances in major brain functions. While the open field test revealed normal locomotor capacity in the animals injected with NA, however the evaluation of specific behaviors (rearing and rearing with support) pointed out an increased anxiety state 2 weeks after NA administration, but not at long term (10 weeks). A histological study of brain areas related to emotions (amygdala) and stress response (hypothalamic PVN) revealed no significant differences in the number of microglia or astrocytes. Nevertheless, the morphological analysis of microglial cells demonstrated that, in the amygdala of NA injected rats, microglia presented a morphology consistent with a slightly activated state. Such morphological change, which was evident 2 weeks after NA injection, was virtually reverted 10 weeks post-ICV. These results point out that NA injected ICV may cause anxiety in the medium term (while not affecting other functions like sensorimotor functions or the locomotor capacity), a behavioral alteration that is transient and that concurs with a mild inflammation, evidenced by the overexpression of certain genes and, more notably, by the morphological bias of microglial cells located in the amygdala towards an activated profile.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Looking for students' enthusiasm: flipped classroom

The “flipped classroom” is a pedagogical model that consists of putting certain learning processes outside the classroom so that the teacher can devote more class time to students’ acquisition of practical skills, for example. In this way, the teacher is not limited to the transmission of course content, but in addition assumes the role of a mediator in the cognitive process, allowing students to actively construct their own knowledge. In this role, the teacher’s main task is to encourage students to become independent learners. This paper describes the implementation and initial results of the application of the flipped classroom in higher education. This study is part of a larger research project to improve our students’ motivation through the use of the flipped learning. The sample consisted of about 3000 students taking 17 different subjects, in Management and Administration Business, Finance and Accounting, Marketing and Market Research, and Chemistry, at the University of Málaga, and in Accounting and Administration, Business Communication and Marketing at the Polytechnic of Porto. According to our results, students’ motivation and class attendance increased with the application of this model; a comparison of the final exam results from two years with traditional classes and from two years with flipped learning shows that the proportion of students failing the exam decreased, which confirms that the use of this pedagogic model improves student learning.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. This project is financed by Educational Innovation Projects 2017-2019 from Malaga University

Gamificacion in education and active methodologies at Higher education

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in applying Gamification in Education, which can be defined as the application of game design elements to learning activities. Its purpose is to motivate students by creating an engaging learning experience that can keep students focused on the learning task and its application in the classroom, is still in its emergent stages. Gamification is a great challenge for education, particularly in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in such a traditional context, as is the case with courses like Management and Administration Business, Finance and Accounting, Marketing and Market Research, Chemistry, Accounting and Administration and Business Communication. This paper presents a study, applied in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 academic years, in which the teaching method focuses on a blended learning approach, through the implementation of a flipped classroom model and also through the introduction of online gamification activities such Kahoot! application. Kahoot is a game-based learning platform, used as educational technology that can easily be used for initial, formative and summative assessment of students’ knowledge using individual or collaborative team work mode, adding vitality, student engagement, and also meta-cognitive supports to higher education classrooms with limited instructor or student training required. The participants, in the study, were about 3 000 students of 17 different subjects from the aforementioned courses, of the Malaga University and Polytechnic of Porto. The results of this study suggest that this model improves student learning and are of relevance to researchers, educators and game-based learning designers.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Quantitation of phosphatidylethanol in dried blood after volumetric absorptive microsampling

Background: Stimulated by the increased recognition of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) as sensitive direct marker of alcohol intake, the Ghent University's Laboratory of Toxicology and the National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology combined their efforts to develop a quantitative method. To facilitate implementation the focus was on the use of a sampling technique which allows quick and easy blood collection, without the need of dedicated personnel at any place/any time. In the meantime the cooperation of the two labs should also allow to initiate a Belgian network of laboratories capable of quantifying PEth. Methods: Dried blood microsamples were collected via volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS). PEth 16:0/ 18:1 was quantified after liquid-liquid extraction using two independent isotope dilution - liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry methods. A systematic review of the entire process at both sites was performed before the final method comparison using samples from 59 routine toxicology cases collected within a one-year time interval. Results: Initial differences between both laboratories were solved by focusing on important methodological aspects: (i) trueness verification of the calibration protocol focusing on the primary material, preparation of the stock solutions and adequate equilibration of calibrators and QCs, and (ii) verification of comparability of results obtained with different m/z transitions. Several of these aspects could only be verified by critically assessing spiked and native samples. After a final validation good average comparability of the two methods was observed. The average bias was -0.4%, with 85% of the differences within 20%. Moreover, the methods proved to be reproducible and robust within a one-year time interval. Conclusion: This study is the first to develop a quantitative volumetric absorptive microsampling based method for PEth measurements, in addition it is the first to perform a systematic comparison of PEth measurements between two laboratories. From the discussion on the encountered pitfalls it is clear that also on a global scale, more efforts are needed to improve interlaboratory agreement

An empirically tested overlap between indigenous and scientific knowledge of a changing climate in Bolivian Amazonia

Existing climate data for Bolivian Amazonia rely on observations from a few sparse weather stations, interpolated on coarse-resolution grids. At the same time, the region hosts numerous indigenous groups with rich knowledge systems that are hitherto untapped in the quest to understand local climate change. Drawing on an empirical dataset of climate change observations by an Amazonian native society, we assess the potential use of indigenous knowledge for complementing available climate data. We find indigenous observations to be robustly associated with local station data for climatic changes over the last five decades. By contrast, there are discrepancies between gridded climate data and both indigenous observations and local station observations. Indigenous knowledge can be instrumental to enhance our understanding of local climate in data-deficient regions. Indigenous observations offer a tool to ground-truth gridded descriptions of climatic changes, thereby making adaptation strategies more robust at local scales. We contend that the use of indigenous knowledge could help to assist the climate interpolation process and address the prevailing uncertainties in local assessments of climate change.Peer reviewe