Efectos del Entrenamiento Vibratorio y del Multi-componente sobre la composición corporal y la fuerza en mujeres postmenopáusicas.

El proceso de envejecimiento está relacionado con un conjunto de cambios fisiológicos que afectan a la función de los distintos sistemas corporales e implica un aumento en la prevalencia de enfermedades. Con el paso de los años, y en relación a la composición corporal, se produce un incremento de la masa grasa y una pérdida acelerada de la masa muscular y ósea, que conlleva a la aparición de diversas patologías asociadas como la obesidad, sarcopenia, obesidad sarcopénica u osteoporosis. Dichos cambios son más acentuados en mujeres, debido a los déficits hormonales que ocurren como consecuencia de la etapa menopáusica. Se ha demostrado que un estilo de vida activo se relaciona de manera positiva con una mejora de la condición física y con modificaciones de la composición corporal. Entre los métodos de entrenamiento que han encontrado mejoras en estas variables, y como alternativa a programas de entrenamiento tradicionales, se ha promovido el entrenamiento vibratorio y el multi-componente. Sin embargo, los resultados son contradictorios en mujeres postmenopáusicas. En la presente tesis doctoral se pretende realizar una actualización de la bibliografía sobre el entrenamiento vibratorio y el multi-componente y sus efectos sobre la masa muscular y la masa ósea en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Además, en este proyecto se persigue analizar los efectos de dos protocolos de entrenamiento, vibratorio y multi-componente, sobre la composición corporal y la fuerza y determinar cuál de ellos genera mayores adaptaciones en mujeres postmenopáusicas. La revisión de la bibliografía indica que el entrenamiento vibratorio produce efectos sobre la masa ósea de la columna lumbar en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Además, en base a los resultados del presente trabajo, protocolos de entrenamiento vibratorio (3 sesiones por semana, 35-40 Hz, 4 mm, 5-11 series de 1 min, duración entre 12 a 24 semanas) se pueden recomendar para disminuir el contenido graso, aumentar la masa muscular, y mejorar la fuerza de los extensores de rodilla, flexores plantares, eversores e inversores de tobillo. Por otro lado, a partir de los estudios encontrados y las recomendaciones halladas en la literatura científica revisada, el entrenamiento multi-componente puede generar adaptaciones positivas sobre la masa muscular y ósea en mujeres postmenopáusicas y mayores. Asimismo, protocolos de entrenamiento multi-componente en los que se combinen entrenamiento aérobico con ejercicios de impacto (3 sesiones por semana, 30-60 min, 50-75% de la frecuencia cardíaca de reserva, duración entre 12 a 24 semanas) también pueden ser beneficiosos para disminuir el contenido graso, aumentar la masa muscular, e incrementar la fuerza de los extensores de rodilla, eversores e inversores, flexores plantares y dorsales de tobillo.Actividad Física y Deport

Effects of 24 Weeks of Whole Body Vibration Versus Multicomponent Training on Muscle Strength and Body Composition in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The purposes of this study were to analyze the impact of 24 weeks of vibratory and multicomponent training (MT) and to determine what type of training creates greater adaptations on body composition and isokinetic strength of the knee and ankle joints in postmenopausal women. Thirty-eight women (60.0 ± 6.3 years) were randomly assigned to whole body vibration group (WBVG), multicomponent training group (MTG), or a control group. A significant decrease in total fat mass was observed in experimental groups. There were no changes in total lean mass and total bone mineral density in both groups. WBVG and MTG showed significant increases in isokinetic strength for knee extensors at 60°/s and at 270°/s. Regarding the ankle joint, there were significant increments in strength for plantar flexion at 60°/s in WBVG and at 120°/s in the two trainings groups. MTG showed a significant increase in strength for dorsiflexion at 60°/s. With respect to eversion and inversion, WBVG and MTG improved strength at 60°/s. Also, the WBVG showed increased strength in the ankle evertors at 120°/s and both groups showed increased strength in the ankle invertors at 120°/s. Twenty-four weeks of whole body vibration or MTs result in positive modifications in total fat mass. These trainings are effective in improving knee extension and stabilizer muscles of the ankle joint strength.Actividad Física y Deport

Effects of 12 weeks of whole body vibration vs. multi-component training in postmenopausal women

The aims of this study were to analyze the effects of two different training protocols (vibratory platform and multi-component training) and to determine what kind of training creates greater adaptations on bone density, and isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and the stabilizer muscles of the ankle joint in postmenopausal women. Thirty-eight women (59.8 ± 6.2 years) were randomly assigned to whole body vibration group (WBVG), multi-component training group (MTG), or a control group (CG). The experimental groups performed an incremental training for 12 weeks, 3 sessions/week. Significant differences were found in total fat mass and total lean mass in the training groups. In addition, both WBVG and MTG showed significant increases in isokinetic strength for knee extensors at 60º·s-1 and at 270º·s-1 . With respect to ankle joint, a significant increase for eversion at 60º·s-1 and inversion at 60º·s-1 was found in both the training groups, and eversion at 120º·s-1 only in WBVG (p = 0.012). There were no significant differences between WBVG and MTG in knee and ankle strength tests. Therefore, we have found significant adaptations to whole body vibration and multi-component training in the present study. However, the improvements were similar for both groups and we cannot claim that WBVG is better than MTG, or viceversaActividad Física y Deport

Effects of multicomponent training on lean and bone mass in postmenopausal and older women: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to update and examine to what extent multicomponent training interventions could improve lean and bone mass at different anatomical regions of the body in postmenopausal and older women. METHODS: A computerized literature search was performed in the following online databases: PubMed MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Web of Knowledge. The search was performed to include articles up until February 2017. The methodological quality of selected studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies examining the effects of combined training methods in postmenopausal and older women showed contrasting results, possibly due to the wide range of the participants' age, the evaluation of different regions, and the varying characteristics of the training methods between studies. Overall, it appears that exercise modes that combine resistance, weight-bearing training, and impact-aerobic activities can increase or prevent muscle and skeletal mass loss during the ageing process in women. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to identify the optimal multicomponent training protocols, specifically the training loads that will improve lean and bone mass at different anatomical locations, in postmenopausal and older women.Actividad Física y Deport

PAHA study (Psychological active and healthy ageing): Psychological wellbeing, proactive attitude and happiness effects of whole-body vibration versus multi-component training in aged women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background Evidence demonstrates that physical exercise and psychological wellbeing are closely interlinked, particularly in older-aged women. However, research investigating how different forms of exercise influence mental health in older-aged women is underdeveloped. Methods/Design A randomized controlled trial (N = 300) will assess the relative effectiveness of two different exercise programs (whole-body vibration and Multicomponent Training) for improving psychological wellbeing in older-aged women. The following outcomes will be assessed at three time points (that is, pre, post, and follow-up): psychological wellbeing, proactive attitude, quality of life, and happiness. Discussion Results will have important implications for preventing psychological and physiological disease in older-aged women and for managing health-related costs for this population group.Actividad Física y Deport

Effect of exercise on sleep quality and insomnia in middle-aged women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effects of programmed exercise (PE) on sleep quality and insomnia in middle-aged women (MAW). METHODS: Searches were conducted in five databases from inception through December 15, 2016 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of PE versus a non-exercising control condition on sleep quality, sleep disturbance and/or insomnia in MAW. Interventions had to last at least 8 weeks. Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and insomnia with the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Random effects models were used for meta-analyses. The effects on outcomes were expressed as mean differences (MDs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Five publications reported data from four RCTs on PE effects during 12-16 weeks on sleep quality (n=4 studies reporting PSQI results) and/or insomnia (n=3 studies reporting ISI results), including 660 MAW. Low-moderate levels of exercise significantly lowered the PSQI score (MD=-1.34; 95% CI -2.67, 0.00; p=0.05) compared with controls. In a subgroup analysis, moderate PE (aerobic exercise) had a positive effect on sleep quality (PSQI score MD=-1.85; 95% CI -3.62, -0.07; p=0.04), while low levels of physical activity (yoga) did not have a significant effect (MD-0.46, 95% CI -1.79, 0.88, p=0.50). In three studies (two studies of yoga, one study of aerobic exercise), there was a non-significant reduction in the severity of insomnia measured with the ISI score (MD -1.44, 95% CI -3.28, 0. 44, p=0.13) compared with controls. Heterogeneity of effects among studies was moderate to high. CONCLUSION: In middle-aged women, programmed exercise improved sleep quality but had no significant effect on the severity of insomnia.Actividad Física y Deport

Neuromuscular and mobility responses to a vibration session in hypoxia in multiple sclerosis

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of vibration training (WBVT) under hypoxic and normoxic conditions on the voluntary rate of force development (RFD), balance and muscle oxygen saturation (SMO2) in persons with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). 10 participants completed the study (30 % males, 44.4±7.7 years, 164.3±8.9cm, 65.2±11.1kg, 2.5±1.3 Expanded Disability Status Scale, 24.1± 4.0 kg.m− 2 BMI). Maximal force, RFD during isometric knee extension, static balance with eyes open and closed and sit-to-stand test were evaluated before and immediately after one session of WBVT (12 60-s bout of vibration; frequency 35Hz; amplitude 4mm; 1-min rest intervals) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In addition, SMO2 of the gastrocnemius lateralis was assessed during each condition. No changes were found in force, static balance and sit-to-stand test. Time-to-peak RFD increased in the left leg (p = 0.02) and tended to increase in the right leg (p = 0.06) after the hypoxic session. SMO2 resulted in significant increases from the initial to final intervals of the WBVT under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions (p < 0.05). Increases in SMO2 during WBVT demonstrates muscle work that may contribute to the observed muscle adaptations in long-term WBVT programs without inducing decreases in neuromuscular activation, physical function and balance within a session

The Effect of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Lean Mass in Postmenopausal Women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate published, randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on lean mass in postmenopausal women. Methods: The following electronic databases were searched from September to October 2015: PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane. Two different authors tabulated, independently, the selected indices in identical predetermined forms. The methodological quality of all randomized trial studies was evaluated according to the modified PEDro scale. In each trial, the effect size of the intervention was calculated by the difference between pre- and postintervention lean mass in WBVT postmenopausal women. For controlled trials, the effect size of the WBVT was also calculated by the difference in lean mass after the WBVT and in control participants. Results: Of the 189 articles found from the database search and all duplicates removed, 5 articles were analyzed. The lean mass of 112 postmenopausal women who performed either WBVT or a control protocol was evaluated. The methodological quality of the trials was high, where the mean score was 8 out of a possible 10 points. No significant improvements in lean mass with WBVT were found in postmenopausal women. In addition, there was no significant difference in lean mass between WBVT and control postmenopausal women. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrated that WBVT alone may not be a sufficient stimulus to increase lean mass in postmenopausal women. Thus, additional complimentary training methods with WBVT are needed to increase muscle size in women with lower hormonal responses.Actividad Física y Deport

Kinematic analysis of the spine during placement on 2 transfer devices: a spinal backboard and a scoop stretcher

Objective. To analyze and compare measurements of spine kinematics during prehospital emergency responders’ placement of a patient on a spinal backboard or a scoop stretcher. Methods. Cross sectional, quasi-experimental clinical simulation to compare misalignment (main endpoint) by means of data from a 3-dimensional motion capture system. Results. Mean (SD) misalignment during placement on the 2 devices was 37.53° (14.15°). By device, mean misalignment was 31.08° (6.38°) for the scoop stretcher and 43.97° (7.97°) for the backboard (P=.048). Conclusion. Less misalignment occurs during placement on the scoop stretcher than on the spinal backboard.Actividad Física y Deport