El balance actuarial como indicador de la solvencia del sistema de reparto

The aim of this work is twofold: on the one hand, to demonstrate the utility of the actuarial balance as an element of transparency, an indicator of the solvency, sustainability and financial solidity of the pay-as-you-go system and a tool capable of providing positive incentives to improve the financial management of the system, eliminating or at least reducing the traditional divergence between the planning horizon of the politicians and that of the system itself; and on the other, to make the first estimates of the actuarial balance of the Spanish contributory pension system for the old age contingency, based on official figures. To this end, we analytically explain the novel entry in the balance sheet called the ¿Contribution Asset¿, and compare it to the ¿Hidden Asset¿. We also provide a comparison between the official actuarial balance for the Swedish notional account system and the Spanish balance. The main finding is that the Spanish pension system shows a 31.4% insolvency ratio for 2006. Moreover, a comparison of the consecutive balance sheets for 2001-06 shows that the system has a structural actuarial disequilibrium, which means that the degree of insolvency is growing over time even though the cash-flow outcome has improved over the same period. The absence of a balance sheet in this specific case produces a ¿mirage effect¿ by hiding the presence of a capital deficit, relativising future cash deficits and, more importantly, not taking steps to reverse this trend, restore solvency and eliminate the ¿losses¿ or ¿increases¿ in the accumulated deficit which accrue every year that passes without reform. Two main suggestions for economic policy spring from this paper: the need to compile an official actuarial balance sheet and actuarial annual results so that society may be made aware of the real situation of the Spanish pension system, and the advisability of applying an automatic balancing mechanism which, would predetermine the combinations of gradual parametric adjustments needed to reverse the negative trend and set the Spanish pension system on the road to solvency in the long run. El objetivo de este trabajo es doble, por un lado mostrar la utilidad del balance actuarial como elemento de transparencia, indicador de la solvencia, sostenibilidad o solidez financiera del sistema de reparto e instrumento que es capaz de proporcionar incentivos positivos para la mejora de la gestión financiera al minimizar la tradicional divergencia entre el horizonte de planificación de los políticos y el del propio sistema en sí; por el otro, realizar la primera estimación, a partir de datos oficiales, del balance y de resultado actuarial del sistema español de pensiones contributivas de jubilación. Con el fin de alcanzar los objetivos propuestos, se desarrolla analíticamente el elemento más novedoso del balance actuarial, el denominado "Activo por cotizaciones", y éste se contrasta con el "Activo Oculto", también se realiza la estimación del balance actuarial del sistema público de pensiones español y se compara el ratio de solvencia que deriva del balance español con el del sistema sueco de pensiones. El indicador de solvencia del sistema español está lejos de ser considerado razonablemente solvente, ya que, para el año 2006, un 31,4% del pasivo actuarial no tiene cobertura. Es más, el estudio de la serie de balances para el período 2001-2006 revela que el sistema presenta un desequilibrio actuarial estructural lo que provoca un aumento continuo del grado de insolvencia, pese a que el sistema ha obtenido un superávit de tesorería en el período objeto de estudio. La ausencia de balance actuarial, en este caso concreto, produce un "efecto espejismo" al ocultar la presencia de un déficit patrimonial, relativizar los déficits de caja futuros y sobre todo, diferir la toma de medidas efectivas para restaurar la solvencia del sistema y eliminar las "pérdidas" o incrementos en el déficit acumulado, que se están devengando por cada año que transcurre sin reforma. Las principales recomendaciones de política económica que se desprenden de este trabajo son dos: la necesidad de elaborar oficialmente el balance y el resultado actuarial anual con el fin de concienciar a la sociedad sobre la verdadera situación del sistema de pensiones, y la conveniencia de introducir un mecanismo de ajuste automático que, al menos predetermine la combinación de ajustes paramétricos graduales que empujen sostenidamente al sistema a la senda de la solvencia financiera en el largo plazo.España, Jubilación, Pensiones, Sistema de reparto, Solvencia, Suecia. Spain, Retirement, Pensions, Pay-as-you-go, Solvency, Sweden.

Fairness and annuity divisors for notional defined contribution pension schemes

AbstractThe use of a gender-neutral annuity divisor introduces an intra-generational redistribution from short-lived towards long-lived individuals; this entails a transfer of wealth from males to females and from low socioeconomic groups to high socioeconomic groups. With some subpopulations consisting of females from low socioeconomic groups (or males from high groups), the net effect of the redistribution is unclear. The study aims to quantify the lifetime income redistribution of a generic NDC system using two types of divisor – the demographic and the economic – to compute the amount of an initial pension. With this in mind, the redistribution (actuarial fairness) among subpopulations is assessed through the ratio between the present value of expected pensions received and contributions paid. We find that all subgroups of women and men with high educational attainment benefit from the use of the unisex demographic divisor. This paper also shows that the value of the economic divisor depends markedly on population composition. When mortality differentials by gender and level of education are considered, economic divisors are mostly driven by the longevity effect corresponding to gender.</jats:p

Optimal strategies for pay-as-you-go pension finance: A sustainability framework

The aim of this paper is to design an automatic balancing mechanism to restore the sustainability of a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension system based on changes in its main variables, such as the contribution rate, normal retirement age and indexation of pensions. Using nonlinear optimisation, this mechanism, identifies and applies an optimal path of these variables to a PAYG system in the long run and absorbs fluctuations in longevity, fertility rates, salary growth or any other events in a pension system

First quarter chronicle of COVID-19: an attempt to measure governments’ response

AbstractThe crisis caused by COVID-19 revealed the global unpreparedness for handling the impact of a pandemic. In this paper, we present a first quarter chronicle of COVID-19 in Hubei China, Italy and Spain, specifically their infection speed, death and fatality rates. By fitting distributions to these rates, we look for the effectiveness of government measures during the pandemic through a number of statistical approaches.</jats:p

Notional defined contribution pension schemes: Why does only Sweden distribute the survivor dividend?

The aim of this paper is to analyse the role of the survivor dividend in notional defined contribution (NDC) pension schemes. At present, this feature can only be found in the Swedish defined contribution scheme. We develop a model that endorses the idea that the survivor dividend has a strong basis for enabling the NDC scheme to achieve financial equilibrium and that not including the dividend is a non-transparent way of compensating for increases in longevity and/or legacy costs from old pension systems. We also find that the average effect of the dividend remains unchanged for any constant annual rate of population growth, that contribu-tors who reach retirement age always get a higher return than the scheme does, and that population growth enables cohorts with more years of contributions to benefit to a greater extent from the dividend effect

Linking pensions to life expectancy, a solution to guarantee long-term sustainability?

Premios: Ayudas a la Investidación Ignacio Larramendi, 201

Pandemics: Insurance and Social Protection

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