Probiotic, a tool in livestock and aquaculture production

The probiotics are products based on different microorganism strains, those products have evolved from a just simple mixture of active bacteria to products with specific properties of adherence, colonization, synergies, antibacterial activity, etc. Probiotic products for livestock and aquaculture production are designed with strains developed to operate under specific conditions and which need to be understood and taken into account by the producers because different results can be observed depending of specie(s), geographic area, and type of culture production. The available information suggests that probiotic display a progress from: (a) a better understanding of the bacterial micro-ecosystem and target organs, (b) strain source and their particular characteristics, (c) doses and target species, (d) specific adhesion and/or colonization mechanisms, (e) specific activation of the immune system, and, (f) environmental effects. The aim of this manuscript is to provide information to the livestock and aquaculture producers about the characteristics and qualities of probiotic so they can carry out a proper selection and use

Probióticos, una herramienta en la producción pecuaria y acuícola

The probiotics are products based on different microorganism strains, those products have evolved from a just simple mixture of active bacteria to products with specific properties of adherence, colonization, synergies, antibacterial activity, etc. Probiotic products for livestock and aquaculture production are designed with strains developed to operate under specific conditions and which need to be understood and taken into account by the producers because different results can be observed depending of specie(s), geographic area, and type of culture production. The available information suggests that probiotic display a progress from: (a) a better understanding of the bacterial micro-ecosystem and target organs, (b) strain source and their particular characteristics, (c) doses and target species, (d) specific adhesion and/or colonization mechanisms, (e) specific activation of the immune system, and, (f) environmental effects. The aim of this manuscript is to provide information to the livestock and aquaculture producers about the characteristics and qualities of probiotic so they can carry out a proper selection and use.Los probióticos han evolucionado pasando de ser solo sencillas mezclas de bacterias activas a ser productos con propiedades delimitadas de adhesión, colonización, sinergismos, producción de productos antibacterianos, etc. Los productos probióticos para la producción pecuaria y acuícola son diseñados con cepas desarrolladas para funcionar bajo condiciones específicas, las cuales deben ser tomadas en cuenta por los productores ya que los resultados se ven modificados dependiendo de la especie en donde se use, área geográfica de aplicación y tipo de cultivo. La información disponible sugiere que el progreso de los probióticos se ha dirigido hacia: (a) un mejor entendimiento del micoecosistema bacteriano y órganos blanco de las bacterias, (b) fuente de la cepa y sus características particulares, (c) dosis de aplicación y especies donde se puede aplicar, (d) mecanismos específicos de adhesión o colonización, (e) forma de activación del sistema inmune y (f) como afecta el medio ambiente a la preparación probiótica. La presente revisión está destinada a brindarle al productor pecuario y acuícola la información sobre las cualidades y características de los probióticos, a fin de que este pueda llevar a cabo una adecuada selección y uso de los mismos

Efecto de Vibrio harveyi en la sobrevivencia de larvas de Litopenaeus vannamei

The culture of aquatic organisms show a high relevance in the human feeding and the culture activities can create artificial conditions that increase the growth and selection of specific bacteria. Vibrio species are normal bacteria�s from microflora of penaeid shrimp, those are opportunistic pathogens that can take advantage of the ecological changes generated for the culture of aquatic organisms and which may cause diseases, low survival and economic losses in the shrimp production. The aim of this research was to determine the variation in the survival of different larval substages (nauplius, zoea I-III, mysis I-III) and postlarvae 1, of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed at three doses [103, 105, and 107 colony-forming unit (CFU) ml-1[ of V. harveyi, by immersion (30 min) as infection method. This species generated a significant low survival in larvae (p < 0.05) only in high doses (105 and 107 CFU ml-1), where higher doses show the lowest values of survival. Larval substages and postlarvae 1 of shrimp showed sensitivity associate to the increase of Vibrio doses and this sensitivity decreased with the growth of larval substages and postlarvae 1. This information has high significance for the fisheries and aquaculture industry, which help to generate strategies to reduce the effects of V. harveyi with positive effect in growth and survival of the shrimp larvae and postlarvae 1.Los cultivos acuícolas son de gran relevancia en la alimentación humana, pero crean un medio ambiente artificial que promueve el crecimiento de diferentes especies de bacterias. Las especies del género Vibrio son bacterias de la microflora normal de los camarones peneidos y son también agentes patógenos oportunistas que pueden tomar ventaja de éstos cambios ecológicos generados en los cultivos acuícolas causando diferentes enfermedades, sobrevivencias bajas y pérdidas económicas en la producción de camarón. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la variación en la sensibilidad, de diferentes subestadios larvarios (nauplio, zoea I-III, misis I-III) y en el de postlarva 1, del camarón blanco del Pacifico Litopenaeus vannamei al ser expuestos a tres dosis [103, 105, y 107 unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) ml-1] de V. harveyi, mediante infecciones por inmersión (30 min). Esta especie generó una sobrevivencia baja significativa en las larvas (p < 0,05) solamente en las dosis más altas (105 y 107 UFC ml-1), siendo la última dosis la que presentó los valores más bajos de sobrevivencia. Además, se observó que los subestadios larvales y en el de postlarva 1 fueron más resistentes a V. harveyi al aumentar la edad de los mismos. Esta información tiene gran significado para la industria acuícola, ya que les permite generar estrategias que disminuyan los efectos de V. harveyi y que les permita mejorar el crecimiento y sobrevivencia de las larvas y de postlarva 1 del camarón

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (NHP) detection in wild shrimp of the San Andrés Lagoon, Mexico

The presence of diseases caused by virus and bacteria pose a threat to the capture and commercialization of shrimp, and may cause significant economic damage. Nocturnal monthly sampling were conducted to detect the presence of IHHNV, WSSV, and NHP in San Andres Lagoon in Tamaulipas, Mexico, an important coastal ecosystem due to its shrimp fishery and the existence of shrimp farms in the area. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis in the shrimp tissue did not detect the presence of IHHNV, however, WSSV was detected, as well as NHP during July and August, when low salinities and high temperatures were recorded

Efecto de la sustitución de grasa de fritura por aceite vegetal y concentración energética en dietas para la producción de pollos de engorde

Lipids are often added to the diet of broilers in order to improve their productive efficiency. The most widely used variety of lipids is frying fat (FF), usually recycled from restaurants, as its cost is lower than that of vegetable oil (VO). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of FF substitution by VO in standard (SED) and high energy (HED) diets on broiler’s growth performance. To that aim, a total of 200 one-day-old mixed ROSS broilers (37.2 g ± 0.89 g) were fed during 42 d with two phases (starting and finishing) of 21 d each. The experimental design in each phase was completely randomized with 4 treatments with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with the lipid source (FF and VO), the energy levels (SED and HED), and their interaction as main effects. The metabolizable energy (ME) in the starting phase was 2 994 kcal/kg and 3013 kcal/kg, and in the finishing phase was 3 081 kcal/kg and 3 111 kcal /kg in SED and HED, respectively. The lipid source (VO vs FF) did not influence (P > 0.05) on the studied variables. In the starting phase, broilers fed with the HED gained more weight and showed better feed conversion (P 0.05) among broilers in two diets. For the finishing phase, broilers fed with the HED gained more body weight (P 0. 05) was observed. It was concluded that lipid source did not influence on productive parameters, but the increase in energy concentration significantly improved the productive performance of broilers.Archive XML (SciELO)En la dieta de pollos de engorde se adicionan lípidos para mejorar su eficiencia productiva, generalmente grasa de fritura (GF), reciclada de restaurantes, por tener menor costo que el aceite vegetal (AV). El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la sustitución de GF por AV en dietas estándar (DEE) y dietas altas en energía (DAE) sobre el comportamiento productivo de pollos de engorde. Se alimentó durante 42 d a 200 pollos mixtos ROSS, de un día de edad y peso promedio de 37.2 g ± 0.89 g. El estudio se realizó en dos fases de 21 d: inicio y acabado. Se usó un diseño experimental al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2 con la fuente de lípidos (GF y AV), laconcentración de energía (DEE y DAE) y su interacción como efectos principales. La energía metabolizable en la fase de inicio fue 2 994 kcal/kg y 3 013 kcal/kg, y en la fase de acabado fue 3 081 kcal/kg y 3 111 kcal/kg en DEE y DAE, respectivamente. La fuente de lípidos no influyó (P > 0.05) sobre las variables de estudio. En la fase de inicio, los pollos alimentados con la DAE ganaron más peso y mostraron mejor conversión alimenticia (P 0.05). En la fase de acabado, los pollos alimentados con la DAE ganaron más peso (P 0.05). Se concluyó que la fuente de lípidos no influyó en los parámetros productivos, pero el incremento en concentración energética mejoró significativamente el comportamiento productivo de los pollos de engorde. Archivo XML (SciELO

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN