Anomia educativa en el Siglo XXI: un análisis a partir de Durkheim. El caso de República Dominicana

417 p.El estudio de la anomia educativa se fundamenta en los aportes de Émile Durkheim. Como problema, la anomia se vincula con el debilitamiento normativo, estructural y sistémico, el incumplimiento de las normas, el vacío normativo o las incongruencias entre las normativas, su aplicación y los fines sociales.Mediante el análisis de las obras del autor, se han planteado los lineamientos metodológicos e instrumentos para valorar las condiciones anómicas de los sistemas educativos. La investigación ha sido de diseño descriptivo con alcance correlacional de enfoque cualitativo. Se aplicaron los métodos:analítico ¿ sintético y comparativo inferencial. El primer resultado relevante ha sido la clasificación de la anomia educativa por sus causas, su contexto y su frecuencia. El segundo resultado relevante fue la identificación de indicadores multidimensionales para valorar la anomia educativa. El tercer resultado radica en que la conceptualización de la educación amerita complementar la perspectiva pedagógica con las perspectivas filosófica y sociológica. Se asume que la educación es un hecho social por lo que el fortalecimiento del lazo social y la adaptación de las normas que posibiliten la vida en sociedad es una prioridad. El período estudiado del 2020-2022 ha sido un período anómico en el sistema educativo de República Dominicana. Sus indicios se evidenciaron antes de la pandemia y persisten posteriormente

Calidad en los procesos de gobernanza ambiental el caso de las energías renovables en Cabo Verde y la electrificación de Vale da Custa.

La maldición de los recursos hace referencia a la incapacidad de los países ricos en recursos naturales para trasformar dicha riqueza en crecimiento económico y prosperidad, estudiándose habitualmente a través de la correlación existente entre la dotación de recursos y determinadas variables económicas. Esta tesis doctoral se aleja de los enfoques meramente económicos, ampliando la perspectiva del análisis y defendiendo que la gobernanza de los recursos naturales es la variable clave a la hora de explicar dicha paradoja. Las características específicas de la gobernanza ambiental llevan a proponer el estudio desde el enfoque analítico que proporciona la adaptive governance y su encaje en los postulados de la Post-Normal Science. La República de Cabo Verde es el lugar escogido para llevar a cabo la investigación, a través de un proyecto de electrificación concreto, el de la minicentral solar-eólica en la aldea de Vale da Custa -Isla de Santiago-. Este país presenta su propia maldición al posicionarse a la cabeza de los estados de África Occidental en lo que se refiere a su potencial para la generación de energías renovables, contrastando con su elevada dependencia de combustibles fósiles, una de las tarifas eléctricas más elevadas del continente africano y el hecho de que parte de su población no tenga acceso al suministro eléctrico. En el marco de la Post-Normal Science la investigación persigue la provisión de herramientas metodológicas encaminadas, no a la búsqueda de soluciones -búsqueda de la Verdad-, sino a mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre los procesos de gobernanza ambiental a través de la evaluación de la Calidad, que se erige como principio rector del análisis. Para dar respuesta al objetivo planteado se propone una combinación metodológica novedosa, donde el análisis socio-institucional, el esquema Pedigree y el social sensitivity analysis se integran generando sinergias y enriqueciendo la exploración de la gobernanza. Su aplicación al proyecto de electrificación escogido proporciona información valiosa sobre la diversidad de problemáticas existentes -desde la falta de adecuación de los marcos normativos a la realidad del país, pasando por problemas de índole socio-cultural, falta de formación técnica de la población local, o escasez de suministro de materiales, entre otros-, y sobre la multiplicidad de actores en juego, ya sean los representantes políticos de ámbito internacional, regional, nacional y local, la población de la aldea, o el personal técnico y los expertos en materia de energías renovables. Todos ellos con diferentes intereses, objetivos, recursos y “lecturas” en torno a una misma realidad, la falta de suministro eléctrico en Vale da Custa. Afloran así aspectos como la “dependencia legislativa” -principalmente de Portugal-, o la subordinación del país a intereses externos, como los de la Unión Europea. La incorporación de procesos participativos enriquece el análisis, demostrando que la mejora de la gobernanza en países en desarrollo pasa inexcusablemente por tomar en consideración la extended-peer community, distanciándonos del tradicional análisis tecnocrático. La Calidad despliega su potencial clarificador y ayuda a comprender la realidad de países como los pertenecientes a África Subsahariana

Application of citrus bioadsorbents as wine clarifiers

In recent years, reuse and recycling has taken on an increasingly important role in our society. As a result, there has been an increase in research and development of sustainable technologies. The experience acquired by the CRESCA team in the study of the revaluation of orange peels and lemon have allowed him to have a vision of this by-product as a raw material that, with the opportune treatments, can be origin of products of high added value. In this sense, very satisfactory results have been achieved for different fields of application such as: a) Agricultural: As water adsorbents, obtaining better results than conventional products (silica gel). b) Wine: As an alternative wine clarifier to products currently used (gelatin, potato protein, egg albumin, etc.) c) Treatment of wastewater with high metallic load: As heavy metal adsorbents (Ni, Cu, Pb, etc.) d) Wastewater Treatment of textile industry: as adsorbent of organic dyes. This paper proposes the use of orange peel and lemon, after being subjected to a process physicochemical, as clarifiers of wine and compared the results with those obtained with vegetable protein, gelatin and bentonitePostprint (published version

Phenolic Content of Blends of Tempranillo with Graciano or Cabernet Sauvignon Wines Produced in Spain

Utjecaj sorte Graciano (GRA, vrijedna španjolska sorta koja se proizvodi u malim količinama u mediteranskim zemljama) i sorte Cabernet Sauvignon (CS, svjetski poznata francuska sorta) na koncentraciju fenola (ukupnih polifenola (TP), ukupnih antocijanina (TA), katehina (CAT) i proantocijanidina (PRO)) u vinima Tempranillo (TEM-BASE, rasprostranjena španjolska sorta) istražen je u mješavinama s 26 i 10 % svake sorte nakon 4; 6; 9; 16,5 i 23 mjeseca čuvanja u bocama. Utvrđena je značajna razlika u koncentraciji katehina i ukupnih antocijanina u vinu (mješavinama i sortnom vinu), ovisno o faktoru miješanja. Osim toga, iako su tendencije razvoja različitih vrsta fenolnih spojeva tijekom starenja vina bile slične u mješavinama i u sortnom vinu, različite mješavine pokazale su bržu kinetiku razgradnje antocijanina od sortnih vina, vjerojatno zbog većeg udjela katehina, koji mogu pospješiti neke reakcije kondenziranja antocijanina tijekom starenja u boci. Taj je učinak nešto izraženiji u TEM-GRA nego u TEM-CS mješavinama. Daljnjim istraživanjem sastava fenola u jednosortnim vinima upotrijebljenim pri kupažiranju, a i u grožđu (kožici i sjemenkama) od kojih su vina dobivena, otkriveno je da se utjecaj kupažiranja na koncentraciju katehina može povezati s većom koncentracijom tih spojeva u sjemenkama grožđa Graciano i Cabernet Sauvignon nego u grožđu Tempranillo. Rezultati ovoga rada znanstveno potvrđuju da, što se tiče koncentracije fenola, vina Graciano imaju svojstva slična vinu Cabernet Sauvignon, a za kupažiranje s vinom Tempranillo.The effect of Graciano (GRA, Spanish valuable variety of limited production in Mediterranean countries) vs. Cabernet Sauvignon (CS, world-wide known French variety) on the phenolic content [total polyphenols (TP), total anthocyanins (TA), catechins (CAT) and proanthocyanidins (PRO)] of Tempranillo wines (TEM-BASE, a largely cultivated Spanish variety) was studied in blends prepared with 25 and 10 % of each variety after 4, 6, 9, 16.5 and 23 months of bottle ageing. Significant differences among wines (blends and base wine) according to the »blend« factor were observed for CAT and TA. Besides, although the evolution trend during wine ageing of different families of phenolic compounds studied was similar in the blends and base wine, different blends presented a faster anthocyanin disappearance kinetics than the base wine, probably due to their higher CAT content, which may favour the progress of certain anthocyanin condensation reactions during ageing in the bottle. This effect was slightly more pronounced in the TEM-GRA blends than in the TEM-CS ones. A further study of the phenolic composition of the monovarietal wines used for blending, as well as of the grapes (skins and seeds) from which these wines were elaborated, revealed that the blending effect on CAT could be associated with higher concentration of these compounds in Graciano and Cabernet Sauvignon grape seeds in comparison with Tempranillo. Finally, the findings of this work scientifically confirm that, in terms of the phenolic content, Graciano wines possess properties similar to Cabernet Sauvignon for blending with Tempranillo

Análisis del concepto de "calidad educativa" en las políticas públicas de España

El proyecto "Análisis del concepto de "calidad educativa" en las Políticas Públicas en España" analiza sobre la base de artículos relevantes y actuales de Sociología de la Educación, el tan discutido concepto calidad educativa en las distintas leyes generales de educación en España, poniendo especial atención a la Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa del 2013. Dicho análisis se realizará desde el punto de vista de la Teoría Crítica frankfurtiana, mediante una visión crítica de la deriva tecnocrática del diseño de políticas públicas y de la ingenuidad tecnocrática en la interpretación de las mismas. Dado que la crítica a la tecnocracia nos lleva a concluir que no se puede analizar un concepto en el fondo político como algo técnico aislado de su contexto, se analizan problemas vinculados a la calidad educativa: fracaso escolar, equidadsegregación, metodología docente, procesos de privatización, cantidad de reformas educativas en España, posibilidad de un Pacto Nacional por la Educación. Se expondrá a modo de conclusión, que en materia de educación no hay ni ha habido voluntad de diálogo en el Parlamento español, y las tendencias de comunicación política hacia el populismo dificultan todavía más intercambios comunicativos que busquen la rendición de cuentas y el entendimiento entre los actores interesados(comunidad educativa).<br /

Fractioning of Proanthocyanidins of Uncaria tomentosa. Composition and Structure-Bioactivity Relationship

In a previous study, the detailed low-molecular weight polyphenolic profile of the different plant parts (leaves, stem, bark and wood) of Uncaria tomentosa was reported, the leaves being the plant part with the highest phenolic content and presenting the most heterogenous proanthocyanidin composition. Further, cytotoxicity of leaves extracts in two cancer cell lines was also found to be higher than in the remaining parts of the plant. In the present study, fractioning of U. tomentosa leaves polyphenolic extracts was performed using Diaion® HP-20 resin and a detailed characterization and quantification of fractions (n = 5) was achieved using advanced analytical techniques such as Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization and Triple Quadrupole (TQD) Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/TQ-ESI-MS) and 13C-NMR. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and cytotoxicity on gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and colon adenocarcinoma SW20 cell lines were also determined in the different fractions. Results showed selective distribution of 32 non-flavonoid and flavonoid phenolics among the different fractions. ORAC varied between 3.2 and 11.8 µmol TE/mg in the different fractions, whereas IC50 of cytotoxicity on gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and colon adenocarcinoma SW20 cell lines best values were between 71.4 and 75.6 µg/mL. Fractions rich in proanthocyanidins also showed the highest bioactivity. In fact, significant positive correlation was found between total proanthocyanidins (TP) quantified by UPLC-DAD and ORAC (R 2 = 0.970), whereas significant negative correlation was found between TP and cytotoxicity towards AGS (R 2 = 0.820) and SW620 (R 2 = 0.843) adenocarcinoma cell lines. Among proanthocyanidins, propelargonidin dimers were of particular interest, showing significant correlation with cytotoxic selectivity on both gastric AGS (R 2 = 0.848) and colon SW620 (R 2 = 0.883) adenocarcinoma cell lines. These results show further evidence of the bioactivity of U. tomentosa proanthocyanidin extracts and their potential health effects.Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo/[A/023397/09]/AECID/EspañaAgencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo/[A/030037/10]/AECID/EspañaCosta Rica-USA Foundation/[]/CRUSA/Costa RicaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/[CR0024]/CSIC/EspañaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de QuímicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de MedicinaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí

Proanthocyanidin characterization and bioactivity of extracts from different parts of Uncaria tomentosa L. (cat’s claw)

This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Antioxidants and Health Promotion.-- et al.Apart from alkaloids, bioactive properties of Uncaria tomentosa L. have been attributed to its phenolic constituents. Although there are some reports concerning low-molecular-weight polyphenols in U. tomentosa, its polymeric phenolic composition has been scarcely studied. In this study, phenolic-rich extracts from leaves, stems, bark and wood (n = 14) of Uncaria tomentosa plants from several regions of Costa Rica were obtained and analysed in respect to their proanthocyanidin profile determined by a quadrupole-time-of-flight analyser (ESI-QTOF MS). Main structural characteristics found for U. tomentosa proanthocyanidins were: (a) monomer composition, including pure procyanidins (only composed of (epi)catechin units) and propelargonidins (only composed of (epi)afzelechin units) as well as mixed proanthocyanidins; and (b) degree of polymerization, from 3 up to 11 units. In addition, U. tomentosa phenolic extracts were found to exhibit reasonable antioxidant capacity (ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) values between 1.5 and 18.8 mmol TE/g) and antimicrobial activity against potential respiratory pathogens (minimum IC of 133 µg/mL). There were also found to be particularly cytotoxic to gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and colon adenocarcinoma SW620 cell lines. The results state the particularities of U. tomentosa proanthocyanidins and suggest the potential value of these extracts with prospective use as functional ingredients.This project was partially funded by grant from the Spanish International Development Cooperation Agency (AECID) (Ref. A/023397/09 and A/030037/10) and a joint grant from the Costa Rica-USA Foundation (CRUSA) and the Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC) (Ref. CR0024). Authors also thank financial support from the Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) and European funding from FEDER program (projects AVANSECAL-CM S2013/ABI-3028 and ALIBIRD-CM S2013/ABI-2728) and from the University of Costa Rica. Special thanks are due to Eng. Juan Jose Cordero from Costa Rican National Production Council (CNP).Peer Reviewe

Comparative effects of A- and B-type proanthocyanidins in the prevention of urinary tract infection in mice

Resumen del póster presentado a la VI International Conference on Polyphenols and Health celebrada en Buenos Aires (Argentina) del 16 al 19 de octubre de 2013.Consumption of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpum) is widely recommended forprophylaxis against urinary tract infections (UTI) in women. Among cranberry components, A-type proanthocyanins would be implicated in these preventive effects against UTI. However, proanthocyanidins are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, but subjected to extensive biotransformation in the colon, although studies are almost restricted to B-type proanthocyanidins. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study is that urinary metabolome from of A-type and B-type proanthocyanidins-mainly derived from their colonic catabolism-differ,and only metabolites from the A-type procyanidins have protective effects against UTI. To test this hypothesis, JAXc3H/OuJ female mice previously fed with specific diet (control, 1% cranberry extract and 1% grape seed extract) for 2 weeks, were inoculated with the uropathogenic E. coli (ATCC 53503™) to provoke infection, and maintained 2 weeks more before being sacrificed. Urine samples were collected at different times and subjected to E.coli counting, leukocytary esterase and nitrites analyses, and mieloperoxidase task. Samples of kidney and bladder tissues were also collected for E. coli counting and histopathologic analysis. Additionally, the capacity of the urine samples to inhibit bacterial adherence was tested in the T24 bladder cell line (ATCC HTB4 ™).Peer reviewe

Effect of cocoa powder in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Biological, consumption and inflammatory biomarkers. A metabolomic approach

12 páginas, 2 figuras.-- et al.Numerous health benefits have been attributed to cocoa and its derived products in the last decade including antioxidant, anti-platelet and positive effects on lipid metabolism and vascular function. Inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. However, cocoa feeding trials focused on inflammation are still rare and the results yielded are controversial. Health effects derived from cocoa consumption have been partly attributed to its polyphenol content, in particular of flavanols. Bioavailability is a key issue for cocoa polyphenols in order to be able to exert their biological activities. In the case of flavanols, bioavailability is strongly influenced by several factors, such as their degree of polymerization and the food matrix in which the polyphenols are delivered. Furthermore, gut has become an active site for the metabolism of procyanidins (oligomeric and polymeric flavanols). Estimation of polyphenol consumption or exposure is also a very challenging task in Food and Nutrition Science in order to correlate the intake of phytochemicals with in vivo health effects. In the area of nutrition, modern analytical techniques based on mass spectrometry are leading to considerable advances in targeted metabolite analysis and particularly in Metabolomics or global metabolite analysis. In this chapter we have summarized the most relevant results of our recent research on the bioavailability of cocoa polyphenols in humans and the effect of the matrix in which cocoa polyphenols are delivered considering both targeted analysis and a metabolomic approach. Furthermore, we have also summarized the effect of long-term consumption of cocoa powder in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) on the inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis.This research was supported by national grants CICYT (AGL: 2004- 08378-C02-01/02, 2006-14228-C03-02/01 and 2009-13906-C02-01); CIBER 06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición is an initiative of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-06) and Ingenio-CONSOLIDER program, Fun-cfood (CSD2007-063). M.U.-S. thanks the Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (CD09/00134), M.M. thanks the Ramon y Cajal program, R.Ll. thanks the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria program (FIS, CD06/00161), and N.K. thanks the FPU fellowship program, all from the Ministry of Science and Innovation. M.R.-R. thanks the FI-DGR2010 fellowship program from the Generalitat de Catalunya. R.E. is recipient of a grant from FIS, Madrid, Spain.Peer reviewe