Detection of reactive canines to Leptospira in Campeche City, Mexico

ABSTRACT Leptospira reactivity in stray and household dogs in Campeche as well as associated risk factors to the seropositivity in household dogs have been herein determined. the survey included 323 dogs, 142 of which were stray dogs and 181 household dogs. nine Leptospira interrogans serovars were tested by the microagglutination test. reactivity was 21.3 % (69/323), 17.2 % corresponded to household dogs and 26.7 % to stray dogs. Leptospira Canicola (29 %), Leptospira hardjo (22.58 %), and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (16.12 %) were the most common serovars reacting against the serum of household animals, while Leptospira Canicola (15.78 %), Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (13.15 %), and Leptospira Pomona (7.89 %) were those reacting in stray dogs. results showed that all dogs have been in contact with different Leptospira serovars and outdoor exposure is the main infection risk factor. Key words: seroreactivity, Leptospira, dogs, urban area RESUMEN Detección de caninos reaccionantes a Leptospira en la ciudad de Campeche, México. Se determinó la reactividad frente a distintos serovares de Leptospira de 142 perros callejeros y 181 perros domésticos de la ciudad de Campeche, así como los factores de riesgo asociados a la serorreactividad de los perros domésticos. Se utilizaron 9 serovares de Leptospira interrogans en la prueba de microaglutinación. la reactividad global a Leptospira fue del 21,3 % (69/323), alcanzó el 17,2 % en perros domiciliados y el 26,7 % en perros callejeros. las serovariedades que reaccionaron a los sueros de caninos domésticos fueron Leptospira Canicola (29 %), Leptospira hardjo (22,58 %) y Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (16,12 %); las que reaccionaron a los sueros de perros callejeros fueron Leptospira Canicola (15,78 %), Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (13,15 %) y Leptospira Pomona (7,89 %). los resultados indican que todos los perros evaluados han estado en contacto con diferentes serovares de Leptospira y que la calle es el principal factor de riesgo para la infección. Palabras clave: serorreactividad, Leptospira, perros, área urbana leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis that is frequently found in tropical areas where spread conditions are favorable; as a result it is considered a public health concern. leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira interrogans affecting man and some wild and domestic animals, which include cows, pigs, horses, sheep, dogs, cats as well as rodents such as mice and rats; the latter being considered the main Leptospira reservoirs transmission occurs by direct contact with contaminated urine or indirectly through soil and water which has been contaminated by the urine of the above mentioned animals. even though rodents are considered the main reservoir, dogs could have epidemiological relevance due to their close association with man in non occupational environments. recent studies carried out in countries like Colombia have shown a prevalence of 20 % in household dogs (8) and in aragua, Venezuela, a INFORME BREVE iSSn 0325-7541 revista argentina de microbiología (2013) 45: 34-38 35 prevalence of 100 % in stray dogs (4). on the other hand, in mexico, a prevalence of 23 % was reported in household dogs in Jalisco (9), of 38.51 % in stray dogs in the north of mexico City (6), whereas in the Southeast of mexico, that is, Chiapas, a seropositivity of 23 % in household dogs, 55 % in stray dogs (15) and 30.5 % in reservoirs of livestock in the State of Yucatan (1). the objective of this study was to determine Leptospira reactivity in stray and household dogs in the City of Campeche, as well as the serovars and risk factors associated with seroreactivity in household dogs. the State of Campeche is located at 20°51'n, 17°49'S, 89°9'e and 92°28'W on the Yucatan Peninsula, mexico. Campeche, its capital city, lies along the coast line. it has annual temperature and precipitation averages of 28 ºC and 300 mm, respectively. the studied population included stray dogs captured by the Vector-Borne and zoonotic disease department staff of the health ministry and evaluated by a veterinarian. the sample size was based on a proportion of 30 % close to the average prevalence in the States of Chiapas and Yucatan. these states are located in the tropical regions of southeast mexico, as Campeche is, favoring the growth and development of Leptospira. on the other hand, based on their epidemiological experience, experts from the department of health suggested the usage of 30 % prevalence to make an efficient use of resources for this study since there exists no difference between sampling at 30 % or 50 %. Based on information from the department of Vector-Borne and zoonotic diseases, the total canine population in the city is estimated at 57,000 canines. (ing. Carlos Chi tun, personal communication). the required sample size (n = 323) was determined by the proportion method, through the formula n = z 2 . p.q /d 2 , where z 2 = 1.96 for 95 % confidence, p = 30 % prevalence, q = 1-p = 0.7 is the expected variability of the phenomenon to be studied, and d = 5 % is the precision grade. Blood samples were taken from those household dogs whose owners had granted veterinarian permission, and had answered the relevant questionnaire. Canines vaccinated against Leptospira were excluded. a sample of 5 ml of venous blood was taken from all dogs. the samples were analyzed by the Biomed research Center at the university of Campeche. the blood samples were centrifuged at 800 x g for 10 minutes to obtain serum, which was stored at -20 °C until processing. a total of 9 Leptospira interrogans serovars: icterohaemorrhagiae and L. grippotyphosa, were used as antigens for the microscopic agglutination test as these are the serovars most commonly studied in canines in mexico. the cultures were donated by the Veterinary School at unam. Serum was positive when agglutination equal to or greater than 50 % of Leptospira was observed in a 1:100 diluted serum, using an antigen control for each serovar descriptive statistics were used to analyze data using frequency distributions. X 2 (chi square test) was used to determine the association between seropositivity and each of the qualitative variables compiled in the survey at a significant level of p < 0.05 and confidence intervals. a total of 323 canine serums were studied, 181 of which (56 %) were from household dogs and 142 (44 %) were from stray dogs. the overall seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 21.3 % (69/323) positive at titres of 100, 200 and 400 for one or more serovars, 17.2 % (31/181) of which were household dogs and 26.7 % (38/142) were stray dogs. the highest titre was 400 which corresponded to an L. Canicola serovar, found in a stray dog serum. the most commonly detected antibodies in household dogs were against L. Canicola 29 % (9/31), followed by L. hardjo 22.58 % (7/31), L. icterohaemorrhagiae 16.12 % (5/31), L. Pomona 9.67 % (3/31), L. Bataviae 9.67 % (3/31) and L. grippothyphosa 3.22 % (1/31). Coagglutinations were observed in 9.67 % of positive serums, 66.66 % of which showed a titre of 100 and 33.33 % showed a titre of 200. regarding the stray dogs, the most frequent antibodies found were against L. Canicola 15.78 % (6/38), followed by L. icterohaemorrhagiae 13.15 % (5/38), L. Pomona 7.89 % (3/38), L. Bataviae 5.26 % (2/38), L. grippothyphosa 1.38 % (1/38) and L. hardjo 2.63 % (1/38). Coagglutination was shown in 52.63 % of positive serums. the most frequent titre was 100 with 87 %, followed by 10.52 % at 200 and 2.63 % at 400. Serum agglutination was not observed against L. tarassovi, L. Pyrogenes, and L. Sejroe serovars. after evaluating the survey data obtained, where 7 variables were included as risk factors, it was found, according to the bi-factorial analysis, that the factors significantly associated (p < 0.05) with seropositivity were exposure of household dogs to the street, the location of ditches near the homes as well as coexistence with other dogs (the complete list of risk factors analyzed is shown in table 1). the study confirmed the presence of Leptospira reactivity in the canine population and determined a seroreactivity of 21.3 % (69/323) against diverse serovars. this reactivity was higher in stray dogs (26.7 %) than in household dogs (17.2 %). Similar studies in aragua, Venezuela found 100 % (30/30) seroprevalence, Canines reacting to Leptospira in Campeche City. 36 revista argentina de microbiología (2013) 45: 34-38 being L. Canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. hardjo the most frequent serovars (4). in Cali, Colombia, 41.1 % seroprevalence was found and the most frequent serovars were L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. hardjo, L. Gryppotyphosa and L. Canicola (7). in maringa, Brazil a prevalence of 12.2 % was found in 335 canines, being L. Pyrogenes, L. Canicola, L. hardjo, L. Pomona and L. grippotyphosa the serovars found (3). in itapema, Brazil a seroprevalence of 10.5 % was found in 590 canines and L. Pyrogenes, L. Canicola and L. icterohaemorrhagiae serovars were detected (2). in mexico City, the seroprevalence was 38.51 % (52/135) and the serovars detected were L. Canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. hardjo and L. Pomona (6). the seroreactivity in stray dogs in this study differed from that in the study mentioned before; however, there is a concordance with the serovars in those studies with the exception of L. Pyrogenes. it was observed that seroreactivity varies from one region to another, where the climate can be an important factor that affects Leptospira prevalence (2). in manizales, Colombia, dogs observed by veterinaries, showed a seropositivity of 20.5 % (41/200), where the main serovars represented were L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. grippotyphosa, L. Canicola and L. Pomona (10); in Valdivia, Chile there was a prevalence of 14.8 % (59/400) and the mos

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

The Influence of Drying Temperatures on the Metabolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Manilkara zapota Leaves

In the present study, the leaves of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (Sapotaceae), an evergreen tree recognized for its medicinal properties in Southern Mexico, were used as a model to study the effect of different drying temperatures on its metabolic profile and therefore, its antioxidant potential. For this purpose, a methanol extraction of leaves dried at room temperature (25 °C) or by heat convection (50, 75 and 100 °C) were compared in terms of drying efficiency, yield of extraction, total phenol content, 1H-NMR metabolic profile, and DPPH antioxidant activity. The drying curves enabled the fact to be uncovered that drying efficiency improves with increase of temperature, as does the level of total phenols and antioxidant activity. A metabolomics approach using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of the corresponding 1H-NMR profiles allowed the impact of the drying temperature on their metabolic profile to be documented and also, caffeic acid and epicatechin as main secondary metabolites contributing to the antioxidant activity of M. zapota to be identified

Detection of reactive canines to Leptospira in Campeche City, Mexico Detección de caninos reaccionantes a Leptospira en la ciudad de Campeche, México

Leptospira reactivity in stray and household dogs in Campeche as well as associated risk factors to the seropositivity in household dogs have been herein determined. The survey included 323 dogs, 142 of which were stray dogs and 181 household dogs. Nine Leptospira interrogans serovars were tested by the microagglutination test. Reactivity was 21.3 % (69/323), 17.2 % corresponded to household dogs and 26.7 % to stray dogs. Leptospira Canicola (29 %), Leptospira Hardjo (22.58 %), and Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae (16.12 %) were the most common serovars reacting against the serum of household animals, while Leptospira Canicola (15.78 %), Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae (13.15 %), and Leptospira Pomona (7.89 %) were those reacting in stray dogs. Results showed that all dogs have been in contact with different Leptospira serovars and outdoor exposure is the main infection risk factor

A snapshot of antimicrobial resistance in Mexico. Results from 47 centers from 20 states during a six-month period.

AIM:We aimed to assess the resistance rates of antimicrobial-resistant, in bacterial pathogens of epidemiological importance in 47 Mexican centers. MATERIAL AND METHODS:In this retrospective study, we included a stratified sample of 47 centers, covering 20 Mexican states. Selected isolates considered as potential causatives of disease collected over a 6-month period were included. Laboratories employed their usual methods to perform microbiological studies. The results were deposited into a database and analyzed with the WHONET 5.6 software. RESULTS:In this 6-month study, a total of 22,943 strains were included. Regarding Gram-negatives, carbapenem resistance was detected in ≤ 3% in Escherichia coli, 12.5% in Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp., and up to 40% in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; in the latter, the resistance rate for piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) was as high as 19.1%. In Acinetobacter sp., resistance rates for cefepime, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, and TZP were higher than 50%. Regarding Gram-positives, methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was as high as 21.4%, and vancomycin (VAN) resistance reached up to 21% in Enterococcus faecium. Acinetobacter sp. presented the highest multidrug resistance (53%) followed by Klebsiella sp. (22.6%) and E. coli (19.4%). CONCLUSION:The multidrug resistance of Acinetobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and E. coli and the carbapenem resistance in specific groups of enterobacteria deserve special attention in Mexico. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and MRSA are common in our hospitals. Our results present valuable information for the implementation of measures to control drug resistance

Compilación de Proyectos de Investigacion de 1984-2002

Instituto Politecnico Nacional. UPIICS