Corte Interamericana de DDHH. Sentencias: obligatoriedad de sus criterios jurisprudenciales en el Derecho Interno Argentino

El presente trabajo analiza la obligatoriedad y el impacto de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en el derecho interno Argentino y la responsabilidad internacional en la que incurre el Estado condenado por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. El documento se centra en el estudio de: la posibilidad de acceder a este órgano supranacional, los mecanismos de reparación a las víctimas y sus familiares, la forma y cuantía de la indemnización, las obligaciones de hacer de los Estados condenados y el análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial, en especial del caso Bulacio vs. Argentina, en el cual nuestro país resultó condenado. La importancia de esta investigación radica en la posibilidad de conocer que contamos con un órgano supranacional para la protección y defensa de los Derechos Humanos, de qué manera funciona la Corte y la Comisión, y que Argentina tiene el deber de acatar sus pronunciamientos por haber incorporado la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos a nuestra Constitución Nacional. El respeto de los derechos humanos, además de una obligación de no hacer, supone para los Estados obligaciones de hacer que se expresan en el deber de prevenir, investigar y sancionar cualquier violación a los derechos humanos

Familias de Acogimiento : prácticas y experiencias en torno al cuidado

Tesis[Licenciatura]--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 2021.La tesis fue elaborada a partir de la inserción en la Secretaría de Niñez, Adolescencia y Familia, dentro del programa Familias para Familias. Con la elaboración de un marco teórico este trabajo se centró en los procesos organizativos y en las prácticas de cuidado que se desarrollan en las familias de acogimiento a partir de la incorporación de una niña o niño. Se enfatiza en el Trabajo Social familiar como un campo relevante para el análisis. Sin dejar de tener en cuenta el contexto socio-sanitario derivado de la pandemia por COVID-19, como un factor determinante al momento de tomar decisiones y definir estrategias.Fil: Benítez Barreix, Vanina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Licenciatura en Trabajo Social; Argentina.Fil: Chavez, María Noelia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Licenciatura en Trabajo Social; Argentina

Community mobilization to strengthen support for appropriate and timely use of antenatal and postnatal care: A review of reviews.

BACKGROUND: Antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC) are critical opportunities for women, babies and parents/families to receive quality care and support from health services. Community-based interventions may improve the accessibility, availability, and acceptance of this vital care. For example, community mobilization strategies have been used to involve and collaborate with women, families and communities to improve maternal and newborn health. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize existing reviews of evidence on community mobilization strategies that strengthen support for appropriate and timely use of ANC and PNC. METHODS: Six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Cochrane Library, PROSPERO) were searched for published reviews that describe community mobilization related strategies for ANC and/or PNC. Reviews were eligible for inclusion if they described any initiatives or strategies targeting the promotion of ANC and/or PNC uptake that included an element of community mobilization in a low- or middle-income country (LMIC), published after 2000. Included reviews were critically appraised according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Evidence Syntheses. This review of reviews was conducted following JBI guidelines for undertaking and reporting umbrella reviews. RESULTS: In total 23 papers, representing 22 reviews were included. While all 22 reviews contained some description of community mobilization and ANC/PNC, 13 presented more in-depth details on the community mobilization processes and relevant outcomes. Seventeen reviews focused on ANC, four considered both ANC and PNC, and only one focused on PNC. Overall, 16 reviews reported at least one positive association between community mobilization activities and ANC/PNC uptake, while five reviews presented primary studies with no statistically significant change in ANC uptake and one included a primary study with a decrease in use of antenatal facilities. The community mobilization activities described by the reviews ranged from informative, passive communication to more active, participatory approaches that included engaging individuals or consulting local leaders and community members to develop priorities and action plans. CONCLUSIONS: While there is considerable momentum around incorporating community mobilization activities in maternal and newborn health programs, such as improving community support for the uptake of ANC and PNC, there is limited evidence on the processes used. Furthermore, the spectrum of terminology and variation in definitions should be harmonized to guide the implementation and evaluation efforts

SIMONEV: Visual Neonatal Monitoring System - A Dashboard for managing highly complex patients

In 2019, based on R&D+i work between the Universidad Nacional del Sur and the General Dr. José Penna Interzonal Hospital, a neonatal monitoring system called SIMONE was developed to help reduce the incidence of safety problems in neonatal care. In this article, we present SIMONEV, an extension of SIMONE that integrates a visualization dashboard for the control of patients and critical processes in the hospital’s Neonatal Intensive Care Units. SIMONEV is a free and open-source visualization dashboard that allows the Hospital staff to easily follow statistics and indicators from patients at the neonatal intensive care units. Through this dashboard, a visual representation of statistics, monitoring information, and instrument indicators on patients is presented to the professionals. For this, a series of visualizations were proposed, where data collected by SIMONE is monitored through visual resources and interactions. The proposed software was implemented on the web through technologies such as Angular and Firebase under an open-source policy.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Qualitative Evidence Synthesis (QES) for Guidelines: Paper 3 – Using qualitative evidence syntheses to develop implementation considerations and inform implementation processes

Background: This is the third in a series of three papers describing the use of qualitative evidence syntheses (QES) to inform the development of clinical and health systems guidelines. WHO has recognised the need to improve its guideline methodology to ensure that decision-making processes are transparent and evidence based, and that the resulting recommendations are relevant and applicable to end users. In addition to the standard data on effectiveness, WHO guidelines increasingly use evidence derived from QES to provide information on acceptability and feasibility and to develop important implementation considerations. Methods: WHO convened a group drawn from the technical teams involved in formulating recent (2010–2018) guidelines employing QES. Using a pragmatic and iterative approach that included feedback from WHO staff and other stakeholders, the group reflected on, discussed and identified key methods and research implications from designing QES and using the resulting findings in guideline development. As members of WHO guideline technical teams, our aim in this paper is to explore how we have used findings from QES to develop implementation considerations for these guidelines. Results: For each guideline, in addition to using systematic reviews of effectiveness, the technical teams used QES to gather evidence of the acceptability and feasibility of interventions and, in some cases, equity issues and the value people place on different outcomes. This evidence was synthesised using standardised processes. The teams then used the QES to identify implementation considerations combined with other sources of information and input from experts. Conclusions: QES were useful sources of information for implementation considerations. However, several issues for further development remain, including whether researchers should use existing health systems frameworks when developing implementation considerations; whether researchers should take confidence in the evidence into account when developing implementation considerations; whether qualitative evidence that reveals implementation challenges should lead guideline panels to make conditional recommendations or only point to implementation considerations; and whether guideline users find it helpful to have challenges pointed out to them or whether they also need solutions. Finally, we need to explore how QES findings can be incorporated into derivative products to aid implementation

Qualitative Evidence Synthesis (QES) for Guidelines: Paper 2 – Using qualitative evidence synthesis findings to inform evidence-to-decision frameworks and recommendations

Background: WHO has recognised the need to improve its guideline methodology to ensure that guideline decision-making processes are transparent and evidence based, and that the resulting recommendations are relevant and applicable. To help achieve this, WHO guidelines now typically enhance intervention effectiveness data with evidence on a wider range of decision-making criteria, including how stakeholders value different outcomes, equity, gender and human rights impacts, and the acceptability and feasibility of interventions. Qualitative evidence syntheses (QES) are increasingly used to provide evidence on this wider range of issues. In this paper, we describe and discuss how to use the findings from QES to populate decision-making criteria in evidence-to-decision (EtD) frameworks. This is the second in a series of three papers that examines the use of QES in developing clinical and health system guidelines. Methods: WHO convened a writing group drawn from the technical teams involved in its recent (2010–2018) guidelines employing QES. Using a pragmatic and iterative approach that included feedback from WHO staff and other stakeholders, the group reflected on, discussed and identified key methods and research implications from designing QES and using the resulting findings in guideline development. Results: We describe a step-wise approach to populating EtD frameworks with QES findings. This involves allocating findings to the different EtD criteria (how stakeholders value different outcomes, equity, acceptability and feasibility, etc.), weaving the findings into a short narrative relevant to each criterion, and inserting this summary narrative into the corresponding ‘research evidence’ sections of the EtD. We also identify areas for further methodological research, including how best to summarise and present qualitative data to groups developing guidelines, how these groups draw on different types of evidence in their decisions, and the extent to which our experiences are relevant to decision-making processes in fields other than health. Conclusions: This paper shows the value of incorporating QES within a guideline development process, and the roles that qualitative evidence can play in integrating the views and experiences of relevant stakeholders, including groups who may not be otherwise represented in the decision-making process

Experiences in aligning WHO SMART guidelines to classification and terminology standards

Objectives Digital adaptation kits (DAKs) distill WHO guidelines for digital use by representing them as workflows, data dictionaries and decision support tables. This paper aims to highlight key lessons learnt in coding data elements of the antenatal care (ANC) and family planning DAKs to standardised classifications and terminologies (CATs).Methods We encoded data elements within the ANC and family planning DAKs to standardised CATs from the WHO CATs and other freely available CATs.Results The coding process demonstrated approaches to refine the data dictionaries and enhance alignment between data elements and CATs.Discussion Applying CATs to WHO clinical and public health guidelines can ensure that recommendations are operationalised in a digital system with appropriate consistency and clarity. This requires a multidisciplinary team and careful review to achieve conceptual equivalence between data elements and standardised terminologies.Conclusion The systematic translation of guidelines into digital systems provides an opportunity for leveraging CATs; however, this approach needs further exploration into its implementation in country contexts and transition into machine-readable components

Accuracy of a smartphone application for blood pressure estimation in Bangladesh, South Africa, and Tanzania

Abstract Undetected and unmonitored hypertension carries substantial mortality and morbidity, especially during pregnancy. We assessed the accuracy of OptiBPTM, a smartphone application for estimating blood pressure (BP), across diverse settings. The study was conducted in community settings: Gaibandha, Bangladesh and Ifakara, Tanzania for general populations, and Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital, South Africa for pregnant populations. Based on guidance from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 81,060–2:2018 for non-invasive BP devices and global consensus statement, we compared BP measurements taken by two independent trained nurses on a standard auscultatory cuff to the BP measurements taken by a research version of OptiBPTM called CamBP. For ISO criterion 1, the mean error was 0.5 ± 5.8 mm Hg for the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 0.1 ± 3.9 mmHg for the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in South Africa; 0.8 ± 7.0 mmHg for the SBP and −0.4 ± 4.0 mmHg for the DBP in Tanzania; 3.3 ± 7.4 mmHg for the SBP and −0.4 ± 4.3 mmHg for the DBP in Bangladesh. For ISO criterion 2, the average standard deviation of the mean error per subject was 4.9 mmHg for the SBP and 3.4 mmHg for the DBP in South Africa; 6.3 mmHg for the SBP and 3.6 mmHg for the DBP in Tanzania; 6.4 mmHg for the SBP and 3.8 mmHg for the DBP in Bangladesh. OptiBPTM demonstrated accuracy against ISO standards in study populations, including pregnant populations, except in Bangladesh for SBP (criterion 2). Further research is needed to improve performance across different populations and integration within health systems

La ruta hacia el crecimiento sostenible en la República Dominicana: Fiscalidad, competitividad, institucionalidad y electricidad

Esta obra es una publicación elaborada por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo para el diálogo de políticas con las autoridades de la República Dominicana. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en contribuir a la profundización del análisis de algunos de los temas que integran la agenda de desarrollo, con miras a promover el diálogo y la búsqueda de soluciones a los principales retos que actualmente enfrenta el país. En la fiscalidad, competitividad, electricidad e institucionalidad se concentran las acciones de política económica prioritarias, de allí que constituyan los ejes integradores del análisis presentado en esta obra. En esencia, se plantea que realizar reformas en estas áreas permitirá al país mantener la estabilidad macroeconómica, acelerar la reducción de la pobreza, profundizar su inserción competitiva al mundo globalizado y mejorar el funcionamiento de sus instituciones