Initial Assessment of a Forgotten Minority Community: Key Informant's Perceptions of Environmental Health in Fresno, Texas

Background. Environmental hazards are increasingly being detected in minority and low-income communities. The Fresno, Texas community is located near Houston, Texas, and many of its residents are ethnic minorities and of low socioeconomic status. While Fresno residents have voiced concerns about long-standing undocumented environmental hazards, the extent to which the concerns were accurate was unclear. As an initial assessment of environmental exposure hazards, key informant interviews of residents and officials were conducted to examine the perceptions of environmental exposures and associated health effects in the Fresno community. Results. The responses about perceived environmental exposures and the extent of access to primary healthcare were similar between residents and officials. The key informants identified inadequate public water supply and possible groundwater contamination as sources of potential environmental exposures and agreed that access to primary healthcare was a major problem in the Fresno area. However, Fresno residents and officials had contrasting perceptions about the overall health of the community, the existence of community-based organizations, strengths and barriers of the community, and how well environmental concerns were addressed. Methods. Qualitative methodology was used to conduct key informant interviews of seven residents and five elected or assigned officials who serve residents of Fresno. An interview guide designed to obtain information on potential environmental hazards and associated health effects was utilized to collect qualitative data that were then utilized to identify recurrent themes and dissimilarities of responses. Conclusions. The responses obtained in this study suggest that potential environmental exposures may be present in this community. However, although residents and officials identified access to primary healthcare as a barrier to residing in Fresno, residents and officials had differing perceptions of the overall heath status of the Fresno community. These findings must be further investigated to develop additional qualitative and quantitative studies that will validate the preliminary findings of this study and begin to accurately measure contaminant levels and health status in Fresno residents

Community-Based Participatory Research and Gene-Environment Interaction Methodologies Addressing Environmental Justice among Migrant and Seasonal Farmworker Women and Children in Texas: "From Mother to Child Project"

The “From Mother to Child Project” is a molecular epidemiological study that employs a communitybased participatory research (CBPR) approach and gene-environment interaction research to address environmental justice in migrant and seasonal farmworker (MSF) women and children of Mexican origin home-based in Baytown and La Joya, Texas. This paper presents the background and rationale for the study and describes the study design and methodology. Preliminary data showed that MSF women and children in Texas have measurable levels of pesticides in their blood and urine, some of which were banned in the United States decades ago and are possible human carcinogens. Polymorphisms in genes involved in chemical detoxification and DNA repair have been associated with susceptibility to genetic damage and cancer development in populations exposed to environmental toxins. The “From Mother to Child Project” is testing three hypotheses: (1) MSF women and children who are occupationally exposed to pesticides are at higher risk for DNA damage than are non-exposed women and children. (2) Both, the extent of pesticide exposure and type of polymorphisms in chemical detoxification and DNA repair genes contribute to the extent of DNA damage observed in study participants. (3) The mutagenic potency levels measured in the organic compounds extracted from the urine and serum of study participants will correlate with the total concentrations of pesticides and with the measured DNA damage in study participants. The study will enroll 800 participants: 200 MSF mother-child pairs; 200 children (one per family) whose parents have never worked in agriculture, matched with the MSF children by ethnicity, age ± 2 years, gender, and city of residence; and these children’s mothers. Personal interviews with the mothers are used to gather data for both mothers and children on sociodemographic characteristics; pesticide exposure at work and home; medical and reproductive history; dietary assessment, and lifestyle factors. Blood and urine samples are collected from each participant and analyzed for (1) organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide levels, (2) genetic polymorphisms of chemical detoxification and DNA repair genes, (3) DNA damage (chromosomal aberrations), and (4) the mutagenic potential of pesticides in the serum and urine. Recruitment and data collection in Baytown is near completion, and over one third of the target population for the La Joya study site

Relationship of sclerostin and secreted frizzled protein polymorphisms with bone mineral density: an association study with replication in postmenopausal women

Objectives.- Secreted frizzled-related protein and sclerostin, encoded by FRZB and SOST genes, respectively, are extracellular Wnt inhibitors that tend to decrease bone formation. The purpose of this study was to explore the association of sets of polymorphisms capturing common variations of these genes with bone mineral density (BMD). Methods.- Twelve polymorphic loci of the FRZB gene and 7 of the SOST gene were genotyped in postmenopausal women from two Spanish regions (Cantabria, n=1043, and Valencia, n=342). The polymorphisms included tagging SNPs and SNPs with possible functional consequences assessed in silico. Results.-The rs4666865 polymorphism of the FRZB gene was associated with spine BMD in the Cantabria cohort in the single-locus (p=0.008) and the haplotypic analysis. However, the results were not replicated in the Valencia cohort. Several polymorphisms at the 5´region of the SOST gene, and particularly rs851056, were associated with BMD in women from both cohorts (p=0.002 in Cantabria and 0.005 in Valencia). When the results of both cohorts were combined, the mean BMD difference across rs851056 genotypes was 47 mg/cm2 or 0.31 standard deviations (p<0.001). No differences in FRZB and SOST expression was detected across genotypes. Conclusions.- Polymorphisms in the 5’ region of SOST gene are associated with BMD in postmenopausal women, and consequently contribute to explain in part the hereditary influence on bone mass

Environmental variables affecting an arid coastal nebkha

Foredunes in arid coastal dune systems comprise nebkhas, which originate by interactions between vegetation and aeolian sedimentation. While continuous foredunes in temperate climates have been widely studied, knowledge of interactions between biotic and abiotic drivers in foredunes formed by nebkha is still scarce. With the aim of exploring variables affecting arid foredunes, a range of morphological, sedimentological, and vegetation characteristics were measured on a single nebkha formed by a Traganum moquinii plant located in the foredune of Caleta de Famara beach (Lanzarote, Canary Islands). Variables were sampled at 120 plots in a 0.5 × 0.5 m square grid. A two-step process using multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses was developed to characterize 1) the influence that morphological variables and distance from the sea have on plant and sediment patterns on nebkha, and 2) the influence of plants on depositional sediment characteristics. Results indicate close relationships between distance from the sea, plant coverage, and sediment patterns. Empirical results were used to develop a conceptual model that explains the spatial distribution of bio- and geo-morphological characteristics of an arid nebkha foredune.Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness contract (BES-2017-082733

Association of aromatase and estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms with hip fractures

Producción CientíficaSummary Two polymorphisms of the aromatase and estrogen receptor genes appeared to interact to influence the risk of hip fractures in women. Introduction Allelic variants of the aromatase gene have been associated with bone mineral density and vertebral fractures. Our objective was to analyze the relationship between two polymorphisms of the aromatase and estrogen receptor genes and hip fracture

Urinary CXCL10 specifically relates to HLA-DQ eplet mismatch load in kidney transplant recipients

Background: Urinary CXCL10 (uCXCL10) is associated with graft inflammation and graft survival, but the factors related to its excretion are not well known. HLA molecular matching at epitope level allow estimating the "dissimilarity" between donor and recipient HLA more precisely, being better related to further transplant outcomes. The relationship between uCXCL10 and HLA molecular mismatch has not been previously explored. Methods: HLA class I and class II typing of some 65 recipients and their donors was retrospectively performed by high resolution sequence-specific-primer (Life Technologies, Brown Deer, WI). The HLA-Matchmaker 3.1 software was used to assess eplet matching. Urine samples collected on the day of the 1-year surveillance biopsy were available of these 65 patients. uCXCL10 was measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay kit. Results: 1-year uCXCL10 was independently associated with HLA-DQB1 eplet mismatch load (b 0.300, 95%CI 0.010-0.058, p = 0.006). Kidney transplant recipients with a HLA-DQB1 eplet mismatch load >3 showed higher values of uCXCL10 at 1-year (p = 0.018) than those with 3 with subclinical AbMR had significantly higher levels of the logarithm of 1-year uCXCL10 (No AbMR 0.88, IQR 0.37; AbMR 1.38, IQR 0.34, p = 0.002) than those without AbMR. Conclusions: uCXCL10 specifically relates to HLA-DQ eplet mismatch load. This relationship can partly explain the previously reported association between uCXCL10 excretion and graft inflammation. An adequate evaluation of any potential non-invasive biomarker, such as uCXCL10, must take into account the HLA molecular mismatch.This research was funded by grants for Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias-ISCIII (PI14/00378, PI16/01585, PI20/01710), RedinRen (RD16/0009/0027), and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL, TRANSVAL18/01)

Workplace, Household, and Personal Predictors of Pesticide Exposure for Farmworkers

In this article we identify factors potentially associated with pesticide exposure among farmworkers, grade the evidence in the peer-reviewed literature for such associations, and propose a minimum set of measures necessary to understand farmworker risk for pesticide exposure. Data sources we reviewed included Medline, Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and AGRI-COLA databases. Data extraction was restricted to those articles that reported primary data collection and analysis published in 1990 or later. We read and summarized evidence for pesticide exposure associations. For data synthesis, articles were graded by type of evidence for association of risk factor with pesticide exposure as follows: 1 = association demonstrated in farmworkers; 2 = association demonstrated in nonfarmworker sample; 3 = plausible association proposed for farmworkers; or 4 = association plausible but not published for farmworkers. Of more than 80 studies we identified, only a third used environmental or biomarker evidence to document farmworker exposure to pesticides. Summaries of articles were compiled by level of evidence and presented in tabular form. A minimum list of data to be collected in farmworker pesticide studies was derived from these evidence tables. Despite ongoing concern about pesticide exposure of farmworkers and their families, relatively few studies have tried to test directly the association of behavioral and environmental factors with pesticide exposure in this population. Future studies should attempt to use similar behavioral, environmental, and psychosocial measures to build a body of evidence with which to better understand the risk factors for pesticide exposure among farmworkers

Endocrine disrupter chemicals affect the humoral antimicrobial activities of gilthead seabream males even upon the cease of the exposure

17α-ethynilestradiol (EE2) and tamoxifen (Tmx) are pollutants world-wide distributed in aquatic environments. Gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., is highlighted as a species model of intensively culture in anthropogenic disturbed environments. The effects of these pollutants on gilthead seabream reproduction and some immune responses have been described but, the humoral innate antimicrobial activities have never received attention. In this work we analysed the latest in the plasma of gilthead seabream males of different ages and reproductive stages treated with 0, 2.5, 5 or 50 μg EE2 or 100 μg Tmx g−1 food during different times of exposure and of reverting to commercial diet (recovery). The peroxidase and protease activities decreased as the spermatogenesis of the first reproductive cycle (RC) proceeded in control fish. However, only protease and antiprotease activities showed different level at different stages of the second RC in control fish, but showed scarce disruption in fish treated with EE2 or Tmx. Peroxidase and bactericide activities are more sensitive to EE2, than to Tmx. The effects induced by EE2 varied depending on the activity analyzed, the dose and the time of exposure and the reproductive stage and the age of the specimens.Versión del editor2,92

A Novel, Quick, and Reliable Smartphone-Based Method for Serum PSA Quantification: Original Design of a Portable Microfluidic Immunosensor-Based System

We describe a versatile, portable, and simple platform that includes a microfluidic electrochemical immunosensor for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection. It is based on the covalent immobilization of the anti-PSA monoclonal antibody on magnetic microbeads retained in the central channel of a microfluidic device. Image flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the magnetic microbeads. A direct sandwich immunoassay (with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated PSA antibody) served to quantify the cancer biomarker in serum samples. The enzymatic product was detected at -100 mV by amperometry on sputtered thin-film electrodes. Electrochemical reaction produced a current proportional to the PSA level, with a linear range from 10 pg mL(-1) to 1500 pg mL(-1). The sensitivity was demonstrated by a detection limit of 2 pg mL(-1) and the reproducibility by a coefficient of variation of 6.16%. The clinical performance of this platform was tested in serum samples from patients with prostate cancer (PCa), observing high specificity and full correlation with gold standard determinations. In conclusion, this analytical platform is a promising tool for measuring PSA levels in patients with PCa, offering a high sensitivity and reduced variability. The small platform size and low cost of this quantitative methodology support its suitability for the fast and sensitive analysis of PSA and other circulating biomarkers in patients. Further research is warranted to verify these findings and explore its potential application at all healthcare levels.Universidad Nacional de San Luis PROICO 22/Q241ANPCyT PICT 2018-04443 PICT-2015-2246 PICT-2015-1575 PICT-2014-1184 PICT-2014-0375 PICT-2018-04443Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) PIP 11220150100004COGENYOCentre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer-University of GranadaAndalusian Regional Government (Granada, Spain)ISCIII Health Research Institute P17/00989La Caixa FoundationHealth and Family Secretariat of the Andalusian Regional GovernmentSpanish GovernmentH2020-MSCA-IF-2019-89566

Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Total Fat and Fatty Acids, and Relationships with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years: Results of the EsNuPI Study

We aimed to determine the usual intake of total fat, fatty acids (FAs), and their main food sources in a representative cohort of the Spanish pediatric population aged 1 to <10 years (n = 707) who consumed all types of milk and an age-matched cohort who consumed adapted milk over the last year (including follow-on formula, toddler’s milk, growing-up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) (n = 741) who were participants in the EsNuPI study (in English, Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population). Dietary intake, measured through two 24 h dietary recalls, was compared to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN-FAO) recommendations. Both cohorts showed a high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), according to FAO recommendations, as there are no numerical recommendations for SFAs at EFSA. Also, low intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs; linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the n-3 series, mainly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were observed according to EFSA and FAO recommendations. The three main sources of total fat and different FAs were milk and dairy products, oils and fats, and meat and meat products. The consumption of adapted milk was one of the main factors associated with better adherence to the nutritional recommendations of total fat, SFAs, EFAs, PUFAs; and resulted as the main factor associated with better adherence to n-3 fatty acids intake recommendations. Knowledge of the dietary intake and food sources of total fat and FAs in children could help in designing and promoting effective and practical age-targeted guidelines to promote the consumption of EFA- and n-3 PUFA-rich foods in this stage of life