Applications of mango byproducts in the food industry

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Mango peels disinfection: its impact on microbiological safety, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity

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Mango peels disinfection: its impact on microbiological safety, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity

It is estimated that 15-25 million tonnes of mango peels and stones are produced annually. The incineration or deposition of these by-products in landfills represent a severe environmental problem. About 300 research papers were published in the last two decades about mango peels’ phytochemical composition, bioactive properties, processing and applications in the food industry. Most of them demonstrated that mango peels had a high potential to develop food ingredients or natural additives with high fiber and phenolic compounds content. Usually, mango peels processing into food ingredients/additives starts with a disinfectant washing to remove dirt particles and reduce microbial load. However, there is little information about the impact of washing conditions on mango peels’ composition and properties. This study aims to fill this lack of knowledge. Sodium hypochlorite (SH) and peracetic acid (PAA) are the most used disinfectants for washing food products. So, in this study, two Box-Behnken Designs were performed, one for each disinfectant. The impact of three washing variables (food product to disinfectant solution ratio (XA), SH or PAA concentration (XB) and disinfectant time (XC)), with 3-levels each (XA: 1:1, 1:5, 1:10 (kg:L); XBSH: 0, 100 and 200 mg/L; XBPAA: 0,40 and 80 mg/L; XC: 1, 10, 19 min) on total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total yeasts and moulds, dry matter, ash content, total phenolic compounds, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity through the DPPH and ABTS methods, was evaluated. The SH and PAA optimal disinfection conditions were determined, considering each parameter individually or performing a multi-criterion optimization. After, other batch of mango peels was washed according to SH and PAA optimal disinfection conditions. Besides analyses mentioned before, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus cereus and total protein were evaluated. Significant statistical models were found for all parameters analysed, excluding total yeast and moulds (not detected), ash content, and ABTS assay (in PAA Design). The increase of disinfectant concentration and disinfection time improved mango peels’ microbiological safety. However, high levels of these washing variables impaired dry matter, total carotenoids and antioxidant activity. More studies are needed about the effect of washing conditions on total phenolic compounds. According to multi-criterion optimization, the SH and PAA optimal washing conditions were XA=1:9 (kg:L), XB=200 mg/L, XC=90 s and XA=1:1 (kg:L), XB=27 mg/L and XC=19 min, respectively. The application of SH and PAA optimal washing conditions significantly improved the mango peels’ microbiological safety and did not cause marked changes on their phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Impact of washing and freezing on nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and microstructure of mango peels

Mango peels are widely produced and highly perishable. Disinfectant washing and freezing are among the most used methods to preserve foods. However, their impact on products’ properties is conditioned by the foods’ features. This study evaluated for the first time the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and microstructure of mango peels washed with peracetic acid (27 mg/mL for 19 min) and frozen at −20 °C for 30 days. Washing decreased the content of vitamin C (−7%), penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (−23 %), catechin (−30 %), and lutein (−24 %), but the antioxidant activity was preserved. Freezing changed mango peels’ microstructure, increased free phenolic compounds, namely acid gallic (+36 %) and catechin (+51 %), but reduced bound phenolic compounds (−12 % to −87 %), bound phenolic compounds’ antioxidant activity (−51 % to −72 %), and violaxanthin (−51 %). Both methods were considered adequate to conserve mango peels since fiber and the main bioactive compounds (free mangiferin, free gallic acid, and β-carotene) remained unchanged or increased.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Culinary and sensory traits diversity in the Spanish Core Collection of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The Spanish National Plant Genetic Resource Center’s core collection of bean germplasm includes 202 accessions selected from more than 3000 accessions in function of passport data, seed phenotype, genetic background, and agronomic traits. To acquire more useful information about these accessions, we cultivated and characterized them for sensory and culinary traits. We found considerable variation for culinary and sensory traits of the cooked beans (mean coefficients of variation: 41% for the sensory traits and 40% for the culinary traits). The large dataset enabled us to study correlations between sensory and culinary traits and among these traits and geographic origin, seed color, and growth habit. Greater proportion of white in the seed coat correlated positively with brightness and negatively with mealiness (r=0.60, r=-0.60, p<0.001, respectively). Mealiness correlated negatively with seed-coat roughness and rate of water absorption (r=-0.60, r=-0.53, p<0.001, respectively). Materials of Andean origin had lower seed-coat brightness (p<0.01) and seed-coat roughness, and greater seed-coat perceptibility, mealiness, flavor, and aroma (p<0.001) than materials of Mesoamerican origin. Growth habit failed to correlate with culinary or sensory traits. Breeders can benefit from the information about this core collection available at www.crf.inia.es/crfesp/paginaprincipaljudia.asp

Valorization of mushroom by-products as a source of value-added compounds and potential applications

Nowadays, the food sector is highly concerned with environmental issues and foreseen to develop strategies to reduce waste and losses resulting from activities developed in the food system. An approach is to increment added value to the agro-industrial wastes, which might provide economic growth and environmental protection, contributing to a circular economy. Mushroom by-products represent a disposal problem, but they are also promising sources of important compounds, which may be used due to their functional and nutritional properties. Research has been developed in diferent fields to obtain value added solutions for the by-products generated during mushroom production and processing. Bioactive compounds have been obtained and applied in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, other applications have been explored and include animal feed, fertilizer, bioremediation, energy production, bio-based materials, cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the relevant composition of mushroom by-products and discuss their potential as a source of functional compounds and other applications. Future research needs to explore pilot and industrial scale extraction methods to understand the technological feasibility and the economic sustainability of the bioactive compounds extraction and valorization towards diferent applications.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Impact of postharvest preservation methods on nutritional value and bioactive properties of mushrooms

Background: Mushrooms are a good source of protein, dietary fibre, vitamins, minerals and phenolic compounds. However, mushrooms are a very perishable food and the implementation of preservation methods is essential to extend their shelf-life. The preservation methods for mushrooms can be classified into three categories: thermal (drying/freezing), chemical (edible coatings, films and washing solutions) and physical (packing, irradiation, pulsed electric field and ultrasound) processes. These processes can change the nutritional value and bioactive properties of this commodity. Scope and approach: The goal of this review is to critically update and discuss the existing information about the effect of postharvest preservation methods on the nutritional value and bioactive properties of edible mushrooms. Key findings and conclusions: Drying, especially when high temperatures are applied, can cause the degradation of polysaccharides, proteins and flavour compounds. Freezing is one of the best methods to extend mushrooms’ shelf life but cause the loss of vitamins. Edible coatings and films improve the total sugar, ascorbic acid and bioactive compounds preservation during the storage period. Washing solutions decrease amino acids content. Gamma and electron-beam irradiation decrease the unsaturated fatty acid content, whereas UV-B irradiation significantly increases the vitamin D content. However, there is still limited information about the impact of chemical processes, packaging, pulsed electric field and ultrasound on the nutritional composition and bioactive properties of mushrooms, opening research opportunities for future. This review presents technological and economic alternatives that may support the mushroom processing industries to obtain value-added edible mushrooms and related products.The authors are grateful to the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), through the Rural Development Program (PDR2020), within the scope of Project MicoCoating [PDR2020-101- 031472] and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program (POCI), within the scope of project MicoBioExtract [POCI-01-0247-FEDER- 033939]. We would also like to thank the National Funds from FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through project UID/Multi/50016/2019, FCT/MEC (PIDDAC) - IF/00588/2015 and FCT individual PhD grant number SFRH/BD/145301/2019. The authors are also grateful to FCT, Portugal for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO [UIDB/00690/2020] and national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment programcontract for L. Barros.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Síndrome mielodisplásica: um relato de experiência a partir da enfermagem

It was aimed to report the therapeutic approach and nursing care provided during the hospitalization of a patient with the myelodisplastic syndrome. This is an experience report held in a southwest Goian hospital during February 2022. The choice of the subject was randomly and the experience occurred through four steps aimed at systematizing nursing care provided. In the first stage, the previous data, the physical and clinical picture of the patient, the observation of multiprofessional treatment and the elaboration of the nursing process were collected. Steps data were described in a pre-draft checklist containing the patient's sociodemographic variables and specific to the syndrome, their treatment and nursing care. The patient remained hospitalized for 20 days, in a semi -critical state, with multifaceted signs and symptoms, with severe infection and anemia. He had to use symptomatological pharmacological polytherapy, performed various laboratory and image tests and was supported by a multidisciplinary team. Nursing care occurred full-time in a systematized way. It was noticed that the syndrome is severe and complex, little known to health professionals and should be treated by specialized professionals.Objetivou-se relatar a abordagem terapêutica e os cuidados de enfermagem prestados durante a internação de um paciente acometido pela Síndrome Mielodisplásica. Trata-se de um relato de experiência realizada em um hospital do sudoeste goiano durante o mês de fevereiro de 2022. A escolha do sujeito foi de forma aleatória e a experiência ocorreu com por meio de quatro etapas visando a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem prestada. Na primeira etapa foram a coletadas os dados pregressos, a avaliação física e do quadro clínico do paciente, a observação do tratamento multiprofissional e a elaboração do processo de enfermagem. Os dados das etapas foram descritos em um checklist pré-elaborado contendo a variáveis sociodemográficas do paciente e específicas quanto a síndrome, seu tratamento e a assistência de enfermagem. O paciente permaneceu internado durante 20 dias, em estado semicrítico, com sinais e sintomas multifacetados, com quadro de infecção grave e anemia. Precisou utilizar politerapia farmacológica sintomatológica, realizou diversos exames laboratoriais e de imagem e contou com suporte de uma equipe multidisciplinar. A assistência de enfermagem ocorreu em tempo integral de forma sistematizada. Percebeu-se que a síndrome é grave e complexa, pouco conhecida pelos profissionais de saúde e que deveria ser tratada por profissionais especializados

Síndrome mielodisplásica: um relato de experiência a partir da enfermagem

It was aimed to report the therapeutic approach and nursing care provided during the hospitalization of a patient with the myelodisplastic syndrome. This is an experience report held in a southwest Goian hospital during February 2022. The choice of the subject was randomly and the experience occurred through four steps aimed at systematizing nursing care provided. In the first stage, the previous data, the physical and clinical picture of the patient, the observation of multiprofessional treatment and the elaboration of the nursing process were collected. Steps data were described in a pre-draft checklist containing the patient's sociodemographic variables and specific to the syndrome, their treatment and nursing care. The patient remained hospitalized for 20 days, in a semi -critical state, with multifaceted signs and symptoms, with severe infection and anemia. He had to use symptomatological pharmacological polytherapy, performed various laboratory and image tests and was supported by a multidisciplinary team. Nursing care occurred full-time in a systematized way. It was noticed that the syndrome is severe and complex, little known to health professionals and should be treated by specialized professionals.Objetivou-se relatar a abordagem terapêutica e os cuidados de enfermagem prestados durante a internação de um paciente acometido pela Síndrome Mielodisplásica. Trata-se de um relato de experiência realizada em um hospital do sudoeste goiano durante o mês de fevereiro de 2022. A escolha do sujeito foi de forma aleatória e a experiência ocorreu com por meio de quatro etapas visando a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem prestada. Na primeira etapa foram a coletadas os dados pregressos, a avaliação física e do quadro clínico do paciente, a observação do tratamento multiprofissional e a elaboração do processo de enfermagem. Os dados das etapas foram descritos em um checklist pré-elaborado contendo a variáveis sociodemográficas do paciente e específicas quanto a síndrome, seu tratamento e a assistência de enfermagem. O paciente permaneceu internado durante 20 dias, em estado semicrítico, com sinais e sintomas multifacetados, com quadro de infecção grave e anemia. Precisou utilizar politerapia farmacológica sintomatológica, realizou diversos exames laboratoriais e de imagem e contou com suporte de uma equipe multidisciplinar. A assistência de enfermagem ocorreu em tempo integral de forma sistematizada. Percebeu-se que a síndrome é grave e complexa, pouco conhecida pelos profissionais de saúde e que deveria ser tratada por profissionais especializados

Characterization of hepatitis B virus X gene quasispecies complexity in mono-infection and hepatitis delta virus superinfection

Hepatitis B X gene; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis delta virusHepatitis B gen X; Virus d'hepatitis B; Virus d'hepatitis deltaHepatitis B gen X; Virus de hepatitis B; Virus de hepatitis deltaBACKGROUND: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) seems to strongly suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, although little is known about the mechanism of this interaction. Both these viruses show a dynamic distribution of mutants, resulting in viral quasispecies. Next-generation sequencing is a viable approach for analyzing the composition of these mutant spectra. As the regulatory hepatitis B X protein (HBx) is essential for HBV replication, determination of HBV X gene (HBX) quasispecies complexity in HBV/HDV infection compared to HBV mono-infection may provide information on the interactions between these two viruses. AIM: To compare HBV quasispecies complexity in the HBX 5' region between chronic hepatitis delta (CHD) and chronic HBV mono-infected patients. METHODS: Twenty-four untreated patients were included: 7/24 (29.2%) with HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection (CI, previously termed inactive carriers), 8/24 (33.3%) with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 9/24 (37.5%) with CHD. A serum sample from each patient was first tested for HBV DNA levels. The HBX 5' region [nucleotides (nt) 1255-1611] was then PCR-amplified for subsequent next-generation sequencing (MiSeq, Illumina, United States). HBV quasispecies complexity in the region analyzed was evaluated using incidence-based indices (number of haplotypes and number of mutations), abundance-based indices (Hill numbers of order 1 and 2), and functional indices (mutation frequency and nucleotide diversity). We also evaluated the pattern of nucleotide changes to investigate which of them could be the cause of the quasispecies complexity. RESULTS: CHB patients showed higher median HBV-DNA levels [5.4 logIU/mL, interquartile range (IQR) 3.5-7.9] than CHD (3.4 logIU/mL, IQR 3-7.6) (P = n.s.) or CI (3.2 logIU/mL, IQR 2.3-3.5) (P < 0.01) patients. The incidence and abundance indices indicated that HBV quasispecies complexity was significantly greater in CI than CHB. A similar trend was observed in CHD patients, although only Hill numbers of order 2 showed statistically significant differences (CHB 2.81, IQR 1.11-4.57 vs CHD 8.87, 6.56-11.18, P = 0.038). There were no significant differences in the functional indices, but CI and CHD patients also showed a trend towards greater complexity than CHB. No differences were found for any HBV quasispecies complexity indices between CHD and CI patients. G-to-A and C-to-T nucleotide changes, characteristic of APOBEC3G, were higher in CHD and CI than in CHB in genotype A haplotypes, but not in genotype D. The proportion of nt G-to-A vs A-to-G changes and C-to-T vs T-to-C changes in genotype A and D haplotypes in CHD patients showed no significant differences. In CHB and CI the results of these comparisons were dependent on HBV genotype. CONCLUSION: The lower-replication CHD and CI groups show a trend to higher quasispecies complexity than the higher-replication CHB group. The mechanisms associated with this greater complexity require elucidation.Supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, grants PI15/00856 and PI17/02233; co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF