21 research outputs found
Smell and taste changes are early indicators of the COVID-19 pandemic and political decision effectiveness
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments have taken drastic measures to avoid an overflow of intensive care units. Accurate metrics of disease spread are critical for the reopening strategies. Here, we show that self-reports of smell/taste changes are more closely associated with hospital overload and are earlier markers of the spread of infection of SARS-CoV-2 than current governmental indicators. We also report a decrease in self-reports of new onset smell/taste changes as early as 5 days after lockdown enforcement. Cross-country comparisons demonstrate that countries that adopted the most stringent lockdown measures had faster declines in new reports of smell/taste changes following lockdown than a country that adopted less stringent lockdown measures. We propose that an increase in the incidence of sudden smell and taste change in the general population may be used as an indicator of COVID-19 spread in the population
Contribution de lâanthropologie sensorielle Ă lâĂ©tude du COVID-19
En rĂ©ponse Ă la pandĂ©mie COVID-19, de nombreux gouvernements ont pris des mesures sans prĂ©cĂ©dent pour Ă©viter un engorgement des unitĂ©s de rĂ©animation. En raison du lourd impact sociĂ©tal et Ă©conomique de ces initiatives, des indicateurs Ă©pidĂ©miologiques prĂ©cis de la propagation de la maladie sont essentiels aux autoritĂ©s de santĂ© publique. Dans le mĂȘme temps, la perturbation des perceptions des odeurs et du goĂ»t ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme lâun des symptĂŽmes les plus spĂ©cifiques de la maladie COV..
VariabilitĂ© interindividuelle dans lâexpĂ©rience olfactive : une approche interdisciplinaire
Odor perception is an essential function in humans, allowing for hazard prevention, food detection and social communication. However, this sense is often underestimated, especially regarding the ability to identify and describe odors through language. In this PhD, we aimed to better understand the subjective experience of smell, its diversity, and its neural correlates. To this end, we first introduced olfaction with its specificities and the importance of hedonics in odor perception. Then, we investigated interindividual variability in olfaction through a series of studies and showed that olfactory perception comprises both a shared and a diverse component depending on the odorants, with little effect of common factors of variation like age or sex. Also, we showed that the relation between chemical structure, receptors and perception of odors is influenced by the degree of interindividual variability, a finding important for the ongoing stimulus-percept issue in olfactory research. Through this bibliographic and experimental work, we show that there is a lack of reflection on the way we measure perception, and that its subjective nature has been under considered in contemporary research. We thus discuss the place of subjectivity in science and several methodologies that were proposed to better integrate first-person reports in experimental protocols. From these approaches, we set up a new study collecting unbiased subjective reports of odors, to construct a descriptive model of olfactory experience. We found that contrary to common belief, people can talk about odors, using references to diverse categories, including associated memories, qualitative description, source, impact, use and difficulty. With data mining, we were also able to get a fine-grained characterization a few perceptual profiles for the odors. Next, we considered the ongoing debate around the neural basis of consciousness, and the proposed methodologies to relate first-person data with cerebral activity measurements. Another study thus attempted to relate the subjective experience of odors with the evoked brain activity. The results open new ways to construct imaging protocols with a better inclusion of first-person accounts. In conclusion, we argue that subjective data has an important place in experimental research that it must be rigorously collected to fully understand human perception. We also emphasize the importance of integrating different disciplinary approaches to get a global picture of our objects of study.La perception olfactive est une fonction essentielle chez lâhumain, qui permet la prĂ©vention des dangers, la dĂ©tection de nourriture et la communication sociale. Cependant, ce sens est souvent sous-estimĂ©, en particulier au niveau des capacitĂ©s dâidentification et de description des odeurs par le langage. Dans cette thĂšse, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă mieux comprendre lâexpĂ©rience subjective des odeurs, sa diversitĂ© et ses corrĂ©lats neuronaux. Pour cela, nous avons tout dâabord prĂ©sentĂ© le sens olfactif avec ses spĂ©cificitĂ©s et lâimportance de la valence hĂ©donique dans la perception des odeurs. Ensuite, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© la variabilitĂ© interindividuelle en olfaction et nous avons montrĂ© que la perception olfactive comprend Ă la fois une composante universelle et une composante variable selon les odeurs, avec peu dâeffet de facteurs de variation bien connus en olfaction comme lâĂąge et le sexe. Nous avons Ă©galement montrĂ© que la relation entre la structure chimique, les rĂ©cepteurs et la perception des odeurs est influencĂ©e par le degrĂ© de variabilitĂ© interindividuelle, un rĂ©sultat important pour le problĂšme du stimulus-percept en recherche sur lâodorat. A travers ce travail bibliographique et expĂ©rimental, nous avons montrĂ© un manque de rĂ©flexion sur la maniĂšre de mesurer la perception, dont la nature subjective a Ă©tĂ© sous-Ă©tudiĂ©e dans la recherche scientifique contemporaine. Nous avons donc ensuite discutĂ© la place de la subjectivitĂ© en science, ainsi que plusieurs mĂ©thodologies proposĂ©es pour mieux intĂ©grer les donnĂ©es en premiĂšre personnes dans les protocoles expĂ©rimentaux. A partir de ces approches, nous avons mis en place une nouvelle expĂ©rience qui nous a permis de recueillir des discours subjectifs non biaisĂ©s sur les odeurs et de construire un modĂšle descriptif de lâexpĂ©rience olfactive. Nous avons trouvĂ© que, contrairement aux idĂ©es reçues, les individus sont capables de parler des odeurs et utilisent des rĂ©fĂ©rences Ă diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories, comme des souvenirs, descriptions qualitatives, sources, impacts, fonctions et difficultĂ©. Avec des algorithmes de data mining, nous avons Ă©galement pu caractĂ©riser de grands profils perceptifs pour les odeurs. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous avons Ă©voquĂ© le dĂ©bat encore en cours sur les bases neurales de la conscience, et les mĂ©thodes proposĂ©es pour relier donnĂ©es subjectivitĂ© et donnĂ©es dâimagerie cĂ©rĂ©brale. Une seconde expĂ©rience a donc cherchĂ© Ă relier lâexpĂ©rience subjective des odeurs avec lâactivitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale Ă©voquĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats ouvrent la voie pour de nouveaux protocoles expĂ©rimentaux incluant des donnĂ©es en premiĂšre personne plus prĂ©cises. Nous concluons que les donnĂ©es subjectives ont une place importante dans la recherche expĂ©rimentale et quâelles doivent ĂȘtre recueillies rigoureusement pour mieux comprendre la perception chez lâhumain. Nous insistons Ă©galement sur lâimportance dâintĂ©grer plusieurs approches disciplinaires pour avoir une image globale de nos objets dâĂ©tude
VariabilitĂ© interindividuelle dans lâexpĂ©rience olfactive : une approche interdisciplinaire
Odor perception is an essential function in humans, allowing for hazard prevention, food detection and social communication. However, this sense is often underestimated, especially regarding the ability to identify and describe odors through language. In this PhD, we aimed to better understand the subjective experience of smell, its diversity, and its neural correlates. To this end, we first introduced olfaction with its specificities and the importance of hedonics in odor perception. Then, we investigated interindividual variability in olfaction through a series of studies and showed that olfactory perception comprises both a shared and a diverse component depending on the odorants, with little effect of common factors of variation like age or sex. Also, we showed that the relation between chemical structure, receptors and perception of odors is influenced by the degree of interindividual variability, a finding important for the ongoing stimulus-percept issue in olfactory research. Through this bibliographic and experimental work, we show that there is a lack of reflection on the way we measure perception, and that its subjective nature has been under considered in contemporary research. We thus discuss the place of subjectivity in science and several methodologies that were proposed to better integrate first-person reports in experimental protocols. From these approaches, we set up a new study collecting unbiased subjective reports of odors, to construct a descriptive model of olfactory experience. We found that contrary to common belief, people can talk about odors, using references to diverse categories, including associated memories, qualitative description, source, impact, use and difficulty. With data mining, we were also able to get a fine-grained characterization a few perceptual profiles for the odors. Next, we considered the ongoing debate around the neural basis of consciousness, and the proposed methodologies to relate first-person data with cerebral activity measurements. Another study thus attempted to relate the subjective experience of odors with the evoked brain activity. The results open new ways to construct imaging protocols with a better inclusion of first-person accounts. In conclusion, we argue that subjective data has an important place in experimental research that it must be rigorously collected to fully understand human perception. We also emphasize the importance of integrating different disciplinary approaches to get a global picture of our objects of study.La perception olfactive est une fonction essentielle chez lâhumain, qui permet la prĂ©vention des dangers, la dĂ©tection de nourriture et la communication sociale. Cependant, ce sens est souvent sous-estimĂ©, en particulier au niveau des capacitĂ©s dâidentification et de description des odeurs par le langage. Dans cette thĂšse, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă mieux comprendre lâexpĂ©rience subjective des odeurs, sa diversitĂ© et ses corrĂ©lats neuronaux. Pour cela, nous avons tout dâabord prĂ©sentĂ© le sens olfactif avec ses spĂ©cificitĂ©s et lâimportance de la valence hĂ©donique dans la perception des odeurs. Ensuite, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© la variabilitĂ© interindividuelle en olfaction et nous avons montrĂ© que la perception olfactive comprend Ă la fois une composante universelle et une composante variable selon les odeurs, avec peu dâeffet de facteurs de variation bien connus en olfaction comme lâĂąge et le sexe. Nous avons Ă©galement montrĂ© que la relation entre la structure chimique, les rĂ©cepteurs et la perception des odeurs est influencĂ©e par le degrĂ© de variabilitĂ© interindividuelle, un rĂ©sultat important pour le problĂšme du stimulus-percept en recherche sur lâodorat. A travers ce travail bibliographique et expĂ©rimental, nous avons montrĂ© un manque de rĂ©flexion sur la maniĂšre de mesurer la perception, dont la nature subjective a Ă©tĂ© sous-Ă©tudiĂ©e dans la recherche scientifique contemporaine. Nous avons donc ensuite discutĂ© la place de la subjectivitĂ© en science, ainsi que plusieurs mĂ©thodologies proposĂ©es pour mieux intĂ©grer les donnĂ©es en premiĂšre personnes dans les protocoles expĂ©rimentaux. A partir de ces approches, nous avons mis en place une nouvelle expĂ©rience qui nous a permis de recueillir des discours subjectifs non biaisĂ©s sur les odeurs et de construire un modĂšle descriptif de lâexpĂ©rience olfactive. Nous avons trouvĂ© que, contrairement aux idĂ©es reçues, les individus sont capables de parler des odeurs et utilisent des rĂ©fĂ©rences Ă diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories, comme des souvenirs, descriptions qualitatives, sources, impacts, fonctions et difficultĂ©. Avec des algorithmes de data mining, nous avons Ă©galement pu caractĂ©riser de grands profils perceptifs pour les odeurs. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous avons Ă©voquĂ© le dĂ©bat encore en cours sur les bases neurales de la conscience, et les mĂ©thodes proposĂ©es pour relier donnĂ©es subjectivitĂ© et donnĂ©es dâimagerie cĂ©rĂ©brale. Une seconde expĂ©rience a donc cherchĂ© Ă relier lâexpĂ©rience subjective des odeurs avec lâactivitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale Ă©voquĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats ouvrent la voie pour de nouveaux protocoles expĂ©rimentaux incluant des donnĂ©es en premiĂšre personne plus prĂ©cises. Nous concluons que les donnĂ©es subjectives ont une place importante dans la recherche expĂ©rimentale et quâelles doivent ĂȘtre recueillies rigoureusement pour mieux comprendre la perception chez lâhumain. Nous insistons Ă©galement sur lâimportance dâintĂ©grer plusieurs approches disciplinaires pour avoir une image globale de nos objets dâĂ©tude
Interindividual variability in olfactory experience : an interdisciplinary approach
La perception olfactive est une fonction essentielle chez lâhumain, qui permet la prĂ©vention des dangers, la dĂ©tection de nourriture et la communication sociale. Cependant, ce sens est souvent sous-estimĂ©, en particulier au niveau des capacitĂ©s dâidentification et de description des odeurs par le langage. Dans cette thĂšse, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă mieux comprendre lâexpĂ©rience subjective des odeurs, sa diversitĂ© et ses corrĂ©lats neuronaux. Pour cela, nous avons tout dâabord prĂ©sentĂ© le sens olfactif avec ses spĂ©cificitĂ©s et lâimportance de la valence hĂ©donique dans la perception des odeurs. Ensuite, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© la variabilitĂ© interindividuelle en olfaction et nous avons montrĂ© que la perception olfactive comprend Ă la fois une composante universelle et une composante variable selon les odeurs, avec peu dâeffet de facteurs de variation bien connus en olfaction comme lâĂąge et le sexe. Nous avons Ă©galement montrĂ© que la relation entre la structure chimique, les rĂ©cepteurs et la perception des odeurs est influencĂ©e par le degrĂ© de variabilitĂ© interindividuelle, un rĂ©sultat important pour le problĂšme du stimulus-percept en recherche sur lâodorat. A travers ce travail bibliographique et expĂ©rimental, nous avons montrĂ© un manque de rĂ©flexion sur la maniĂšre de mesurer la perception, dont la nature subjective a Ă©tĂ© sous-Ă©tudiĂ©e dans la recherche scientifique contemporaine. Nous avons donc ensuite discutĂ© la place de la subjectivitĂ© en science, ainsi que plusieurs mĂ©thodologies proposĂ©es pour mieux intĂ©grer les donnĂ©es en premiĂšre personnes dans les protocoles expĂ©rimentaux. A partir de ces approches, nous avons mis en place une nouvelle expĂ©rience qui nous a permis de recueillir des discours subjectifs non biaisĂ©s sur les odeurs et de construire un modĂšle descriptif de lâexpĂ©rience olfactive. Nous avons trouvĂ© que, contrairement aux idĂ©es reçues, les individus sont capables de parler des odeurs et utilisent des rĂ©fĂ©rences Ă diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories, comme des souvenirs, descriptions qualitatives, sources, impacts, fonctions et difficultĂ©. Avec des algorithmes de data mining, nous avons Ă©galement pu caractĂ©riser de grands profils perceptifs pour les odeurs. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous avons Ă©voquĂ© le dĂ©bat encore en cours sur les bases neurales de la conscience, et les mĂ©thodes proposĂ©es pour relier donnĂ©es subjectivitĂ© et donnĂ©es dâimagerie cĂ©rĂ©brale. Une seconde expĂ©rience a donc cherchĂ© Ă relier lâexpĂ©rience subjective des odeurs avec lâactivitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale Ă©voquĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats ouvrent la voie pour de nouveaux protocoles expĂ©rimentaux incluant des donnĂ©es en premiĂšre personne plus prĂ©cises. Nous concluons que les donnĂ©es subjectives ont une place importante dans la recherche expĂ©rimentale et quâelles doivent ĂȘtre recueillies rigoureusement pour mieux comprendre la perception chez lâhumain. Nous insistons Ă©galement sur lâimportance dâintĂ©grer plusieurs approches disciplinaires pour avoir une image globale de nos objets dâĂ©tude.Odor perception is an essential function in humans, allowing for hazard prevention, food detection and social communication. However, this sense is often underestimated, especially regarding the ability to identify and describe odors through language. In this PhD, we aimed to better understand the subjective experience of smell, its diversity, and its neural correlates. To this end, we first introduced olfaction with its specificities and the importance of hedonics in odor perception. Then, we investigated interindividual variability in olfaction through a series of studies and showed that olfactory perception comprises both a shared and a diverse component depending on the odorants, with little effect of common factors of variation like age or sex. Also, we showed that the relation between chemical structure, receptors and perception of odors is influenced by the degree of interindividual variability, a finding important for the ongoing stimulus-percept issue in olfactory research. Through this bibliographic and experimental work, we show that there is a lack of reflection on the way we measure perception, and that its subjective nature has been under considered in contemporary research. We thus discuss the place of subjectivity in science and several methodologies that were proposed to better integrate first-person reports in experimental protocols. From these approaches, we set up a new study collecting unbiased subjective reports of odors, to construct a descriptive model of olfactory experience. We found that contrary to common belief, people can talk about odors, using references to diverse categories, including associated memories, qualitative description, source, impact, use and difficulty. With data mining, we were also able to get a fine-grained characterization a few perceptual profiles for the odors. Next, we considered the ongoing debate around the neural basis of consciousness, and the proposed methodologies to relate first-person data with cerebral activity measurements. Another study thus attempted to relate the subjective experience of odors with the evoked brain activity. The results open new ways to construct imaging protocols with a better inclusion of first-person accounts. In conclusion, we argue that subjective data has an important place in experimental research that it must be rigorously collected to fully understand human perception. We also emphasize the importance of integrating different disciplinary approaches to get a global picture of our objects of study
Accounting for Subjectivity in Experimental Research on Human Olfaction
International audienceAbstract Although olfaction is a modality with great interindividual perceptual disparities, its subjective dimension has been let aside in modern research, in line with the overall neglect of consciousness in experimental psychology. However, following the renewed interest for the neural bases of consciousness, some methodological leads have been proposed to include subjectivity in experimental protocols. Here, we argue that adapting such methods to the field of olfaction will allow to rigorously acquire subjective reports, and we present several ways to do so. This will improve the understanding of diversity in odor perception and its underlying neural mechanisms
Individual Differences as a Key Factor to Uncover the Neural Underpinnings of Hedonic and Social Functions of Human Olfaction: Current Findings from PET and fMRI Studies and Future Considerations
International audienceThe hedonic and social dimensions of olfactory perception are characterized by a great diversity across people. Whereas the cerebral processing underlying these aspects of odor perception have been widely explored in the last decades, very few brain imaging studies considered individual differences. This lack of consideration weakens the current models in the field, where the paradigm of universality is the norm. The present review is aimed at examining this issue. Through a synthetic summary, we will first present past studies suggesting that (1) hedonics are represented consistently throughout the olfactory system from primary to secondary areas, with a progressive cognitive modulation and integration with other senses, (2) social dimension of odors may be represented in a distinct pathway involving social and attentional networks. In a second, and more critical part, we will highlight the importance of individual differences for the cerebral study of human olfaction
Individual Differences as a Key Factor to Uncover the Neural Underpinnings of Hedonic and Social Functions of Human Olfaction: Current Findings from PET and fMRI Studies and Future Considerations
International audienceThe hedonic and social dimensions of olfactory perception are characterized by a great diversity across people. Whereas the cerebral processing underlying these aspects of odor perception have been widely explored in the last decades, very few brain imaging studies considered individual differences. This lack of consideration weakens the current models in the field, where the paradigm of universality is the norm. The present review is aimed at examining this issue. Through a synthetic summary, we will first present past studies suggesting that (1) hedonics are represented consistently throughout the olfactory system from primary to secondary areas, with a progressive cognitive modulation and integration with other senses, (2) social dimension of odors may be represented in a distinct pathway involving social and attentional networks. In a second, and more critical part, we will highlight the importance of individual differences for the cerebral study of human olfaction
On the contribution of the senses to food emotional experience
International audienc