Lycium strandveldense (Solanaceae), a new species from the western coast of South Africa

A new species, L. strandveldense, from the western coastal region of the Western and Northern Cape Provinces, is described and figured. L. strandveldense, which is functionally dioecious, resembles the bisexual L. afrum L., a species also found along the western coast. Because of the near similarity in leaf and floral characteristics, specimens of L. strandveldense have in the past been regarded as atypical forms of L. afrum. This new species is distinguished by its functionally dioecious habit, relatively short, narrowly oblong, bright green leaves instead of the long, linear, glaucous leaves of L. afrum, corolla dark purple instead of claret coloured, corolla tube shorter than in L. afrum, stamens of the male flowers slightly exserted from corolla mouth in contrast to the included stamens of L. afrum, and finally a smaller ellipsoid red berry instead of the large spherical black berry of L. afrum

Daubenya alba (Hyacinthaceae, tribe Massonieae), a new species from the Roggeveld, Northern Cape Province

Daubenya alba A.M. van der Merwe, from the edge of the Roggeveld escarpment in the Northern Cape Province, is described as a new species. It resembles D. capensis (Schltr.) A.M. van der Merwe & J.C. Manning in leaf shape, floral structure and the presence of a staminal tube, but is distinguished by its delicate white to pale lilac flowers and lack of a staminal disc

IL4, IL13, GSTM1 and T1 variants and susceptibility to Schistosomiasis and associated bladder pathologies in Eggua, Nigeria

Failure of the human host to elicit adequate immune responses to the adult Schistosoma haematobium worm and continuous strong inflammatory responses to the eggs have been the main causes of bladder pathology in chronic Schistosomiasis. Identification of susceptibility biomarkers for schistosomiasis- associated bladder pathology is necessary in order to detect genetic factors responsible for the infection and spread of the disease. The aim of this study was to identify candidate-biomarkers for susceptibility to schistosomiasis and its associated pathologies. A total of 371 adult participants, comprising 130 males and 241 females from Eggua community, Ogun State, Nigeria, were randomly recruited into a cross sectional study from August 2012 to May 2014. They were screened for S. haematobium ova and bladder pathologies by microscopy and ultrasonography, respectively. Human host susceptibility to schistosomiasis and its associated bladder pathologies were determined by PCR genotyping of Interleukin (IL4 and IL13) genes, and glutathione-S-transferase (GSTT1 and GSTM1) genes. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium in the population was 29.3% (108/369). Bladder pathologies were observed in 32.3% (117/362) of the population. Polymorphisms in IL 4-590 and IL 13-1055 were observed in 24.1% and 9.3% schistosomiasis cases, respectively. The IL 13-1055 polymorphism did not indicate susceptibility to schistosomiasis in males (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.3-2.1) but a slight risk was found in females (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7-1.7). Participants with GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms expressed elevated risks of bladder pathologies (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 2.0 - 9.2 and OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.5 – 12.0, respectively), with the pathology and schistosomiasis group having more GST polymorphisms than bladder pathologies. Keywords: Polymorphisms, Cytokines, GST, schistosomiasis and pathologie

Consequences of drift and carcass decomposition for estimating sea turtle mortality hotspots

Sea turtle strandings provide important mortality information, yet knowledge of turtle carcass at-sea drift and decomposition characteristics are needed to better understand and manage where these mortalities occur. We used empirical sea turtle carcass decomposition and drift experiments in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA to estimate probable carcass oceanic drift times and quantify the impact of direct wind forcing on carcass drift. Based on the time period during which free-floating turtle carcasses tethered nearshore were buoyant, we determined that oceanic drift duration of turtle carcasses was highly dependent on water temperature and varied from 2 to 15 days during typical late spring to early fall Bay water conditions. The importance of direct wind forcing for turtle carcass drift was assessed based on track divergence rates from multiple simultaneous deployments of three types of surface drifters: bucket drifters, artificial turtles and turtle carcass drifters. Turtle drift along-wind leeway was found to vary from 1 to 4% of wind speed, representing an added drift velocity of approximately 0.03–0.1 m/s for typical Bay wind conditions. This is comparable to current speeds in the Bay (0.1–0.2 m/s), suggesting wind is important for carcass drift. Estimated carcass drift parameters were integrated into a Chesapeake Bay oceanographic drift model to predict carcass drift to terrestrial stranding locations. Increased drift duration (e.g., due to low temperatures) increases mean distance between expected mortality events and stranding locations, as well as decreases overall likelihood of retention in the Bay. Probable mortality hotspots for the peak month of strandings (June) were identified off coastal southeastern Virginia and within the lower Bay, including the Bay mouth and lower James River. Overall, results support that sea turtle drift time is quite variable, and varies greatly depending on water and air temperature as well as oceanic conditions. Knowledge of these parameters will improve our ability to interpret stranding events around the globe

Classification of protein interaction sentences via gaussian processes

The increase in the availability of protein interaction studies in textual format coupled with the demand for easier access to the key results has lead to a need for text mining solutions. In the text processing pipeline, classification is a key step for extraction of small sections of relevant text. Consequently, for the task of locating protein-protein interaction sentences, we examine the use of a classifier which has rarely been applied to text, the Gaussian processes (GPs). GPs are a non-parametric probabilistic analogue to the more popular support vector machines (SVMs). We find that GPs outperform the SVM and na\"ive Bayes classifiers on binary sentence data, whilst showing equivalent performance on abstract and multiclass sentence corpora. In addition, the lack of the margin parameter, which requires costly tuning, along with the principled multiclass extensions enabled by the probabilistic framework make GPs an appealing alternative worth of further adoption

Statistical mechanics of triangulated ribbons

We use computer simulations and scaling arguments to investigate statistical and structural properties of a semiflexible ribbon composed of isosceles triangles. We study two different models, one where the bending energy is calculated from the angles between the normal vectors of adjacent triangles, the second where the edges are viewed as semiflexible polymers so that the bending energy is related to the angles between the tangent vectors of next-nearest neighbor triangles. The first model can be solved exactly whereas the second is more involved. It was recently introduced by Liverpool and Golestanian Phys.Rev.Lett. 80, 405 (1998), Phys.Rev.E 62, 5488 (2000) as a model for double-stranded biopolymers such as DNA. Comparing observables such as the autocorrelation functions of the tangent vectors and the bond-director field, the probability distribution functions of the end-to-end distance, and the mean squared twist we confirm the existence of local twist correlation, but find no indications for other predicted features such as twist-stretch coupling, kinks, or oscillations in the autocorrelation function of the bond-director field.Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures. submitted to PRE, revised versio

The social underpinnings of mental distress in the time of COVID-19 – time for urgent action

We argue that predictions of a ‘tsunami’ of mental health problems as a consequence of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the lockdown are overstated; feelings of anxiety and sadness are entirely normal reactions to difficult circumstances, not symptoms of poor mental health. Some people will need specialised mental health support, especially those already leading tough lives; we need immediate reversal of years of underfunding of community mental health services. However, the disproportionate effects of COVID-19 on the most disadvantaged, especially BAME people placed at risk by their social and economic conditions, were entirely predictable. Mental health is best ensured by urgently rebuilding the social and economic supports stripped away over the last decade. Governments must pump funds into local authorities to rebuild community services, peer support, mutual aid and local community and voluntary sector organisations. Health care organisations must tackle racism and discrimination to ensure genuine equal access to universal health care. Government must replace highly conditional benefit systems by something like a universal basic income. All economic and social policies must be subjected to a legally binding mental health audit. This may sound unfeasibly expensive, but the social and economic costs, not to mention the costs in personal and community suffering, though often invisible, are far greater

Fertility, Living Arrangements, Care and Mobility

There are four main interconnecting themes around which the contributions in this book are based. This introductory chapter aims to establish the broad context for the chapters that follow by discussing each of the themes. It does so by setting these themes within the overarching demographic challenge of the twenty-first century – demographic ageing. Each chapter is introduced in the context of the specific theme to which it primarily relates and there is a summary of the data sets used by the contributors to illustrate the wide range of cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysed