A multi-parent genetic algorithm for solving longitude–latitude-based 4D traveling salesman problems under uncertainty

In this study, we propose a mathematical model of a 4D clustered traveling salesman problem (CTSP) to address the cost-effective security and risk-related difficulties associated with the TSP. We used a multiparent-based memetic genetic algorithm to optimize paths between all clusters and proposed unique heuristic approaches to create clusters and reconnect them. We constructed a 4D CTSP considering multiple routes between two locations and multiple available vehicles on each route. Travel expenses and risks impact every itinerary; however, the behaviors of these costs and risks are always uncertain. We inspected various standard benchmark problems from (TSPLIB) using the proposed calculations. Real-life problems in the tourism industry motivate a longitude–latitude-based CTSP with risk constraints. Thus, we determined the risk of each path based on longitude and latitude. The contributions of this study are twofold: developing a genetic algorithm and heuristics based on mathematical modeling of a real problem.</p

ANALYSIS OF AFLATOXIN IN DUCK AND POULTRY FEED IN WEST BENGAL

Aflatoxin is a major metabolite of Aspergillus species which is liberated in feeds and feed stuff. The B1 component of aflatoxin is more mutagenic, hepatogenic and nephrotoxic to poultry. A total number of eighteen samples from different parts of West Bengal have been analyzed by Lateral Flow Immuno-Chromatographic Assay (LFICA) and followed by detection in HPLC in 2475 multi fluorescence detector system. The samples were tested for presence of total aflatoxin by LFICA which detected seven samples positive with a cut off level ≥ 4 ppb (55.56%), ten sample between 1-4 ppb (38.89%) and one sample negative (5.55%). The positive samples were further confirmed by HPLC system using C18 column (5 µm and 4.6x 150 mm in length), methanol: water as mobile phase (45:55) and standard for B1 prepared from 2 ppb- 1000 ppb. All seven samples showed presence of B1 in permissible limit ranging from 6.25 ppb to 12.50 ppb. Therefore, it was concluded that the presence of aflatoxin in the tested feeds are within permissible limit and regular detection and monitoring of aflatoxin in feed samples of all the farms may be an important control measure of aflatoxicosis in the poultry farms

Sub-Chronic Toxicity Study of Alfa-Cypermethrin in Rats

Alfa-cypermethrin (α-CP) a synthetic pyrethroid (type-II) insecticide, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-1 mL) was given consecutive daily orally for 60 days at 1/10 LD50 (14.5 mg/kg). The animals were sacrificed on day 61st. Biochemicals, cytochrome P450, b5 contents in liver along with antioxidant status, tissue residual concentration, and brain GABA level were studied. It increased the serum aminotransaminase (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and blood glucose level significantly (p<0.05). It significantly (p<0.05) decreased and increases cytochrome P450 content and b5 content in liver respectively. It increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and decreased the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glycogen in liver significantly. The pyrethroid was considerable in amount in tissues. The GABA levels in cerebellum and in whole brain without cerebellums were decreased significantly (p<0.05). Therefore repeated daily oral dose toxicity of α-CP at 1/10 LD50 altered biochemical parameters, decreased cytochrome P450 content, antioxidant status, and decreased brain GABA level

Lewis-acid-induced electrophilic substitution in indoles with acetone. Part 2

The electrophilic substitution reaction of indole with acetone in the presence of boron trifluoride has been followed and the structures of two of the three products isolated have been established. The structure of compound (1), dimer II, was determined by X-ray diffraction methods as crystals from methanol were monoclinic, space group Cc, and had cell parameters a= 13.383(2), b= 14.064(2), c= 11.638(4)&#197;, β= 114.74(2)°, Z= 4. The structure was refined to a final R value of 0.068

Electrophilic substitution reaction of Indole: Part XXII-synthesis of a novel spiro heterocyclic system

The reaction of indole with acetone in the presence of mineral/Lewis acid continues to be a fascinating area for investigation since 1913, specially due to the instability of the indolyl carbinol being generated in situ. We report here the synthesis of a novel spiro heterocyclic system obtained during the study of this reaction using BF<SUB>3</SUB>.Et<SUB>2</SUB>0