Sensibilité de la réaction de conversion de l'éthanol en n-butanol à la structure des hydroxyapatites : mode de fonctionnement

StructureHydroxyapatites (HAps) are basic materials which exhibit atypical catalytic properties, particularly a high selectivity in n-butanol from ethanol’s conversion. Versatility in terms of composition and morphology, easily tuned by synthesis, is accompanied by a high modularity of acid-base properties of the surface, which allowed us to establish structure-reactivity relationships in order to rationalize how the system works at a molecular level. Certainly stoichiometry, represented by the bulk Ca/P ratio, is a key parameter for the activity of these materials for this type of reaction, but it seems that the concentration of OH in the columns governs the conversion level, highlighting the role of these species as basic sites. Beyond this macroscopic aspect, an approach intended for the discrimination of the bulk and surface spectroscopic contributions of OH, PO43- and PO-H was implemented by IR and solid state NMR via H-D isotopic exchanges, thermal pretreatments and specific NMR sequences. The involvement of the present sites on the surface was investigated by adsorption of probe molecules. The CO2 adsorption revealed the low basicity of the surface generating hydrogenocarbonates and carbonates, respectively as a result of the interaction with the basic surface OH and oxygens of the phosphate groups. Only basic OH sites emerging from the columns are involved in the interaction with the acetylene, in association with Brönsted acids PO-H (protonated terminated phosphates). Calcium ions are inaccessible (CO adsorption and XPS data) and the increase of its relative accessibility via the modulation of the post-synthesis parameters does not promote the formation of n-butanol. Monitoring the reaction conversion of ethanol in operando mode supports the participation of the acid-base pair PO-H/OH in the catalytic process. The study of the influence of the morphology on the catalytic behavior of HAps led us to propose that beyond the enhancement of the reactivity on the (001) surfaces, the elongation of the particles is also beneficial to the catalytic process. The role of the protons mobility, activated by temperature, may unify all the experimental data that reflect a good sensitivity to the structure.Les hydroxyapatites (HAps) sont des matériaux basiques qui présentent des propriétés catalytiques atypiques, notamment une sélectivité importante en butanol à partir de l’éthanol. Leur versatilité en termes de composition et de morphologie, facilement contrôlée par la synthèse, s’accompagne d’une grande modularité des propriétés acido-basiques de la surface, ce qui nous a permis d’établir des relations structure-réactivité dans l’objectif de rationaliser son mode de fonctionnement au niveau moléculaire. Certes, la stœchiométrie qui traduit le rapport Ca/P est un paramètre clé pour l’activité de ces matériaux dans ce type de réaction mais il s’avère que c’est plus précisément la concentration massique des OH des colonnes qui gouverne le niveau de la réactivité, ce qui oriente vers l’implication de ces espèces en tant que sites basiques. Au delà de cet aspect macroscopique, une approche visant la discrimination des contributions des OH-, PO43- et PO-H de surface et de cœur a été menée par IR et RMN du solide via des échanges isotopiques H-D, des prétraitements thermiques et des séquences RMN spécifiques. L’implication dans les interactions acides ou basiques des sites présents en surface a été suivie par adsorption de molécules sonde. L’adsorption du CO2 a révélé le caractère basique faible de la surface des HAps en générant des hydrogénocarbonates et des carbonates, respectivement suite à l’implication des OH basiques de terminaison en surface et des oxygènes de groupements phosphates. Seuls les OH qui émergent des colonnes sont impliqués dans l’interaction avec l’acétylène, conjointement avec les acides de BrØnsted PO-H (phosphates de terminaisons protonés). Les ions calcium sont peu accessibles (adsorption de CO et données XPS) et l’augmentation de leur accessibilité relative via la modulation de paramètres post-synthèse ne favorise pas la formation du n-butanol. Le suivi de la réaction de conversion d’éthanol en mode operando appuie la participation de la paire acide-base PO-H/OH dans le processus catalytique. L’étude de l’influence de la morphologie sur le comportement catalytique des HAps nous a incités à proposer qu’au-delà d’une réactivité favorisée sur les faces (001), l’allongement des particules bénéficie aussi au processus catalytique. Plus largement, le rôle joué par la mobilité des protons qui est un processus activé en température, permettrait d’unifier l’ensemble des données expérimentales qui rendent compte d’une sensibilité à la structure

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Sensitivity of the ethanol conversion in n-butanol to the hydroxyapatite structure

Les hydroxyapatites (HAps) sont des matériaux basiques qui présentent des propriétés catalytiques atypiques, notamment une sélectivité importante en butanol à partir de l’éthanol. Leur versatilité en termes de composition et de morphologie, facilement contrôlée par la synthèse, s’accompagne d’une grande modularité des propriétés acido-basiques de la surface, ce qui nous a permis d’établir des relations structure-réactivité dans l’objectif de rationaliser son mode de fonctionnement au niveau moléculaire. Certes, la stœchiométrie qui traduit le rapport Ca/P est un paramètre clé pour l’activité de ces matériaux dans ce type de réaction mais il s’avère que c’est plus précisément la concentration massique des OH des colonnes qui gouverne le niveau de la réactivité, ce qui oriente vers l’implication de ces espèces en tant que sites basiques. Au delà de cet aspect macroscopique, une approche visant la discrimination des contributions des OH-, PO43- et PO-H de surface et de cœur a été menée par IR et RMN du solide via des échanges isotopiques H-D, des prétraitements thermiques et des séquences RMN spécifiques. L’implication dans les interactions acides ou basiques des sites présents en surface a été suivie par adsorption de molécules sonde. L’adsorption du CO2 a révélé le caractère basique faible de la surface des HAps en générant des hydrogénocarbonates et des carbonates, respectivement suite à l’implication des OH basiques de terminaison en surface et des oxygènes de groupements phosphates. Seuls les OH qui émergent des colonnes sont impliqués dans l’interaction avec l’acétylène, conjointement avec les acides de BrØnsted PO-H (phosphates de terminaisons protonés). Les ions calcium sont peu accessibles (adsorption de CO et données XPS) et l’augmentation de leur accessibilité relative via la modulation de paramètres post-synthèse ne favorise pas la formation du n-butanol. Le suivi de la réaction de conversion d’éthanol en mode operando appuie la participation de la paire acide-base PO-H/OH dans le processus catalytique. L’étude de l’influence de la morphologie sur le comportement catalytique des HAps nous a incités à proposer qu’au-delà d’une réactivité favorisée sur les faces (001), l’allongement des particules bénéficie aussi au processus catalytique. Plus largement, le rôle joué par la mobilité des protons qui est un processus activé en température, permettrait d’unifier l’ensemble des données expérimentales qui rendent compte d’une sensibilité à la structure.StructureHydroxyapatites (HAps) are basic materials which exhibit atypical catalytic properties, particularly a high selectivity in n-butanol from ethanol’s conversion. Versatility in terms of composition and morphology, easily tuned by synthesis, is accompanied by a high modularity of acid-base properties of the surface, which allowed us to establish structure-reactivity relationships in order to rationalize how the system works at a molecular level. Certainly stoichiometry, represented by the bulk Ca/P ratio, is a key parameter for the activity of these materials for this type of reaction, but it seems that the concentration of OH in the columns governs the conversion level, highlighting the role of these species as basic sites. Beyond this macroscopic aspect, an approach intended for the discrimination of the bulk and surface spectroscopic contributions of OH, PO43- and PO-H was implemented by IR and solid state NMR via H-D isotopic exchanges, thermal pretreatments and specific NMR sequences. The involvement of the present sites on the surface was investigated by adsorption of probe molecules. The CO2 adsorption revealed the low basicity of the surface generating hydrogenocarbonates and carbonates, respectively as a result of the interaction with the basic surface OH and oxygens of the phosphate groups. Only basic OH sites emerging from the columns are involved in the interaction with the acetylene, in association with Brönsted acids PO-H (protonated terminated phosphates). Calcium ions are inaccessible (CO adsorption and XPS data) and the increase of its relative accessibility via the modulation of the post-synthesis parameters does not promote the formation of n-butanol. Monitoring the reaction conversion of ethanol in operando mode supports the participation of the acid-base pair PO-H/OH in the catalytic process. The study of the influence of the morphology on the catalytic behavior of HAps led us to propose that beyond the enhancement of the reactivity on the (001) surfaces, the elongation of the particles is also beneficial to the catalytic process. The role of the protons mobility, activated by temperature, may unify all the experimental data that reflect a good sensitivity to the structure

Acidity versus metal-induced Lewis acidity in zeolites for Friedel–Crafts acylation

International audienceAcid catalysts including Ni, Ag and Fe-loaded zeolites of different structures were prepared either via cationic exchange or impregnation techniques from pristine H-zeolites (BEA, and MFI). Their catalytic activity was evaluated in the liquid-phase Friedel–Crafts acylation of anisole with propanoic acid. It turned out that, whatever the doping procedure was, the zeolite loaded with transition metals led to considerable decrease in propanoic acid conversion, regardless of the nature or the metal content. However, the extent of this detrimental effect followed the order: Ag+ > Ni2+ > Fe3+.Pristine acidic zeolites were not only found to be the most active, but also to be the most selective toward ortho- and para-acylation products. H-ZSM-5 zeolites yielded the highest intrinsic activity, with TOF values of 0.09 h−1. The catalyst activity proved to be essentially attributed to the density and accessibility of Brønsted acid sites, playing a key role in the activation of the reactants. Brønsted sites are proposed to be the most likely catalytic species for performing this Friedel–Crafts acylation.Des cations métalliques (Ni, Ag et Fe) ont été incorporés au sein de zéolithes BEA et ZSM-5 par des techniques d'échange cationique et d'imprégnation afin d'obtenir de nouveaux catalyseurs acides solides. Ces matériaux ont ensuite été testés dans une réaction d'acylation de Friedel–Crafts entre l'anisole et l'acide propanoïque en phase liquide. Il s'est avéré que l'ajout de métaux de transition au sein de la structure zéolithique entraîne une diminution considérable de la conversion, indépendamment de la nature ou de la quantité de métal introduite. Dans des conditions catalytiques similaires, les zéolithes parentes présentent une meilleure activité intrinsèque (TOF), en particulier H-ZSM-5, avec une production plus élevée de produits d'acylation (ortho- et para-), surpassant ainsi les performances catalytiques des zéolithes dopées par des métaux. L'accessibilité et la densité de sites acides de Brønsted se sont avérées déterminantes pour ce type de réaction

Importance of the Nature of the Active Acid/Base Pairs of Hydroxyapatite Involved in the Catalytic Transformation of Ethanol to n ‐Butanol Revealed by Operando DRIFTS

International audienceOperando DRIFTS is used to identify the nature and the role of the surface sites of hydroxyapatites (HAps) involved in the catalytic transformation of ethanol to n‐butanol. The surface processes occurring upon a first reaction step followed by a step under He flow greatly influence the reactivity of HAps in a subsequent second reaction step. Ethanol is found to be mostly activated by the basic OH− groups of HAps, as indicated by the concomitant recovery of ethanol conversion and OH− groups under He flow. The drastic changes in selectivity observed during the second reaction step reveal the key role of acidic sites cooperatively acting with basic sites for basic reaction steps. Once the POH groups are poisoned by extensive formation of polymeric carbon species and the Ca2+ sites are available, the production of acetaldehyde is drastically promoted at the expense of that of n‐butanol. It is concluded that i) acetaldehyde acts as an intermediate in the formation of n‐butanol, and ii) various active sites are involved in the key basic reaction steps such as Ca2+−OH− and POH−OH− acid‐base pairs in the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and the aldol condensation for n‐butanol formation, respectively

Deeper Understanding of Ternary Eutectic Carbonates/Ceria-Based Oxide Composite Electrolyte through Thermal Cycling

Due to a high conductivity of about 0.1 S·cm−1, Li-Na-K carbonate eutectic and Sm-doped ceria composite material is a good electrolyte candidate for hybrid fuel cells operating between 500 °C and 600 °C. The present paper aims at a deeper understanding of the species and mechanisms involved in the ionic transport through impedance spectroscopy and thermal analyses, in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres, wet and dry, and during two heating/cooling cycles. Complementary structural analyses of post-mortem phases allowed us to evidence the irreversible partial transformation of molten carbonates into hydrogenated species, when water and/or hydrogen are added in the surrounding atmospheres. Furthermore, this modification was avoided by adding CO2 in anodic and/or cathodic compartments. Finally, a mechanistic model of such composite electrical behavior is suggested, according to the surrounding atmospheres used. It leads to the conclusions that cells based on this kind of electrolyte would preferably operate in molten carbonate fuel cell conditions, than in solid oxide fuel cell conditions, and confirms the name of “Hybrid Fuel Cells” instead of Intermediate Temperature (or even Low Temperature) Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

A Dissolution/Precipitation Equilibrium on the Surface of Iridium-Based Perovskites Controls Their Activity as Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts in Acidic Media

anie201814075-sup-0001-misc_information.pdfInternational audienceRecently, IrV‐based perovskite‐like materials were proposed as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts in acidic media with promising performance. However, iridium dissolution and surface reconstruction were observed, questioning the real active sites on the surface of these catalysts. In this work, Sr2MIr(V)O6 (M=Fe, Co) and Sr2Fe0.5Ir0.5(V)O4 were explored as OER catalysts in acidic media. Their activities were observed to be roughly equal to those previously reported for La2LiIrO6 or Ba2PrIrO6. Coupling electrochemical measurements with iridium dissolution studies under chemical or electrochemical conditions, we show that the deposition of an IrOx layer on the surface of these perovskites is responsible for their OER activity. Furthermore, we experimentally reconstruct the iridium Pourbaix diagram, which will help guide future research in controlling the dissolution/precipitation equilibrium of iridium species for the design of better Ir‐based OER catalysts

Identification of Surface Basic Sites and Acid–Base Pairs of Hydroxyapatite

International audienceThe Lewis and Brønsted basic properties of a stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAp) were investigated by infrared spectroscopy following the adsorption and desorption processes of a Lewis acidic molecule, CO2, and a Brønsted acidic molecule, C2H2. CO2 interacts with basic OH– and O2– of PO43– groups to form hydrogenocarbonates and surface carbonates, respectively. It also generates surface type A carbonates and related water upon substitution of two neighboring structural OH– groups. Water modifies the basic properties of the HAp by decreasing the surface carbonatation and enhancing the formation of hydrogenocarbonates, and promotes the substitution ability of OH– by carbonates. Due to the affinity of HAp for carbonatation, the thermodesorption experiment of CO2 accounts for the thermal decomposition of bulk type A and B carbonates rather than for the lone surface basicity. As for the acetylene probe, three nondissociative adsorption modes of acetylene on the HAp surface are observed: a π complex interaction with acidic POH, an interaction with an acid–base (POH–OH) pair, and finally, a σ complex interaction with basic OH– that is the most stable upon desorption. There is no evidence of the involvement of basic O2– of PO43– in the interaction with acetylene. It is thus proposed that both acidic POH and basic OH– groups may play a determinant role in acid–base properties of hydroxyapatites

Identification of Surface Basic Sites and Acid–Base Pairs of Hydroxyapatite

The Lewis and Brønsted basic properties of a stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAp) were investigated by infrared spectroscopy following the adsorption and desorption processes of a Lewis acidic molecule, CO₂, and a Brønsted acidic molecule, C₂H₂. CO₂ interacts with basic OH^– and O^2– of PO₄^3– groups to form hydrogenocarbonates and surface carbonates, respectively. It also generates surface type A carbonates and related water upon substitution of two neighboring structural OH^– groups. Water modifies the basic properties of the HAp by decreasing the surface carbonatation and enhancing the formation of hydrogenocarbonates, and promotes the substitution ability of OH^– by carbonates. Due to the affinity of HAp for carbonatation, the thermodesorption experiment of CO₂ accounts for the thermal decomposition of bulk type A and B carbonates rather than for the lone surface basicity. As for the acetylene probe, three nondissociative adsorption modes of acetylene on the HAp surface are observed: a π complex interaction with acidic POH, an interaction with an acid–base (POH–OH) pair, and finally, a σ complex interaction with basic OH^– that is the most stable upon desorption. There is no evidence of the involvement of basic O^2– of PO₄^3– in the interaction with acetylene. It is thus proposed that both acidic POH and basic OH^– groups may play a determinant role in acid–base properties of hydroxyapatites