Utilização de pelos de animais silvestres para monitoramento ambiental de Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb e Zn

This study investigates the use of wild animal hair of C. brachyurus, C. thous and L. pardalis as biomonitors of trace metal at Parque Nacional das Emas, Brazil. Results reveal a strong correlation between Cd and Pb as well as Cu and Zn, which suggests a single source of emission. Most metals showed a lower or equal concentration than those obtained in previous studies. The research shows that monitoring may be performed only with Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr because of statistical similarity and of a non-natural occurrence of large amounts of the material under analysis

Serosurvey of Smooth Brucella, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in Free-Ranging Jaguars (Panthera onca) and Domestic Animals from Brazil.

This study investigated the exposure of jaguar populations and domestic animals to smooth Brucella, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon biomes of Brazil. Between February 2000 and January 2010, serum samples from 31 jaguars (Panthera onca), 1,245 cattle (Bos taurus), 168 domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and 29 domestic cats (Felis catus) were collected and analysed by rose bengal test for smooth Brucella, microscopic agglutination test for Leptospira spp. and modified agglutination test for T. gondii. Cattle populations from all sites (9.88%) were exposed to smooth Brucella, but only one jaguar from Cerrado was exposed to this agent. Jaguars captured in the Cerrado (60.0%) and in the Pantanal (45.5%) were seropositive for different serovars of Leptospira spp., cattle (72.18%) and domestic dogs (13.1%) from the three sites and one domestic cat from Pantanal were also seropositive for the agent. The most prevalent serotype of Leptospira spp. identified in jaguars from the Cerrado (Grippotyphosa) and the Pantanal (Pomona) biomes were distinct from those found in the domestic animals sampled. Jaguars (100%), domestic dogs (38.28%) and domestic cats (82.76%) from the three areas were exposed to T. gondii. Our results show that brucellosis and leptospirosis could have been transmitted to jaguars by domestic animals; and jaguars probably play an important role in the maintenance of T. gondii in nature

Densidade da jaguatirica em um ambiente semiárido no nordeste do Brasil

Jaguatiricas possuem um papel fundamental em comunidades ecológicas como mesopredadores, afetando níveis tróficos inferiores e também outros mesopredadores. Esta espécie possui uma grande variabilidade em suas características ecológicas em toda a sua distribuição, no entanto, o conhecimento desta espécie possui lacunas em vários locais onde ela ocorre. Neste trabalho, nós apresentamos o primeiro estudo desta espécie no semiárido brasileiro da Caatinga. Ambientes áridos podem afetar negativamente as espécies carnívoras e, aliado a alterações antrópicas, esta espécie pode ser levada a extinção local se sua densidade populacional é baixa. Portanto, para verificar o nível populacional da jaguatirica em uma região protegida da Caatinga, instalamos armadilhas fotográficas, entre setembro de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. Com os dados obtidos, calculamos a densidade desta espécie através de métodos espacialmente explícitos (SECR). A densidade estimada da jaguatirica foi de 3.16 ± 0.46 indivíduos por 100 km2. Esta estimativa é muito baixa para esta espécie, o que pode ser um reflexo das condições áridas deste ambiente. Um estudo populacional de maior duração pode ajudar a responder se esta baixa densidade é o suficiente para a persistência desta espécie a longo prazo tanto neste, quanto em outros ambientes áridos onde ela ocorre.Ocelots play a key role in ecological communities as mesopredators affecting the lower trophic level and other mesopredators. They show great variability in ecological traits across their distribution, but knowledge of this species is missing in several regions where it occurs. Here, we present the first study of ocelot in the Brazilian semiarid of Caatinga. Arid habitats might keep carnivore population density low and therefore vulnerable to environmental shocks and to human-induced changes, at risk of local extinction. To assess their population status, we used camera traps between September 2009 and January 2010. We estimated the density of ocelots using a spatially explicit capture-recapture method (SECR) to be 3.16 ± 0.46 individuals per 100 km2. This is a low-density estimate for ocelots, which might reflect the harsh conditions of the arid habitat. A longer population study of the ocelot can answer if this low population density is enough for a long-term persistence of this species in this and other arid environments

Density of ocelots in a semiarid environment in northeastern Brazil

PENIDO, G., ASTETE, S., FURTADO, M.M., JÁCOMO, A.T.A., SOLLMANN, R., TORRES, N., SILVEIRA, L., MARINHO FILHO, J. Density of ocelots in a semiarid environment in northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica. 16(4): e20160168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2016-0168 Abstract: Ocelots play a key role in ecological communities as mesopredators affecting the lower trophic level and other mesopredators. They show great variability in ecological traits across their distribution, but knowledge of this species is missing in several regions where it occurs. Here, we present the first study of ocelot in the Brazilian semiarid of Caatinga. Arid habitats might keep carnivore population density low and therefore vulnerable to environmental shocks and to human-induced changes, at risk of local extinction. To assess their population status, we used camera traps between September 2009 and January 2010. We estimated the density of ocelots using a spatially explicit capture-recapture method (SECR) to be 3.16 ± 0.46 individuals per 100 km 2 . This is a low-density estimate for ocelots, which might reflect the harsh conditions of the arid habitat. A longer population study of the ocelot can answer if this low population density is enough for a long-term persistence of this species in this and other arid environments. Keywords: Arid environments, Brazil, Density, Ocelot, SECR. Densidade da jaguatirica em um ambiente semiárido no nordeste do Brasil Resumo: Jaguatiricas possuem um papel fundamental em comunidades ecológicas como mesopredadores, afetando níveis tróficos inferiores e também outros mesopredadores. Esta espécie possui uma grande variabilidade em suas características ecológicas em toda a sua distribuição, no entanto, o conhecimento desta espécie possui lacunas em vários locais onde ela ocorre. Neste trabalho, nós apresentamos o primeiro estudo desta espécie no semiárido brasileiro da Caatinga. Ambientes áridos podem afetar negativamente as espécies carnívoras e, aliado a alterações antrópicas, esta espécie pode ser levada a extinção local se sua densidade populacional é baixa. Portanto, para verificar o nível populacional da jaguatirica em uma região protegida da Caatinga, instalamos armadilhas fotográficas, entre setembro de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. Com os dados obtidos, calculamos a densidade desta espécie através de métodos espacialmente explícitos (SECR). A densidade estimada da jaguatirica foi de 3.16 ± 0.46 indivíduos por 100 km 2 . Esta estimativa é muito baixa para esta espécie, o que pode ser um reflexo das condições áridas deste ambiente. Um estudo populacional de maior duração pode ajudar a responder se esta baixa densidade é o suficiente para a persistência desta espécie a longo prazo tanto neste, quanto em outros ambientes áridos onde ela ocorre. Palavras-chave: Ambientes áridos, Brasil, Densidade, Jaguatirica, SECR. Penido, G. et al.

High Proportion of Male Faeces in Jaguar Populations

Faeces provide relevant biological information which includes, with the application of genetic techniques, the sex and identity of individuals that defecated, thus providing potentially useful data on the behaviour and ecology of individuals, as well as the dynamics and structure of populations. This paper presents estimates of the sex ratio of different felid species (jaguar, Panthera onca; puma, Puma concolor; and ocelot/margay, Leopardus pardalis/Leopardus wiedi) as observed in field collected faeces, and proposes several hypotheses that could explain the strikingly high proportion of faeces from male jaguars. The proportion of male and female faeces was estimated using a non-invasive faecal sampling method in 14 study areas in Mexico and Brazil. Faecal samples were genetically analysed to identify the species, the sex and the individual (the latter only for samples identified as belonging to jaguars). Considering the three species, 72.6% of faeces (n = 493) were from males; however, there were significant differences among them, with the proportion from males being higher for jaguars than for pumas and ocelots/margays. A male-bias was consistently observed in all study areas for jaguar faeces, but not for the other species. For jaguars the trend was the same when considering the number of individuals identified (n = 68), with an average of 4.2±0.56 faeces per male and 2.0±0.36 per female. The observed faecal marking patterns might be related to the behaviour of female jaguars directed toward protecting litters from males, and in both male and female pumas, to prevent interspecific aggressions from male jaguars. The hypothesis that there are effectively more males than females in jaguar populations cannot be discarded, which could be due to the fact that females are territorial and males are not, or a tendency for males to disperse into suboptimal areas for the species. © 2012 Palomares et al

Epidemiologic study of pathogens circulating in populations of jaguar and domestic animals in preserved areas of three Brazilian biomes: Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon.

A fragmentação de habitats e o aumento da proximidade entre as comunidades humanas, animais domésticos e silvestres podem ser responsáveis pelo aparecimento de doenças emergentes, disseminação de patógenos e alterações nos padrões epidemiológicos das doenças. Declínios populacionais em felinos silvestres devido a doenças já foram relatados, porém, pouco se conhece sobre o potencial papel dos patógenos nas populações de onça-pintada. Este estudo teve por objetivo pesquisar a presença de patógenos nas populações de onça-pintada e animais domésticos das regiões do Parque Nacional das Emas-PNE, Parque Estadual do Cantão-PEC e Pantanal sul mato-grossense, e identificar possíveis associações nos diagnósticos encontrados. Entre fevereiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2010, foram coletadas amostras biológicas de 31 onças-pintadas, 1246 bovinos, 179 cães e 36 gatos. Foram realizados diagnósticos sorológicos para brucelas lisas (AAT), Leptospira spp. (SAM), Toxoplasma gondii (MAT; RIFI), vírus da raiva (RFFIT), vírus da cinomose (SN), FIV e FeLV (SnapTM); e diagnósticos moleculares para Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., Cytauxzoon spp., Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Amostras de fezes de onças-pintadas foram analisadas para Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp., protozoários da Família Sarcocystidae e Mycobacterium spp. O monitoramento das onças-pintadas, através do radiotransmissor, permitiu o mapeamento da ocorrência dos patógenos. As populações de bovinos das três áreas apresentaram alta exposição à B. abortus, mas apenas uma onça-pintada do PNE foi exposta à brucela lisa. Os sorovares mais prováveis de Leptospira spp. identificados em onças-pintadas do PNE e Pantanal foram distintos dos encontrados nos animais domésticos. As onças-pintadas, cães e gatos das três áreas foram altamente expostos ao T. gondii. Onças-pintadas do PNE e Pantanal foram expostas ao vírus da raiva, assim como as onças-pintadas do Pantanal e os cães das três áreas foram expostos ao vírus da cinomose. Dois gatos do entorno do PEC foram soropositivos para FeLV, mas nenhuma onça-pintada foi exposta ao agente ou ao FIV. Cães do entorno do PNE e do PEC foram positivos para Babesia spp., enquanto todas onças-pintadas foram negativas para o hemoparasita. Todas as onças-pintadas do Pantanal e PNE, e três de quatro onças do PEC foram positivas para Hepatozoon spp. e Cytauxzoon felis, sendo que cães e gatos também foram expostos ao Hepatozoon spp., mas não ao Cytauxzoon spp. As onças-pintadas das três áreas apresentaram alta exposição ao 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum', e alguns indivíduos do Pantanal e PEC foram positivos para o Mycoplasma haemofelis e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Poucos gatos foram positivos para os hemoplasmas felinos. Não houve evidências de exposição ao Mycobacterium bovis, e a presença de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia intestinalis foi detectada em onças do PNE. De acordo com os resultados, a cinomose e a raiva podem ser consideradas potenciais ameaças às populações de onça-pintada; a brucelose e a leptospirose podem ter sido transmitidas por animais domésticos; e, provavelmente as onças-pintadas possuem papel importante na manutenção do T. gondii, Cytauxzoon felis, Hepatozoon spp. e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' no ambiente. Esses dados são relevantes e devem ser considerados na elaboração de estratégias para a conservação de onça-pintada na natureza.Habitat fragmentation and the increasing proximity between humans, domestic and wild animals can be responsible for emerging and re-emerging diseases, dissemination of pathogens and alterations in host-pathogen relationships. Declines in wild felids due to disease have recently been reported; however, little is known about their potential role in wild jaguar populations. This study aimed to investigate the presence of pathogens in jaguar populations and domestic animals in the regions of Emas National Park (ENP), Cantão State Park (CSP) and the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, and to identify possible associations in the obtained diagnoses. Between February 2000 and January 2010, biological samples were collected from 31 jaguars, 1246 cattle, 179 dogs and 36 cats. Serological surveys for smooth Brucella (RBT), Leptospira spp. (MAT), Toxoplasma gondii (MAT; IFAT), rabies virus (RFFIT), distemper virus (SN), FIV and FeLV (SnapTM), and molecular tests for Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., Cytauxzoon spp., Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis' were performed. Jaguar scats were analyzed for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp., protozoas of the Sarcocystidae Familiy and Mycobacterium spp. Monitoring of jaguars through radio-transmitter provided pathogen occurrence maps. Cattle populations from all sites were highly exposed to B. abortus, but only one jaguar from ENP was exposed to smooth Brucella. The most detectable serotypes of Leptospira spp. identified in jaguars from ENP and the Pantanal were distinct from those found in the domestic animals. Jaguars, dogs and cats in the three areas were highly exposed to T. gondii. Jaguars from ENP and the Pantantal were exposed to rabies, and jaguars from the Pantanal and dogs from the three areas were exposed to distemper virus. Two cats from the surroundings of CSP were seropositive for FeLV, but no jaguars were exposed to this agent or to FIV. Dogs from the surroundings of ENP and CSP were positive for Babesia spp., while all jaguars were negative for the hemoparasite. All jaguars from the Pantanal and ENP and three of four jaguars from the CSP were positive for Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon felis. Dogs and cats were also exposed to Hepatozoon spp., but not to Cytauxzoon spp. The jaguars from the three areas were highly exposed to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum', and some individuals from the Pantanal and CSP were positive for Mycoplasma haemofelis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Few domestic cats were positive for feline hemoplasms. There were no evidences of exposure to Mycobacterium bovis, but Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis were detected in jaguars from ENP. According to the results, distemper and rabies should be considered potential threats to jaguar populations; brucellosis and leptospirosis could have been transmitted by domestic animals; and jaguars probably play an important role in the maintenance of T. gondii, Cytauxzoon felis, Hepatozoon spp. and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' in nature. These data should be taken into account when elaborating conservation strategies for jaguars in the wild

Epidemiologic study of pathogens circulating in populations of jaguar and domestic animals in preserved areas of three Brazilian biomes: Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon.

A fragmentação de habitats e o aumento da proximidade entre as comunidades humanas, animais domésticos e silvestres podem ser responsáveis pelo aparecimento de doenças emergentes, disseminação de patógenos e alterações nos padrões epidemiológicos das doenças. Declínios populacionais em felinos silvestres devido a doenças já foram relatados, porém, pouco se conhece sobre o potencial papel dos patógenos nas populações de onça-pintada. Este estudo teve por objetivo pesquisar a presença de patógenos nas populações de onça-pintada e animais domésticos das regiões do Parque Nacional das Emas-PNE, Parque Estadual do Cantão-PEC e Pantanal sul mato-grossense, e identificar possíveis associações nos diagnósticos encontrados. Entre fevereiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2010, foram coletadas amostras biológicas de 31 onças-pintadas, 1246 bovinos, 179 cães e 36 gatos. Foram realizados diagnósticos sorológicos para brucelas lisas (AAT), Leptospira spp. (SAM), Toxoplasma gondii (MAT; RIFI), vírus da raiva (RFFIT), vírus da cinomose (SN), FIV e FeLV (SnapTM); e diagnósticos moleculares para Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., Cytauxzoon spp., Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Amostras de fezes de onças-pintadas foram analisadas para Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp., protozoários da Família Sarcocystidae e Mycobacterium spp. O monitoramento das onças-pintadas, através do radiotransmissor, permitiu o mapeamento da ocorrência dos patógenos. As populações de bovinos das três áreas apresentaram alta exposição à B. abortus, mas apenas uma onça-pintada do PNE foi exposta à brucela lisa. Os sorovares mais prováveis de Leptospira spp. identificados em onças-pintadas do PNE e Pantanal foram distintos dos encontrados nos animais domésticos. As onças-pintadas, cães e gatos das três áreas foram altamente expostos ao T. gondii. Onças-pintadas do PNE e Pantanal foram expostas ao vírus da raiva, assim como as onças-pintadas do Pantanal e os cães das três áreas foram expostos ao vírus da cinomose. Dois gatos do entorno do PEC foram soropositivos para FeLV, mas nenhuma onça-pintada foi exposta ao agente ou ao FIV. Cães do entorno do PNE e do PEC foram positivos para Babesia spp., enquanto todas onças-pintadas foram negativas para o hemoparasita. Todas as onças-pintadas do Pantanal e PNE, e três de quatro onças do PEC foram positivas para Hepatozoon spp. e Cytauxzoon felis, sendo que cães e gatos também foram expostos ao Hepatozoon spp., mas não ao Cytauxzoon spp. As onças-pintadas das três áreas apresentaram alta exposição ao 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum', e alguns indivíduos do Pantanal e PEC foram positivos para o Mycoplasma haemofelis e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Poucos gatos foram positivos para os hemoplasmas felinos. Não houve evidências de exposição ao Mycobacterium bovis, e a presença de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia intestinalis foi detectada em onças do PNE. De acordo com os resultados, a cinomose e a raiva podem ser consideradas potenciais ameaças às populações de onça-pintada; a brucelose e a leptospirose podem ter sido transmitidas por animais domésticos; e, provavelmente as onças-pintadas possuem papel importante na manutenção do T. gondii, Cytauxzoon felis, Hepatozoon spp. e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' no ambiente. Esses dados são relevantes e devem ser considerados na elaboração de estratégias para a conservação de onça-pintada na natureza.Habitat fragmentation and the increasing proximity between humans, domestic and wild animals can be responsible for emerging and re-emerging diseases, dissemination of pathogens and alterations in host-pathogen relationships. Declines in wild felids due to disease have recently been reported; however, little is known about their potential role in wild jaguar populations. This study aimed to investigate the presence of pathogens in jaguar populations and domestic animals in the regions of Emas National Park (ENP), Cantão State Park (CSP) and the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, and to identify possible associations in the obtained diagnoses. Between February 2000 and January 2010, biological samples were collected from 31 jaguars, 1246 cattle, 179 dogs and 36 cats. Serological surveys for smooth Brucella (RBT), Leptospira spp. (MAT), Toxoplasma gondii (MAT; IFAT), rabies virus (RFFIT), distemper virus (SN), FIV and FeLV (SnapTM), and molecular tests for Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., Cytauxzoon spp., Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis' were performed. Jaguar scats were analyzed for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp., protozoas of the Sarcocystidae Familiy and Mycobacterium spp. Monitoring of jaguars through radio-transmitter provided pathogen occurrence maps. Cattle populations from all sites were highly exposed to B. abortus, but only one jaguar from ENP was exposed to smooth Brucella. The most detectable serotypes of Leptospira spp. identified in jaguars from ENP and the Pantanal were distinct from those found in the domestic animals. Jaguars, dogs and cats in the three areas were highly exposed to T. gondii. Jaguars from ENP and the Pantantal were exposed to rabies, and jaguars from the Pantanal and dogs from the three areas were exposed to distemper virus. Two cats from the surroundings of CSP were seropositive for FeLV, but no jaguars were exposed to this agent or to FIV. Dogs from the surroundings of ENP and CSP were positive for Babesia spp., while all jaguars were negative for the hemoparasite. All jaguars from the Pantanal and ENP and three of four jaguars from the CSP were positive for Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon felis. Dogs and cats were also exposed to Hepatozoon spp., but not to Cytauxzoon spp. The jaguars from the three areas were highly exposed to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum', and some individuals from the Pantanal and CSP were positive for Mycoplasma haemofelis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Few domestic cats were positive for feline hemoplasms. There were no evidences of exposure to Mycobacterium bovis, but Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis were detected in jaguars from ENP. According to the results, distemper and rabies should be considered potential threats to jaguar populations; brucellosis and leptospirosis could have been transmitted by domestic animals; and jaguars probably play an important role in the maintenance of T. gondii, Cytauxzoon felis, Hepatozoon spp. and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' in nature. These data should be taken into account when elaborating conservation strategies for jaguars in the wild

Comparison of Racemic Ketamine Versus (S+) Ketamine When Combined with Midazolam for Anesthesia of Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata

Ten common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and 10 black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) were immobilized to compare the anesthetic effects of racemic ketamine and (S+) ketamine in combination with midazolam. The animals were distributed into four groups: five common marmosets (group CJR) and five black-tufted marmosets (group CPR) received 9.8 ± 1.4 mg/kg of racemic ketamine, and five common marmosets (group CJS) and five black-tufted marmosets (group CPS) received 10.4 ± 1.6 mg/kg of (S+) ketamine. All groups received similar dosages of midazolam (1.0 ± 0.15 mg/kg). During immobilization, heart rates, respiratory rates, rectal temperatures, and muscle relaxation scores were recorded at 5, 10, and 20 min after initial injection. Quality of induction and quality of recovery were evaluated in each marmoset by recording physical reactions including withdrawal reflexes, involuntary movements, salivation, compulsive licking, catalepsy, and ataxia. There were no significant differences in the induction, immobilization, and recovery times between the four groups. Similarly, there were no significant differences between groups in heart rates, respiratory rates, or body temperatures, although there was a significant decrease in respiratory rates over time in group CPR. In addition, the CJR and CPS groups showed significant decreases over time in rectal temperature. Muscle relaxation was more profound in the CPR group than in the other groups. Compulsive licking, involuntary movements, salivation, and withdrawal reflexes were observed more frequently in animals given S(+) ketamine; but in general, racemic ketamine and S(+) ketamine had similar effects in all callitrichines. Further studies are required to confirm that S(+) ketamine has different potency in these specie