P. Coslin. Les conduites à risque à l’adolescence

Les conduites à risque sont fréquemment évoquées lorsqu’il est question de l’adolescence : toxicomanie, sexualité ou alimentation imprudentes, accidents de la circulation ou liés à la pratique d’un sport, fugue, délinquance, comportement suicidaire... Dans Les conduites à risque à l’adolescence, Pierre Coslin présente une vaste recension de ces conduites, précédée dans le premier chapitre par une analyse anthropologique de leur signification, d’une manière générale et plus spécialement à cett..

L’idéation suicidaire à l’adolescence : quelles relations avec la perception du milieu familial et les modes de faire face ?

On a analysé les relations entre l’idéation suicidaire des grands adolescents et, d’une part la perception qu’ils ont de leur milieu familial, d’autre part les stratégies qu’ils déclarent mettre en œuvre face à d’éventuelles idées de suicide. Les réponses données par 302 élèves de lycée à des questionnaires d’auto-évaluation vont dans le sens d’une conception de l’idéation suicidaire comme conduite unidimensionnelle mais complexe, intégrant d’autres processus spontanés que l’idée même de se donner la mort. L’idéation suicidaire est d’autant plus forte que l’élève fait état d’une faible relation de confiance avec ses parents. Quelle que soit la confiance perçue dans la relation avec les parents, le niveau d’idéation suicidaire est également lié aux modes de faire face mis en œuvre par l’adolescent pour contrer un éventuel envahissement par l’idée de se suicider. Ces résultats suggèrent que les actions de prévention contre le suicide des adolescents et le malaise psychologique dont l’idéation suicidaire est un indice ne devraient pas seulement chercher à restaurer des relations de confiance entre l’adolescent et ses parents. Elles gagneraient à faciliter l’acquisition par les adolescents de modes de réponse efficaces aux idées de suicide, modes de réponse spécifiques qui ne dépendent que très modérément de leur perception actuelle du milieu familial.This study aimed to analyze relationships between suicidal ideation and: (a) the adolescents’ perception of their family setting and (b) the coping strategies used when faced with hypothetical pervasive suicidal ideas. The responses given by 302 high-school students to a self-report questionnaire support the view of suicidal ideation as a one-dimension but complex conduct that includes additional components other than the idea to kill oneself. Suicidal ideation was more pronounced when the adolescents perceived their parent attachment relationship as insecure. The coping strategies used by adolescents when faced with hypothetical pervasive suicidal ideas accounted for their individual suicidal ideations level regardless of their family perception. The results suggest that the programs used to prevent suicide and the psychological problems of which suicidal ideation is an indicator should not focus solely on attempting to rebuild secure relationships between adolescents and their parents. They should also try to focus on developing sufficient skills to cope with suicidal ideas, given that these specific coping skills are mostly independent from the adolescent’s perception of his/her family

Que peut apporter la théorie de l’attachement aux psychologues du conseil ?

Cet article examine l’intérêt que la théorie de l’attachement (T.A.) pourrait présenter pour la psychologie du conseil. Dans une première partie, on rappelle comment la T.A. a été inspirée par trois sources : psychologie clinique et pathologique, éthologie, et cybernétique. L’évolution des recherches sur la T.A. est exposée, en particulier son intérêt croissant pour les différences interindividuelles de développement socio-émotionnel au-delà de la prime enfance. Dans une deuxième partie, on commence par envisager les effets favorables que pourraient avoir des attachements confiants aux parents sur la découverte des formations scolaires et professionnelles par les adolescents, et sur leur engagement dans celles-ci. On rapporte ensuite les recommandations que des psychologues du conseil ont tirées de la T.A. pour la conduite de l’entretien, en explicitant certaines des métaphores qui lui sont empruntées en cette occasion. On termine en soulignant combien la prise en compte des aspects socio-émotionnels dans la conduite de l’entretien et dans l’examen de la situation du consultant accroît la possibilité de mobiliser chez lui les stratégies de formation les plus pertinentes.In this article, we examine the relevance of attachment theory (A.T.) for counseling psychology. First, we present the three sources of AT.: (a) clinical psychology and psychopathology, (b) ethology, and (c) cybernetics. We overview the development of research on A.T., with a special focus on interindividual differences regarding the socio-emotional development beyond infancy. In the second part, we analyse the extent to which secure attachments to parents could support adolescents’ exploration and commitment regarding career development. We report the recommendations formulated by counselors who rely on A.T., regarding the management of clinical interviews, and we specify the content of the metaphors related to this framework. Finaly, we underscore that the attention devoted by the counselor to the socio-emotional factors when examining an individual case increases the likelihood of elicitating the most relevant career development strategies

Compilation of a Specialized Functional Language for Massively Parallel Computers

We propose a parallel specialized language that ensures portable and cost-predictable implementations on parallel computers. The language is basically a first-order, recursion-less, strict functional language equipped with a collection of higher-order functions or skeletons. These skeletons apply on (nested) vectors and can be grouped in four classes: computation, reorganization, communication, and mask skeletons. The compilation process is described as a series of transformations and analyses leading to SPMD-like functional programs which can be directly translated into real parallel code. The language restrictions enforce a programming discipline whose benefit is to allow a static, symbolic, and accurate cost analysis. The parallel cost takes into account both load balancing and communications, and can be statically evaluated even when the actual size of vectors or the number of processors are unknown. It is used to automatically select the best data distribution among a set of standard distributions. Interestingl- y, this work can be seen as a cross fertilization between techniques developed within the FORTRAN parallelization, skeleton, and functional programming communities

Persistent control of a superconducting qubit by stroboscopic measurement feedback

Making a system state follow a prescribed trajectory despite fluctuations and errors commonly consists in monitoring an observable (temperature, blood-glucose level...) and reacting on its controllers (heater power, insulin amount ...). In the quantum domain, there is a change of paradigm in feedback since measurements modify the state of the system, most dramatically when the trajectory goes through superpositions of measurement eigenstates. Here, we demonstrate the stabilization of an arbitrary trajectory of a superconducting qubit by measurement based feedback. The protocol benefits from the long coherence time ($T_2>10 \mu$s) of the 3D transmon qubit, the high efficiency (82%) of the phase preserving Josephson amplifier, and fast electronics ensuring less than 500 ns delay. At discrete time intervals, the state of the qubit is measured and corrected in case an error is detected. For Rabi oscillations, where the discrete measurements occur when the qubit is supposed to be in the measurement pointer states, we demonstrate an average fidelity of 85% to the targeted trajectory. For Ramsey oscillations, which does not go through pointer states, the average fidelity reaches 75%. Incidentally, we demonstrate a fast reset protocol allowing to cool a 3D transmon qubit down to 0.6% in the excited state.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures and 1 table. Supplementary information available as an ancilla fil

Émotions et transitions : problématiques et contributions empiriques internationales

Toute vie est jalonnée de transitions scolaires et professionnelles. Elles réorganisent durablement les conduites de l’individu et les rapports qu’il entretient avec lui-même, avec autrui et plus généralement avec son milieu de vie – tout au moins scolaire ou professionnel. Ces ruptures entre deux périodes relativement stables peuvent varier selon les époques et ne sont pas les mêmes pour tous les individus. Certes, la presque totalité des enfants quitte un jour l’école maternelle pour l’écol..

La prise de risque dans l'espace routier chez le préadolescent (implication de l'identité sexuée, la recherche de sensations, l'estime de soi, l'attachement aux parents et la supervision parentale)

La présente étude s interroge sur les rapports entre la prise de risque et différentes variables individuelles et sociales l identité sexuée, la recherche de sensations, l estime de soi, l attachement aux parents et la supervision parentale chez jeunes adolescents piétons âgés de 9 à 14 ans. Afin d obtenir les données, 948 participants scolarisés de la classe de CM1 à celle 3ème ont répondu à un questionnaire. Les résultats nous ont permis de confirmer que d une part les garçons prennent plus de risques que les filles et d autre part, que plus l enfant est âgé plus il prend des risques dans l espace routier. Les résultats confirment également l existence de liens entre l identité sexuée, la recherche de sensations, l attachement aux parents, la supervision parentale et la prise de risque piéton. Par contre, l estime de soi n est pas corrélée à la prise de risque piéton. Des analyses de régression linéaires nous ont permis de montrer que la recherche de sensations s explique par non seulement un besoin biologique ou physiologique de sensations mais aussi par un besoin de correspondre à des rôles sociaux, à la norme. La recherche de sensations c est en grande partie quelque chose qui vise à satisfaire un besoin identitaire, rôles de sociaux auxquels on est tenu d adhérer. Le modèle de Baron et Kenny (1986) nous a permis de vérifier que la supervision parentale agit bien comme variable médiatrice entre l attachement des parents et la prise de risque piéton. Ainsi nous proposons un modèle plus complexe du MIO (modèle interne opérant) de Greenberg (1987). En effet, la supervision fait partie de l attachement ; c'est-à-dire qu en plus des dimensions communication/confiance et aliénation, on ajoute la dimension de supervision. Le sentiment d être bien supervisé par les parents explique la mise en danger de soi en plus de l attachement confiant.In the present study, we investigate the relationships between risk-taking and different individual and social variables gender-role identity, sensations-seeking, self-esteem partial-attachment and parental-supervision in young adolescent pedestrians (9 to 14 years old). In order to obtain valuable data, 948 pupils from CM1 to 3rd had to answer a set of questions. The results have confirmed that, on the one hand, boys take more risks than girls, and on the other hand, the more the child is old, the more he takes risks in the road-space. The results confirm, also, the association of the variables gender-role identity, sensations-seeking, parental attachment and parental supervision with the pedestrian risk-taking. On the other hand, there is no relationship between self-esteem and pedestrian risk-taking. A series of multiple regression analyses have shown that sensations-seeking cannot be explained only by biological or physiological need of sensations, but also by the need to correspond with the social roles. The Baron and Kenny (1986) model allows to verify that the parental-supervision does act as a mediating variable between parental-attachment and pedestrian risk-taking. So, we propose a more complex model of the MIO (construct of working models ) of Greenberg (1987). Supervision is one of the dimensions of the attachment that is to say that, in addition to the communication/confidence and alienation dimensions, there is the supervision dimension. The feeling of being well-supervised by the parents, explains the self-endangering in addition to the confident-attachment.NANTERRE-PARIS10-Bib. élec. (920509901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Prevalence of inherited ichthyosis in France: a study using capture-recapture method

International audienceBACKGROUND:Inherited ichthyoses represent a group of rare skin disorders characterized by scaling, hyperkeratosis and inconstant erythema, involving most of the tegument. Epidemiology remains poorly described. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of inherited ichthyosis (excluding very mild forms) and its different clinical forms in France.METHODS:Capture - recapture method was used for this study. According to statistical requirements, 3 different lists (reference/competence centres, French association of patients with ichthyosis and internet network) were used to record such patients. The study was conducted in 5 areas during a closed period.RESULTS:The prevalence was estimated at 13.3 per million people (/M) (CI95%, [10.9 - 17.6]). With regard to autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, the prevalence was estimated at 7/M (CI 95% [5.7 - 9.2]), with a prevalence of lamellar ichthyosis and congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma of 4.5/M (CI 95% [3.7 - 5.9]) and 1.9/M (CI 95% [1.6 - 2.6]), respectively. Prevalence of keratinopathic forms was estimated at 1.1/M (CI 95% [0.9 - 1.5]). Prevalence of syndromic forms (all clinical forms together) was estimated at 1.9/M (CI 95% [1.6 - 2.6]).CONCLUSIONS:Our results constitute a crucial basis to properly size the necessary health measures that are required to improve patient care and design further clinical studies

Repetitive Behaviours in Patients with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Tics, Compulsions, or Both?

Background Repetitive behaviours (RB) in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) are frequent. However, a controversy persists whether they are manifestations of obssessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or correspond to complex tics. Methods 166 consecutive patients with GTS aged 15–68 years were recruited and submitted to extensive neurological, psychiatric and psychological evaluations. RB were evaluated by the YBOCS symptom checklist and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I), and classified on the basis of a semi-directive psychiatric interview as compulsions or tics. Results RB were present in 64.4% of patients with GTS (107/166) and categorised into 3 major groups: a ‘tic-like’ group (24.3%–40/166) characterised by RB such as touching, counting, ‘just right’ and symmetry searching; an ‘OCD-like’ group (20.5%–34/166) with washing and checking rituals; and a ‘mixed’ group (13.2%–22/166) with both ‘tics-like’ and ‘OCD-like’ types of RB present in the same patient. In 6.3% of patients, RB could not be classified into any of these groups and were thus considered ‘undetermined’. Conclusions The results confirm the phenomenological heterogeneity of RB in GTS patients and allows to distinguish two types: tic-like behaviours which are very likely an integral part of GTS; and OCD-like behaviours, which can be considered as a comorbid condition of GTS and were correlated with higher score of complex tics, neuroleptic and SSRIs treatment frequency and less successful socio-professional adaptation. We suggest that a meticulous semiological analysis of RB in GTS patients will help to tailor treatment and allow to better classify patients for future pathophysiologic studies. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT0016935