Unraveling Forward and Backward Source Problems for a Nonlocal Integrodifferential Equation: A Journey through Operational Calculus for Dzherbashian-Nersesian Operator

This article primarily aims at introducing a novel operational calculus of Mikusi\'nski's type for the Dzherbashian-Nersesian operator. Using this calculus, we are able to derive exact solutions for the forward and backward source problems (BSPs) of a differential equation that features Dzherbashian-Nersesian operator in time and intertwined with nonlocal boundary conditions. The initial condition is expressed in terms of Riemann-Liouville integral (RLI). Solution is presented using Mittag-Leffler type functions (MLTFs). The outcomes related to the existence and uniqueness subject to certain conditions of regularity on the input data are established.Comment: 13 page

Biochemistry and regulation of liver regeneration

1. Attempts have been made to use clearance of bromsulphalein or of alcohol to estimate the growth of the liver fragment after partial hepatectomy. 2. The liver's ability to clear an injected dose of bromsulphalein is not affected by biopsy but is diminished to about 45 per cent of the control value after partial hepatectomy. A similar reduction is produced by fasting or induction of diabetes by administration of alloxan. 3. The liver's ability to clear an injected dose of ethanol is not affected by biopsy but is reduced to almost zero fifteen minutes after partial hepatectomy. 4. A comparison has been made of the composition and metabolism of the liver remaining after either two-thirds hepatectomy or removal of a small biopsy. 5. The wet weight, dry weight and total protein content of the remaining liver fragment show no change for the first twelve hours after partial hepatectomy. Thereafter they increase together at a rate which remains roughly constant for the next twenty-four hours. DNA synthesis, measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation, starts to increase sixteen hours after the operation, reaches a peak at twenty-four hours and thereafter declines sharply. The total DNA content of the liver fragment remains unaltered for sixteen hours after the operation but thereafter increases steadily for the next twenty hours. 6. The mean cell mass (wet and dry) and the protein content per cell fall slightly in the first four hours after partial hepatectomy then rise to a maximum at about twelve hours, returning to the pre-operative level at twenty hours. Biopsy produces similar but less marked changes. 7. Both partial hepatectomy and liver biopsy result in a precipitate loss of glycogen from the remaining liver cells followed by a slow recovery. The loss is slightly greater, and the recovery slightly slower, after partial hepatectomy. The lipid content per cell increases markedly after partial hepatectomy and the RNA per cell falls. Neither of these is affected by removal of a biopsy. 8. In the anaesthetized laparatomized rat the liver secretes glucose and lipids into the blood flowing through it. At the same time it takes up phospholipids, proteins, ammonia and oxygen. 9. The immediate effects of biopsy are to increase glucose output, change output of lipids to rapid uptake, decrease the uptake of proteins and increase, the uptake of oxygen by the liver. There is no effect on the uptake of ammonia and phospholipids. These changes however are soon reversed/,and by eight to twelve hours the uptake and release of metabolites by the liver is much as it was before the operation. 10. The effects of partial hepatectomy differ from those of biopsy in the following respects. a) The output of glucose decreases instead of increasing and after returning to normal between eight to twelve hours it decreases again. b) The uptake of lipids is significantly less but the return to normal is much slower. c) The uptake of phospholipids is less. d) The uptake of proteins (after the initial decrease at four hours) is very much greater. e) The uptake of ammonia shows erratic changes; but there is a steady increase in the ammonia concentration in the hepatic venous blood. f) The uptake of oxygen by the liver fragment is as great as that of the liver after biopsy, in spite of the fact that the liver fragment amounts to only one third of the intact organ. 11. The consumption of oxygen vitro by liver slices has been measured. Slices from the fragment remaining after partial hepatectomy show a substantially greater uptake than slices from normal liver. The uptake is maximal (twice normal) at sixteen hours and thereafter starts to decline. Slices from a liver from which a biopsy has been taken show only a small increase in uptake at four hours and thereafter return to normal. 12. If partial hepatectomy is performed on a fasted rat,jthe increase in lipid concentration in the liver and the peak of DNA synthesis occur about eight hours later than is the case if the operation is performed on a fed animal. 13. The response to partial hepatectomy, in terms of increase in liver remnant weight, increase in lipid concentration and increase in rate of DNA synthesis is not modified if the time of day at which the operation is carried out is varied. 14. Intraperitoneal injections of a commercial amino-acid mixture supplemented with glucose into rats produce a small decrease in the mean cell mass and the content of RNA per cell in the liver. 15. Partial hepatectomy performed on rats made diabetic by previous administration of alloxan is followed by liver regeneration comparable, in terms of increase in liver mass and DNA content, to that elicited in healthy animals. 16. A single intraperitoneal injection of indomethacin four hours before partial hepatectomy results in a delay of the peak of DNA synthesis and a reduction in the increase of liver remnant weight. Multiple injections of indomethacin effectively inhibit both

Editorial

The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries have long sought techniques to decrease project cost, increase productivity and quality, enhance safety, and reduce project delivery time. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers the potential to achieve these goals. BIM simulates the construction project in a virtual environment. With BIM technology, an accurate virtual model of a facility is digitally constructed. When completed, the computer-generated model contains precise geometry and relevant data needed to support the programming, fabrication, procurement, construction, and post-construction activities. It can be used by project stakeholders for planning and decision making throughout the project life cycle. BIM represents a new paradigm within AEC, one that encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project. It has the potential to promote greater efficiency and harmony among players who, in the past, saw themselves as adversaries

Sequence analysis of genes associated with resistance to chloroquine and sulphadoxine pyrimethamine in P. falciparum and P. vivax isolates from the Bannu district of Pakistan

AbstractPlasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are becoming resistant to drugs including antifolates, sulphonamides and chloroquine. This study was focused at sequence analysis of resistant genes of these parasites against sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine and chloroquine, from Bannu, Pakistan. Known mutations were detected at codons 57, 58 and 117 of pvdhfr gene of P. vivax, while none of the isolates had any pvdhps mutation. Similarly P. falciparum isolates exhibited double 59R+108N mutations in pfdhfr, and single 437G in pfdhps thus demonstrating the existance of triple mutant 59R+108N+437G haplotype in this region. The key chloroquine resistance mutation, 76T in pfcrt was observed in 100% of the P. falciparum isolates, with haplotype SVMNT which is also associated with resistance to amodiaquine. Some novel mutations were also observed in pvdhfr and pfdhfr genes

Genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in the Bannu district of Pakistan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Plasmodium vivax </it>and <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>are the major causative agents of malaria. While knowledge of the genetic structure of malaria parasites is useful for understanding the evolution of parasite virulence, designing anti-malarial vaccines and assessing the impact of malaria control measures, there is a paucity of information on genetic diversity of these two malaria parasites in Pakistan. This study sought to shed some light on the genetic structure of <it>P. vivax </it>and <it>P. falciparum </it>in this understudied region.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The genetic diversities of <it>P. vivax </it>and <it>P. falciparum </it>populations from the densely populated, malaria-endemic Bannu district of Pakistan were evaluated by analysis of their merozoite surface protein (<it>msp</it>) genes by PCR-RFLP. Specifically, the <it>Pvmsp-3α </it>and <it>Pvmsp-3β </it>genes of <it>P. vivax </it>and the <it>Pfmsp-1 </it>and <it>Pfmsp-2 </it>genes of <it>P. falciparum </it>were analysed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In <it>P. vivax</it>, genotyping of <it>Pvmsp-3α </it>and <it>Pvmsp-3β </it>genes showed a high level of diversity at these loci. Four distinct allele groups: A (1.9 kb), B (1.5 kb), C (1.2 kb), and D (0.3 kb) were detected for <it>Pvmsp</it>-<it>3α</it>, type A being the most prevalent (82%). Conversely, amplification of the <it>P. vivax msp</it>-<it>3β </it>locus produced two allele groups: A (1.7-2.2 kb, 62%) and B (1.4-1.5 kb, 33%), with 5% mixed-strain infections. Restriction analysis of <it>Pvmsp-3α </it>and <it>Pvmsp-3β </it>yielded 12 and 8 distinct alleles, respectively, with a combined mixed genotype prevalence of 20%. In <it>P. falciparum</it>, all three known genotypes of <it>Pfmsp-1 </it>and two of <it>Pfmsp-2 </it>were observed, with MAD20 occurring in 67% and 3D7/IC in 65% of the isolates, respectively. Overall, 24% <it>P. falciparum </it>samples exhibited mixed-strain infections.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results indicate that both <it>P. vivax </it>and <it>P. falciparum </it>populations in Pakistan are highly diverse.</p

Development of Polymeric Nanoparticles of Garcinia mangostana Xanthones in Eudragit RL100/RS100 for Anti-Colon Cancer Drug Delivery

Xanthones are a group of oxygenated heterocyclic compounds with anticancer properties, but poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability hinder their therapeutic application. This study sought to prepare a xanthones extract (81

Genetic diversity analysis of Bemisia tabaci populations in Pakistan using RAPD markers

Abstract Background: The Bemisia tabaci is one of the most devastating pests of agricultural crops and ornamental plants worldwide. The genetic diversity and biotype status of the Bemisia tabaci in Pakistan was assessed by using random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). A total 80 samples of B. tabaci collected from 14 districts of the Punjab province and 7 districts of the Sindh province were included. Results: All 10 primers screened in this study generated 151 scorable amplification products, of which 117 or 77% were polymorphic. Pairwise Nei and Li\u2019s similarity had ranged from 0.25 to 0.88 among all individuals analyzed. Based on Nei and Li\u2019s similarity coefficients Bemisia populations were grouped into 3 main clusters and clearly distinguished the non B biotype from the B biotype. Conclusion: The level of similarity among populations of same biotypes was high whereas between populations of non B and B biotypes appeared to be less closely related. This analysis showed that non B biotype is prevalent in both provinces however B biotype is restricted to few locations in Sindh. This monitoring of the spread of B. tabaci in Pakistan will assist in the establishment of appropriate management strategies

Factors associated with month 2 smear non-conversion among category 1 tuberculosis patients in Karachi, Pakistan

Predictors of smear non-conversion at baseline can help identify cases at risk for failure of tuberculosis treatment. Retrospective data for smear-positive Category 1 patients in Karachi, Pakistan, was analyzed. Predictors of sputum conversion were determined using multiple logistic regression with sputum conversion as outcome variable and patient demographics, baseline weight, baseline sputum smear grade, case-finding approach as explanatory variables. Age ≥35 years, baseline sputum grade of 3+ were significantly associated with predicting sputum smear positivity at month 2 of treatment. Monitoring compliance to TB treatment should be considered amongst older patients and those with a high sputum grade at baseline

Thermal, electrochemical and mechanical properties of shape memory alloy developed by a conventional processing route

A Cu based shape memory alloy (Cu-Al-Ni) having a composition 83% Cu, 14% Al, 3% Ni, was developed and studied to determine the shape memory effect. Powder of Cu, Al and Ni was melted in a pit furnace at about 15500C, and casted alloy was heat treated at 8500C for a period of 50 minutes followed by water quenching. Microstructure characterization of alloy (Cu-Al-Ni) was carried out to determine the pre-quenched (cast structure) and quenched martensitic structure. The microstructure analysis of developed samples showed needle like structure of quenched martensite after heat treatment. It has a very good resemblance with structure of casted shape memory alloy obtained from the vacuum induction process. The Vickers hardness test was also performed. Quenched microstructure with improved hardness than pre-quenched structure was observed.Keywords: Shape Memory Alloy, Microstructure, Mechanical Propertie