Elite Politics in the States: A Study of Bahawalpur Muslim League (1925-1947)

Historically, geographically and politically, the former princely state of Bahawalpur has remained a unique administrative unit for about 227 years in the Indian Sub- Continent. It had not been only a vital part of the Sub-Continent as a prosperous and welfare state, but it also possessed a separate glorious history. At the time of partition of the Sub-Continent in 1947, it was enjoying the status of a sovereign State. It affiliated with the new born country of Pakistan in October, 1947. In 1951, it was given provincial autonomy and in 1955, when One-Unit came into existence, the State with its provincial autonomy was merged and dissolved into West Pakistan. In the 20th century the impact of political movements had been tremendous and this factor also influenced Bahawalpur State and the semi-political parties interacted politically with the local public. When the resolution of Pakistan was passed in Lahore on 23 March, 1940, the rising awareness of independence was quite evident among the Muslims of the Sub-Continent. This excitement and passion, with the passage of time, was converted into an overflow of freedom. The ideology of Pakistan was materialized at a terrific speed and within a short span of time through the untiring efforts of the students, who had graduated from Muslim University Aligarh or who incidentally sought their education from Lahore. Meanwhile a new leadership took over the reigns of the state in its hands. These semi-political parties were representing the Muslim League. The youth came forward through the platform of Muslim League to proceed further, but Muslim League had to face serious problems in Bahawalpur state to carry out its political activities. Some nationalist elements and powerful political leaders of that time tried to hamper the progress of Muslim League. They did not allow the re-organization of Muslim League and opposed the affiliation of Bahawalpur State with Pakistan. So, we can see how the Muslim League’s leaders managed all such issues. The solution of these issues has been critically mentioned in this article. An effort also has been made through this article to highlight the new political leadership who achieved all the objectives of this area for the new generation. No doubt these objectives were acquired through constant struggle, courage and concentration. Basic and secondary sources have been utilized for the preparation of this articl

Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara Di Sekretariat Dprd Kabupaten Mamuju Provinsi Sulawesi Barat

 This study aimed to determine the effect of Organizational Culture on the Performance of the Civil Servants in the Secretariat of the Mamuju Regency of West Sulawesi Province. This research was associative in nature by measuring the influence of Organizational Culture with the performance of Civil Servants and explaining the influence of the variables examined using quantitative research methods. The data used were primary and secondary data and the unit of analysis was the civil servants at the Mamuju Regency DPRD Secretariat. The results of the data analysis had an influence between the variable X on the variable Y From the calculation of the product moment correlation coefficient, the implementation of Organizational Culture influences the Civil Servants Performance in the Secretariat of DPRD Mamuju Regency. This was evidenced from the results of the calculation of correlation obtained t count that was equal to 7,036 and the level of relationship was high. Then from the results of these calculations it could be seen that the coefficient of determination was 42.5

RISK ANALYSIS OF SHARIA STOCKS IN THE INFRASTRUCTURE, UTILITIES AND TRANSPORTATION SECTOR LISTED ON THE JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX (JII) 2015-2023

This research is intended to analyze the risk comparison using the Value at Risk (VaR) Variance Covariance and Value at Risk (VaR) Historical Simulation models in the Infrastructure, Utilities and Transportation subsectors. The development of infrastructure, utilities, and transportation plays a very important role in national development and is the main driver of regional growth and the industrial sector. Improvements in the regulatory and investment policy framework are expected to significantly increase the availability of infrastructure facilities and services. The population involved in this study includes 9 companies listed in the JII in the Infrastructure, Utilities, and Transportation sector, which are used as samples. The data used is secondary data obtained from www.yahoo.finance.com. Data analysis was carried out using a two-sample average test. The test results of the Value at Risk (VaR) Historical Simulation and Variance Covariance values are largest in INDX stocks, followed by other stocks, and those with the lowest risk level are TLKM stocks for the upcoming 5-day, 7-day, and 15-day periods with good values for alpha 1%, 5%, and 10%. The results concluded that the comparison between VaR Variance Covariance and VaR Historical Simulation produces a good level of risk and helps in determining sectors that are worth investing in the future, and can describe the fundamental strength of each sector

Impact of Authentic Material on ESL Learners’ Receptive Vocabulary Size

In Pakistani pedagogical process, English is taught as foreign or second language and as a compulsory subject from class 1 to bachelor level. But the results are unsatisfactory in the whole process. Various studies (Heflin, & Alaimo, 2007) have been conducted to find out the reasons and remedies but vocabulary being the most important part of a language is not given due concern in pedagogical process. This research study is undertaken to observe the impacts of authentic material i.e. newspaper on ESL learners’ receptive vocabulary size at intermediate level. This is basically a quantitative research which borrowed the framework of an experimental research. The population was the ESL learners at bachelor level in Lahore. Through convenience sampling technique, the researchers have selected 50 students and formed them into control and experimental groups. The data were collected with pre-test and post-test tools. Later, data were analyzed statistically and shown in charts. In this research study, the researchers have found that good results can be obtained by teaching ESL learners with the help of authentic material i.e. newspaper as compared to the traditional methods of text book teaching. The EFL process can be enhanced with living and practical settings

Impact of Authentic Material on ESL Learners’ Receptive Vocabulary Size

In Pakistani pedagogical process, English is taught as foreign or second language and as a compulsory subject from class 1 to bachelor level. But the results are unsatisfactory in the whole process. Various studies (Heflin, & Alaimo, 2007) have been conducted to find out the reasons and remedies but vocabulary being the most important part of a language is not given due concern in pedagogical process. This research study is undertaken to observe the impacts of authentic material i.e. newspaper on ESL learners’ receptive vocabulary size at intermediate level. This is basically a quantitative research which borrowed the framework of an experimental research. The population was the ESL learners at bachelor level in Lahore. Through convenience sampling technique, the researchers have selected 50 students and formed them into control and experimental groups. The data were collected with pre-test and post-test tools. Later, data were analyzed statistically and shown in charts. In this research study, the researchers have found that good results can be obtained by teaching ESL learners with the help of authentic material i.e. newspaper as compared to the traditional methods of text book teaching. The EFL process can be enhanced with living and practical settings

Empowerment of primary health care in an Outreach resource-limited district in Punjab: A strategy for improving adherence to Antiepileptic drug treatment in children with Epilepsy.

There is wide acknowledgement of the need for community involvement in the optimal management of children with epilepsy (CWE) in outreach financially constrained districts of the developing countries, but there is scarce data on comprehensive community-based childhood epilepsy treatment programs assessment

Comparative Susceptibility of Different Cell Cultures and Chicken Embryo Organ Cultures to Infectious Bursal Disease Virus of Poultry

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute highly contagious viral infection of young chickens often resulting in immunosuppression. Inactivated vaccines play significant role in protection against IBD. Mammalian cell lines could be used for producing such vaccines. In present study twenty-five, local strains of IBD virus were inoculated into chicken embryo bursa cell culture, liver cell culture, kidney cell culture, fibroblast cell culture and Vero cell lines for cytopathic effect. Moreover comparative susceptibility of chicken embryo bursa organ, embryo liver organ and embryo kidney organ cultures, to infectious bursal disease virus were studied. Chicken embryo bursa cell line was found to be most susceptible (90%) followed by Vero cell lines (70%), fibroblast cell lines (65%), kidney cell lines (50%) and liver cell lines (45%). While chicken embryo bursa organ culture gave maximum cytopathic effect (80%) followed by chicken embryo liver (60%) and kidney organ (45%). From these studies it is concluded that after bursa cell lines, Vero cell lines gave maximum cytopathic effect yielding high number of virus particles and are easy to maintain. Thus Vero cell lines can be used to produce infectious bursal disease vaccines using local isolates

The Role Of Work Life Balance In Job Satisfaction And Job Benefit

This paper investigates the influence of job benefits on job satisfaction of Public and Private Business Schools in Pakistan. Further it also examines the mediating effect of Work Life Balance (WLB) on job satisfaction and job benefit relationship. A sample of 329 respondents is collected from Business Schools in Pakistan by using a structured questionnaire. The results show that there is a mediation effect of WLB on the relationship of job satisfaction and job benefit

White Blood Cell to Platelet Ratio as a Marker of Adverse Outcome in Organophosphate Poisoning: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Survey

Introduction: Organophosphorus compounds are pesticides commonly used for agricultural purposes. However, by nature they are poisonous, and administration either accidental or intentional is a medical emergency requiring prompt evaluation and treatment, and can even lead to death. In addition due to the ease of their availability, they are commonly used for self-harm/suicidal purposes. Many of the patients are initially managed at primary or secondary healthcare setups before being referred to tertiary care hospitals. The purpose of our study is to find a prognostic marker in the initial blood work of these patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 46 patients were included in this retrospective cross-sectional survey conducted at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi. Data were collected from patient files using specific questionnaires. Outcomes were defined in terms of Emergency Department disposition. Data were analysed using SPSS v25. A univariate analysis, followed by Spearman’s Correlation was used. Results: Patients with a higher WBC to Platelet ratio had worse outcomes. The Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was calculated and a moderately strong correlation (rho = .458, p < .001) was found. Conclusion: WBC to Platelet ratio is a hematological parameter determined to be most strongly correlated with adverse outcomes in Organophosphate Poisoning. It has a statistically significant stronger correlation than the WBC count alone. However, further extensive and focused studies are needed to corroborate these findings and substantiate them as a definite marker of prognostic significance. Keywords: Organophosphate Poisoning; Emergency Medicine; ED; White Blood Cells; Emergency Care; Patient Outcome Assessment