Anthropologies numériques une nouvelle édition

Le Cube et Les écrans de la liberté proposèrent deux jours de découvertes et de rencontres autour de l’anthropologie, des arts numériques et du cinéma. Des créateurs et des chercheurs de renommée internationale sont venus présenter des nouvelles formes d’expressions anthropologiques et artistiques autour de la projection de films, de web-documentaires, d’installations et de discussions. La réalité n’est-elle pas toujours l’objet de perceptions différentes, tour à tour sensibles, rationnelles,..

Polymorphism in Gag Gene Cleavage Sites of HIV-1 Non-B Subtype and Virological Outcome of a First-Line Lopinavir/Ritonavir Single Drug Regimen

Virological failure on a boosted-protease inhibitor (PI/r) first-line triple combination is usually not associated with the detection of resistance mutations in the protease gene. Thus, other resistance pathways are being investigated. First-line PI/r monotherapy is the best model to investigate in vivo if the presence of mutations in the cleavage sites (CS) of gag gene prior to any antiretroviral treatment might influence PI/r efficacy. 83 patients were assigned to initiate antiretroviral treatment with first-line lopinavir/r monotherapy in the randomised Monark trial. We compared baseline sequence of gag CS between patients harbouring B or non-B HIV-1 subtype, and between those who achieved viral suppression and those who experienced virological failure while on LPV/r monotherapy up to Week 96. Baseline sequence of gag CS was available for 82/83 isolates; 81/82 carried at least one substitution in gag CS compared to HXB2 sequence. At baseline, non-B subtype isolates were significantly more likely to harbour mutations in gag CS than B subtype isolates (p<0.0001). Twenty-three patients experienced virological failure while on lopinavir/r monotherapy. The presence of more than two substitutions in p2/NC site at baseline significantly predicted virological failure (p = 0.0479), non-B subtype isolates being more likely to harbour more than two substitutions in this specific site. In conclusion, gag cleavage site was highly polymorphic in antiretroviral-naive patients harbouring a non-B HIV-1 strain. We show that pre-therapy mutations in gag cleavage site sequence were significantly associated with the virological outcome of a first-line LPV/r single drug regimen in the Monark trial

De la conclusion du contrat de cautionnement à l'appel en paiement de la caution : la question de la charge de la preuve d'une disproportion manifeste

International audienc

The implementation of environmental law in competition law

Si l'intégration des exigences environnementales est inscrite dans les textes et, pour partie, dans la réalité, la relation entre les droits de l'environnement et de la concurrence demeure problématique, car les valeurs que le premier vise à protéger sont à bien des égards des valeurs "exogènes au marché". Consacré formellement, mais mal connu et souffrant d'une qualification juridique difficile à cerner, le principe d'intégration ne permet pas une intégration substantielle des droits et des politiques de l'environnement et de la concurrence. L'objet de la thèse est donc d'abord, par un travail de réflexion sur les catégories et concepts des deux disciplines, de mettre en lumière les limites de la situation actuelle. Il est ensuite de s'interroger sur les évolutions en cours, et sur les conditions susceptibles de rendre effective une régulation des marchés prenant en compte les enjeux environnementaux. L'élévation de l'intérêt environnemental et l'avènement d'un ordre public écologique sont une des voies possibles d'une telle intégration, donnant aux juges un rôle fondamental à jouer dans la conciliation des intérêts en présence.If the integration of environmental requirements is written in legal documents and in part in reality, the relation between environmental law and competition law remains problematic. Indeed, the values that environmental law seeks to protect are mainly outside of the scope of the markets. The principle of integration, if formally recognized, is not well known and suffers a lack of legal characterization. A substantial integration of law and policies of environmental law in competition law seems thus impossible. The purpose of this study is to analyze and highlight the limitations of the current situation, by studying and comparing the different concepts and categories present in those two fields. It is then possible to apprehend the evolutions that are taking place, as well as the conditions that could make effective a regulation of the markets that would take in consideration the issues of environmental law. A solution would be to elevate the interest of environmental law and see the emregence of an ecological public order. Such integration would give a central role to the judges in order to conceal the interests at stake. Another less traditional way would be the monetization of the environment

De la loi de 1976 à la loi de 2016 : le préjudice écologique : après les hésitations, la consécration

The ecological prejudice. For many years, thanks to the jurisprudence and under the pressure of the legal doctrine, the legislator is trying to recognize the “pure” ecological prejudice because of its specificities. The legislator has first provided answers based on administrative procedure with the transposition of the European Directive on environmental liability. In turn, judges have tried to answer these questions based on the civil liability under the ordinary rule. Whilst significant, these inroads remained inadequate about the compensation and required a new legislative intervention. Forty years after the recognition of the general interest of the protection of nature, it is finally done. The 2016 biodiversity bill entrenches the «ecological prejudice » and its reparation in the civil code.Le législateur, avec l’aide de la jurisprudence et sous l’influence pressante de la doctrine, tente depuis de nombreuses années d’offrir une reconnaissance au préjudice écologique « pur » en raison de ses spécificités. Le législateur a d’abord apporté des réponses sur le fondement du droit de la police administrative avec la transposition de la directive européenne sur la responsabilité environnementale. La jurisprudence, à son tour, a tenté de répondre à ces questions sur le fondement de la responsabilité civile de droit commun. Importantes, ces avancées restaient cependant insuffisantes et appelaient une nouvelle intervention législative afin d’assurer une consécration du préjudice écologique pour lui garantir une réparation satisfaisante. Quarante après la reconnaissance du caractère d’intérêt général de la nature par la loi de 1976, c’est enfin chose faite : la loi relative à la biodiversité de 2016 inscrit la reconnaissance du préjudice écologique et de sa réparation dans le Code civil.Malet-Vigneaux Julie. De la loi de 1976 à la loi de 2016 : le préjudice écologique : après les hésitations, la consécration. In: Revue Juridique de l'Environnement, n°4, 2016. pp. 617-628

Immune-related pancreatitis due to anti-PD-L1 therapy in a patient with non–small cell lung cancer: A case report

International audienceRationale: Despite clinical-proven benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) on advanced lung cancer, rare but life-threatening immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been reported. Pancreatitis is a rare irAE that can occur with any ICI.Patient concerns: A 53-year-old man with locally advanced non–small cell lung carcinoma was treated with radiochemotherapy and then durvalumab (anti–programmed cell death ligand 1 therapy). Twelve weeks after the beginning of ICI, he reported abdominal pain and anorexia. Blood test showed high level of lipase. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a swollen pancreas. These findings were confirmed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and biliopancreatic endoscopic ultrasonography.Diagnoses: Grade IV immune-related pancreatitis.Interventions: The patient was treated with corticosteroid therapy, resulting in clinical, radiological, and biological improvement.Outcomes: During the first month, corticosteroid therapy could not be decreased under 1 mg/kg/d because of symptoms recurrence and lipasemia rerising. Four months after this episode, the patient died from acute ischemia of the lower limbs while he was on <20 mg/d of corticosteroid.Lessons: To the best of our knowledge, immune-related pancreatitis has been reported only with anti–programmed cell death 1 or anti–cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 therapies but never with anti–programmed cell death ligand 1 therapy. It is important to report such rare cases to improve diagnosis and management of irAEs

A toolbox to explore NMR metabolomic data sets using the R environment

International audienc

Assessment of the Association between Entropy in PET/CT and Response to Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Monotherapy in Stage III or IV NSCLC

Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy indications are broadened in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) do not provide benefits for the entire population. Texture features based on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), especially entropy (based on a gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)), could be interesting as predictors in NSCLC. The aim of our retrospective study was to evaluate the association between GLCM-entropy and response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy at the first evaluation in stage III or IV NSCLC, comparing patients with progressive disease (PD) and non-progressive disease (non-PD). In total, 47 patients were included. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1) were used to evaluate the response to ICI treatment (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or atezolizumab). At the first evaluation, 25 patients were PD and 22 were non-PD. GLCM-entropy was not predictive of response at the first evaluation. Furthermore, GLCM-entropy was not associated with progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.393) or overall survival (OS) (p = 0.220). Finally, GLCM-entropy measured in PET/CT performed before ICI initiation in stage III or IV NSCLC was not predictive of response at the first evaluation. However, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using texture parameters in routine clinical practice. The interest of measuring PET/CT texture parameters in NSCLC remains to be evaluated in larger prospective studies

Underground River Monitoring from Seismic Waves with a Random Forest Algorithm

International audienceGroundwater storages are usually inaccessible and therefore their surveillance can become challenging. As a complement to traditional methods, seismic noise analysis was suggested to monitor ground water storage (Lecocq et al. 2017). Our site is the Fourbanne karstic aquifer, monitored since 2014. The underground conduit is accessible through a drilled well and is instrumented by two 3-components seismometers and a hydrological probe. We present a new approach, based on the machine learning random forest (RF) algorithm and continuous seismic records, to find signals corresponding to flooding and predict the underground river water level. The method is based on the computation on a sliding window of seismic signal features (waveform, spectral and spectrogram features). The first results indicate that the RF algorithm is capable of accurately predicting the water level in the conduit, with a mean absolute error not exceeding 5%. This a first promising outcomes for the remote study of water circulation using seismic waves

Analysis of adulterated herbal medicines and dietary supplements marketed for weight loss by DOSY 1H NMR

International audienceTwenty herbal medicines or dietary supplements marketed as natural slimming products were analyzed by Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY (DOSY) 1H NMR and DOSY-COSY 1H NMR. The method allows analysis of the whole sample with detection of both active and inactive ingredients in these complex matrices. Among the 20 formulations analyzed, 2 were strictly herbal and 4 had a composition corresponding to declared ingredients on the packaging or the leaflet. The others were all adulterated. Eight formulations contain sibutramine alone at doses ranging from 4.4 to 30.5 mg/capsule. Five formulations contain sibutramine (from 5.0 to 19.6 mg/capsule or tablet) in combination with phenolphthalein (from 4.4 to 66.1 mg/capsule), and the last formulation was adulterated with synephrine (19.5 mg/capsule). Quantification of the actives was carried out with 1H NMR. Several other compounds were also characterized including methylsynephrine, vitaberin, sugars, vitamins etc. DOSY NMR is thus proposed as a useful tool for detection of unexpected adulteration