RIQUEZA AGRONÓMICA EN COLECTAS MEXICANAS DE TOMATES (Solanum lycopersicum L.) NATIVOS

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) production at the national level uses three cultivars, “Saladette”, “Bola” and “Cherry”, which predominate in the market. The use of native tomatoes is for regional markets, but they have the potential to be used as a source of genes for breeding. The yield potential and fruit quality of 100 native tomato populations were evaluated with the variables: plant height, normalized difference vegetation index, total number of fruits and yield, length and width of fruit, thickness of the pericarp, number of loculi, total soluble solids, luminosity, chrome and °Hue. The results showed that the G3 population presented the highest yield with 10.85 kg m-2, with 121 fruits of 74.3 g in the average of pumpkin fruit shape with number of loculi of 8.7. The variables number of fruits and yield per plant did not have a normal distribution compared to the others. The results evidenced that the native tomato populations cultivated under open field conditions have a broad morphological variety in plant and fruit forms and sizes.La producción de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) a nivel nacional usa tres tipos cultivados “Saladette”, “Bola” y “Cherry” que predominan en el mercado. El uso de tomates nativos es para mercados regionales, pero tienen potencial para ser aprovechado como fuente de genes para el mejoramiento genético. Se evaluaron en campo, el potencial de rendimiento y calidad de fruto de 100 poblaciones nativas de tomate, con las variables: altura de planta, índice diferencial de vegetación normalizado, número total de frutos y rendimiento, largo y ancho de fruto, grosor del pericarpio, número de lóculos, sólidos solubles totales, luminosidad, croma y °Hue. Los resultados demostraron que la población G3 presentó el mayor rendimiento con 10.85 kg m-2, con 121 frutos, de 74.3 g en promedio, con forma de calabaza con lóculos con 8.7. Las variables número de frutos y rendimiento por planta, no tuvieron distribución normal comparada con las demás. Los resultados evidenciaron que las poblaciones nativas de tomate cultivadas en condiciones de campo abierto tienen amplia variación morfológica de formas y tamaños de planta y fruto

Morphological characteristics of okra fruits [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] cultivated in the dry tropic

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of okra fruits [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.], in the dry tropics, a crop endemic to the Afro-Mexican region. Design / Methodology / Approach: The material was collected in Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, Mexico. By means of a Random Complete Design (RCD), 4 repetitions of 100 fruits were selected, each one; it was evaluated: weight, number, size and shape of fruits and seeds. The data were analyzed with the procedure of Central Tendency Measurements, using SAS. Results: The fruits are heterogeneous and some are deformed, have an elongated and grooved shape, with an average weight of 10.4 g and 95 seeds of 0.05 g each; they are round with the conical microphile, the dark gray head and the white embryo. Study limitations / implications: The morphological characteristics of the okra fruit should continue to be studied with more time and established crops to broaden the panorama of decisions. Findings / conclusions: Backyard okra fruits have quality and potential for fresh or processed consumption. There is a lack of management and improvement of the crop.Objective: The objective was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of okra fruit[Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.], an endemic crop of the Afro-Mexican region, inthe dry tropics.Design/Methodology/Approach: Materials were collected in Cuajinicuilapa, in thestate of Guerrero in Mexico. Using a completely randomized design (CRD), 4 repetitionsof 100 fruits were selected, and each was evaluated for the following: weight, number,size and shape of fruits and seeds. Data were analyzed using measures of centraltendency, utilizing SAS.Results: The fruits are heterogeneous and some are deformed, they have a long andfluted shape, with an average weight of 10.4 g and 95 seeds each weighing 0.05 g. Theseeds are round with a conical micropyle, the testa is dark grey, and the embryo white.Study Limitations/Implications: It is necessary to keep studying the morphologicalcharacteristics of okra fruit for a longer period of time and to establish farming in orderto widen the outlook of decision making. Findings/Conclusions: Okra fruits from backyard farming have better quality andpotential for fresh or processed consumption. There is a lack of management andimprovement of this crop

Detection and analysis of tumour biomarkers to strengthen the diagnosis of acute and chronic leukaemias

AbstractMolecular markers in leukaemia are essential to diagnose, establish prognosis factors and determine the correct treatment of patients; therefore, it is imperative to include molecular biology studies, so that, combined with cytomorphology and immunophenotyping studies, they constitute the differential diagnosis of these neoplasias. It is extremely important to implement a panel of molecular markers that allows us to detect oncogenes derived from chromosomal translocations, genes derived from epigenetic alterations and drug-resistant genes.A panel of molecular markers that included 11 genes derived from chromosomal translocations BCR-ABL major and minor breakpoints, E2A-PBX1, MLL-AF4, TEL-AML1, PML-RARα, AML1-ETO was standardised; cancer testis antigens (CTA) derived from NY-ESO1 and MAGE-A3 epigenetic alterations and multi-drug-resistant genes ABCB1 and ABCG2. 30 patients diagnosed with leukaemia from Mexico's General Hospital (Hospital General de Mexico) were included. They suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML); bone marrow mononuclear cells were used, from which RNA was extracted for the synthesis of cDNA and RT-PCR for each of the markers. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), BCR-ABL biomarkers expressed under 30% (3/10), E2A-PBX1 10% (1/10), ABC-B1 80% (8/10), and ABC-G2 60% (6/10). Patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) expressed 30% PML-RARα (3/10), 40% ABC-B1 (4/10), and 10% ABC-G2 (1/10). Lastly, in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), BCR-ABL was over 100% (10/10), ABC-B1 20% (2/10), and ABC-G2 50% (5/10). The presence of transcripts from chimeric genes minor BCR-ABL and E2A-PBX1 in ALL; PML-RARα in AML; and major BCR-ABL in CML, confirms the importance that the panel of molecular markers has in strengthening the diagnosis and prognosis of these conditions

Fermentación in vitro de consorcios bacterianos celulolíticos ruminales de búfalos de agua en sustratos fibrosos

Objetivo. Determinar las variables fermentativas in vitro de un consorcio bacteriano celulolítico (CBC) aislado de una búfala de agua en cocultivo con bacterias ruminales totales (BRT) en sustratos fibrosos. Materiales y métodos. Un CBC se aisló de fluido ruminal de una búfala de agua en medios selectivos celulolíticos. El diseño experimental fue un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3x2, los factores fueron tratamientos [BRT, CBC y un cocultivo (BRT + CBC)] y sustratos (pasto pangola y rastrojo de maíz). La producción de gas total y metano (CH4) se midieron a diferentes intervalos de tiempo. Además, se estimó pH, nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3), degradación de materia seca (DMS) y de fibra detergente neutro (DFDN), y la población de bacterias totales a 72 h de incubación. Resultados. El cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) cantidad de gas a las 3, 6 y 24 h en ambos sustratos. A las 48 y 72 h, el cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) gas en pasto cobra. El cocultivo y las BRT no presentaron diferencias (p>0.05) en la producción de CH4 a 48 y 72 h, y en DMS y DFDN (p>0.05). En el pasto cobra, la concentración de N-NH3 con el cocultivo fue mayor (p≤0.05) que con BRT. Conclusión La producción de gas y degradación de materia seca de los consorcios bacterianos celulolíticos procedentes del rumen de una búfala de agua muestran que son una alternativa para mejorar la fermentación de carbohidratos estructurales del pasto cobra cuando se cocultivan con bacterias ruminales bovinas

Evaluación física y clínica de sementales bovinos en dos municipios de la costa chica de Guerrero, México

Objective: To evaluate the reproductive physical characteristics and general health of stallions in two municipalities of Costa Chica of Guerrero, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in the municipalities of Ometepec and Cuajinicuilapa. Thirty bulls between 2 and 10 years of age were evaluated. In the physical reproductive and clinical examination were performed by direct observation, using ultrasound to evaluate attached reproductive glands and testicular parenchyma. Blood samples were taken to determine the blood profile. Descriptive statistics was used to present the results. Results: The 86% of the bulls had adequate legs and feet as well as preputial length. Scrotal circumference was according to the age and breed of the animals. Testicular defects were showed for 30% of the bulls, the most common was hypoplasia and unilateral tumors of testicular parenchyma and epididymis, as well as calcifications of the testicular parenchyma. The 93% of the bulls had normal accessory genital glands. Clinically 24% of the bulls with signs suggestive of anaplasmosis were found. The 76% of the bulls, apparently healthy, presented monocytosis, thrombocytopenia and anemia. Limitations on study/implications: the lack of knowledge of the producers about the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the bulls allows them to suffer from diseases without receiving any type of treatment, decreasing their reproductive efficiency. Findings/conclusions: Most of the bulls evaluated had the minimum physical characteristics required, although the presence of anemia and respiratory diseases may have an indirect negative impact on the reproductive efficiency of the bulls.Objetivo: Evaluar las características físicas reproductivas y la salud general de los sementales en dos municipios de Costa Chica de Guerrero, México. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se evaluaron reproductiva y clínicamente 30 sementales, de entre 2 y 10 años. El examen reproductivo, se realizó por observación directa, empleándose ecografía para evaluar glándulas reproductivas anexas y el parénquima testicular. La evaluación clínica se realizó por medio del examen físico y perfil hemático. Se empleó estadística descriptiva para la presentación de los resultados. Resultados: El 86% de los sementales tuvieron aplomos y largo prepucial adecuado, así como circunferencia escrotal acorde a la edad y raza de los animales. El 30% de los sementales presentaron defectos testiculares, siendo los más comunes, hipoplasia y tumores unilaterales de parénquima testicular y epidídimos, así como calcificaciones del parénquima testicular. El 93% de las glándulas anexas fueron normales. Clínicamente se encontró un 24% de los sementales con signos sugerentes a anaplasmosis. El 76% de los toros, aparentemente sanos, presentaron monocitosis, trombocitopenia y anemia. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: El desconocimiento de los productores sobre la necesidad de una evaluación integral de los sementales permite que éstos padezcan enfermedades que no son tratadas, disminuyendo su eficiencia reproductiva. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La mayoría de los sementales evaluados tuvieron las características físicas mínimas requeridas, aunque la presencia de anemia y enfermedades respiratorias pueden tener incidencia negativa indirecta sobre la eficiencia reproductiva de los sementales

Yield estimation of forage oat (Avena sativa L.) Chihuahua variety: ruler and plate methods

Objetive: To analyze forage estimations with the direct method and the plant height. Diseño/Metodología/Aproximación: The treatments were the plants age, assessed in a random block design, with three repetitions. Simple linear regressions were carried out and adjusted using the SPSS statistical software. Resultados: The highest and lowest yields occurred at 105 and 30 days after sowing (DAS), with 5,412 and 783 kg DM ha-1, respectively. Height with the rule had a significant effect on forage production, with an R2 of 0.83. For each increase per cm the plants increased 56,134 kg DM ha-1. The height with the plate had an R2 of 0.97, so that 65.032 kg DM ha-1 are produced for each cm in height. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: None Hallazgos/conclusiones: The forage accumulation in Avena sativa L., var. Chihuahua varied depending on the age of the plant. The heights calculated with the plate method, had greater reliability for the forage yield estimate, compared to the graduated rule method

In vitro gas and methane production and dry matter degradation of pumpkin (Cucurbita argyrosperma) silages with pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) hay

Objective: To determine the production of gas, methane and degradation of dry matter in vitro of silage made with pumpkin pulp shell (PPS; Cucurbita argyrosperma), pangola grass hay (Digitaria decumbens) and urea as additives and two inclusion percentages of molasses fermented for 14 and 21 days. Methodology: The silages (2 kg) were: E1= 72.5% PPS, 22.5% pangola grass, 3% molasses and 2% urea; and E2= 72.5 % PPS, 19.5% pangola grass, 6% molasses and 2 % urea. Both silages were fermented for 14 and 21 days. Gas production was evaluated, methane (CH4), total bacteria count and dry matter degradation (DMDEG). The experimental design was a completely randomized 2 × 2 arrangement with types of silage and fermentation time as factors. Results: The E1 at 21 d showed the lowest gas production at 72 h (46.96 mL g-1 MS) and the lowest DMDEG (35.78%; p ? 0.05). CH4 production and total bacteria count did not show differences (p> 0.05) between types of silage, nor fermentation times. Limitations on study: The inclusion of 3% molasses with a fermentation time of 21 days showed the lowest gas production and degradation of dry matter in silage with pumpkin pulp shell and pangola grass hay. Conclusions: Silage made with pumpkin pulp shell is a viable alternative to preserve and produce feed for ruminants in the dry season; likewise, properly use potentially contaminating materials such as pumpkin pulp shell. Keywords: Digitaria decumbens, Cucurbita argyrosperma, gas production, ensilage, in vitro.Objetivo: Determinar la producción de gas, metano y degradación de la materia seca in vitro de ensilados elaborados con cascara y pulpa de calabaza (CPC; Cucurbita argyrosperma), heno de pasto pangola (Digitaria decumbens) y como aditivos urea y dos porcentajes de inclusión de melaza fermentados durante 14 y 21 días. Metodología: Los ensilados (2 Kg) fueron: E1 = 72.5% de CPC, 22.5% de pasto pangola, 3% de melaza y 2% de urea; E2 = 72.5% de CPC, 19.5% de pasto pangola, 6% de melaza y 2% de urea. Ambos ensilados se fermentaron por 14 y 21 días. Se evaluó la producción de gas, metano (CH4), conteo de bacterias totales y degradación de materia seca (DEGMS). El diseño experimental fue un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2 con tipos de ensilado y tiempo de fermentación como factores. Resultados: El E1 a los 21 d mostró la menor producción de gas a las 72 h (46.96 mL g-1 MS) y menor DEGMS (35.78%; p ? 0.05). La producción de CH4 y conteo de bacterias totales no mostraron diferencias (p > 0.05) entre tipos de ensilado, ni tiempos de fermentación. Limitaciones del estudio: La inclusión de 3% de melaza con un tiempo de fermentación de 21 días presentó la menor producción de gas y degradación de la materia seca en ensilados con cascara y pulpa de calabaza y heno de pasto pangola. Conclusiones: Los ensilados elaborados con cascara y pulpa de calabaza son una alternativa viable para conservar y producir alimento para rumiantes en la época de sequía; así mismo usar adecuadamente materiales potencialmente contaminantes como la cascara y pulpa de calabaza

Productive behavior of sheep fed with soy (Glycine max L.) forage

Objective: To evaluate the productive behavior of Creole sheep in the tropics fed a comprehensive diet that includes forage soy (FS, Glycine max) at different phenological stages. Methodology: The treatments T1: control, T2: 30% (SF-56 d), T3: 30% (SF-68 d), T4: 30% (SF-85 d), T5: 30% (SF-110 d) were randomized 30 male Creole sheep (15.51 ± 1.6 kg LW). The experiment lasted 56 d. The variables evaluated were: dry matter consumption (DMC), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion (FC). The experimental design was completely randomized and the averages of the treatments were compared using the Tukey test. Results: Differences (p<0.05) were found in DMC, GWG and FC. The DMC was lower (p<0.05) in the control group. The DWG was higher in the animals that consumed forage soybean compared to the control group (0.205 vs 0.121 kg d-1). The FC decreased (p <0.05) 51% in T3 (SF 68 d), with respect to the control group. Limitations on study: The nutrient contribution of soy forage is based on the phenological stage of the plant. Likewise, the scarce knowledge of the producers of the tropic region to incorporate it in the feeding of small ruminants. Conclusions: The inclusion of 30% of forage soybeans at 68 d of age in a comprehensive diet improves the productive performance of the lambs because it increases daily weight gain and decreases feed conversion.Objective: To evaluate the productive behavior of Creole sheep in the tropics fed a whole food diet that includes soybean (FS, Glycine max) fodder at different phenological stages. Methodology: The treatments T1: control, T2: 30% (SF-56 d), T3: 30% (SF-68 d), T4: 30% (SF-85 d), T5: 30% (SF-110 d) were assigned randomly to 30 male Creole sheep (15.51±1.6 kg LW). The experiment lasted 56 d. The variables evaluated were: dry matter consumption (DMC), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion (FC). The experimental design wascompletely randomized and the averages of the treatments were compared using the Tukey test. Results: Differences (p<0.05) were found in DMC, DWG and FC. The DMC was lower (p<0.05) in the control group. The DWG was higher in the animals that consumed soybean fodder compared to the control group (0.205 vs 0.121 kg d-1). The FC decreased (p<0.05) 51% in T3 (SF 68 d), with respect to the control group. Study Limitations: The nutrient contribution of soybean fodder is based on the phenological stage of the plant. Likewise, producers in the tropical region have scarce knowledge about how to incorporate it in the feeding of small ruminants. Conclusions: The inclusion of 30% of soybean fodder at 68 d of age in a whole food diet improves the productive performance of the lambs because it increases daily weight gain and decreases feed conversion

Características bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro de complementos con Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb y cáscara de Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber

Objective: To determine the bromatological and in vitro fermentative characteristics of supplements made with pod parota and pumpkin pulp shell. Methodology: The supplements evaluated were C1 = 50% pumpkin pulp shell and 50% pod parota; C2 = 60% pumpkin pulp shell and 40% pod parota; C3 = 70% pumpkin pulp shell and 30% pod parota. In the supplements, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash (As), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), partial and accumulated production of biogas and methane were determined, biogas production kinetics, pH, total bacteria count, ammoniacal nitrogen, degradation of DM and NDF Results: On average they quantified 15.88% of CP and 42.36% of NDF. C3 produced 4.53% more accumulated biogas than C2 (P<0.05). In the accumulated production of methane C2 and C3 did not show differences (P>0.05); but, they produced 7.31% less methane than C1 (P<0.05). In vitro degradations did not show differences between treatments (P>0.05). Limitations on study: The best fermentative characteristics appear when the complement is worked with 60% pumpkin pulp shell. Conclusions: Pumpkin pulp shell with pod parota are used to elaborate complements based on in vitro biogas production and degradations, so it can represent an alternative feeding of ruminants in the tropics.Objetivo: Determinar las características bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro de complementos elaborados con harina de vaina de parota, cascara y pulpa de calabaza. Metodología: Los complementos evaluados fueron C1 = 50% harina de cascara con pulpa de calabaza y 50% de harina de vaina de parota; C2 = 60% harina de cascara con pulpa de calabaza y 40% de harina de vaina de parota; C3 = 70% harina de cascara con pulpa de calabaza y 30% de harina de vaina de parota. En los complementos se determinó materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), cenizas (Ce), materia orgánica (MO), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), producción parcial y acumulada de biogás y metano, cinética de producción de biogás, pH, conteo total de bacterias, nitrógeno amoniacal, degradación de MS y FDN. Resultados: En promedio cuantificaron 15.88% de PC y 42.36% de FDN. C3 produjo 4.53% más biogás acumulado que C2 (P<0.05). En la producción acumulada de metano C2 y C3 no mostraron diferencias (P>0.05); pero, produjeron 7.31% menos metano que C1 (P<0.05). Las degradaciones in vitro no presentaron diferencias entre tratamientos (P>0.05). Limitaciones del estudio: Las mejores características fermentativas se presentan cuando el complemento se labora con 60% de harina de cascara con pulpa de calabaza. Conclusiones: La harina de cascara con pulpa de calabaza con vaina de parota sirven para elaborar complementos con base en su producción de biogás y degradaciones in vitro, por lo que puede representar una alternativa de alimentación de rumiantes en el trópico

Scarification treatments in chepil seeds (Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn.) used to improve their germination

Objective: The objective was to evaluate different treatments of scarification to improve the germination, in seeds of chepil (Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn.). Design / Methodology / Approach:  The research was established at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero. The chepil seeds were weighed and counted; Using a DCA, 2 experiments were established with 4 treatments of 4 repetitions each. Imbibition and germination were evaluated. The data was analyzed using a SAS® 9.0 statistical package. Results: The use of water at different temperatures and times presented positive results in imbibition and increased germination percentages; because when using water at 100 °C until cooling, the germination was 80 % and the control it barely reached 12.3 %. Study limitations / implications: Chepil is a wild species that has seeds with physical dormancy, which requires further research to accelerate and increase germination rates. Findings / conclusions:  The imbibition and germination was affected by the applied treatments. The seeds are chepil present physical or superficial dormancy that can be eliminated with the use of heat treatments; however, evaluations are needed to accelerate and find a higher percentage of germination.Objective: The objective was to evaluate different scarification treatments to improvegermination in chepil seeds (Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn.).Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was established in the School of VeterinaryMedicine and Zootechnics N. 2 of the Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. The chepilseeds were weighed and counted; 2 experiments were established through a CRD with4 treatments of 4 repetitions each. Imbibition and germination were evaluated. The datawere analyzed with the statistical software package SAS® 9.0.Results: The use of water at different temperatures and times presented positive resultsin imbibition and increased the germination percentages. The treatment with water at100°C until cooling reached a germination of 80%, and the control of 12.3%. Study Limitations/Implications: Chepil is a wild species that has seeds with physicaldormancy, which is something that requires more research in order to accelerate andincrease the germination percentages.Findings/Conclusions: The imbibition and germination was affected by the treatmentsapplied. Chepil seeds presented physical or superficial dormancy that may be eliminatedwith the use of heat treatments; however, evaluations still need to be performed toaccelerate and find a higher percentage of germination