114 research outputs found
Voices from Detention: An Exploration of Undocumented Immigrants\u27 Journeys
Distinct differences exist between the phrases ācriminalā and āimmigrantā but moral panic has caused people to gravitate to use one term to address illegal immigration; Crimmigration. The current study seeks to contribute to the limited field of qualitative research on illegal immigration commonalities in migration experiences and characteristics of the immigrant. Qualitative semi structured interviews of detained men in an Immigration Detention Center will be conducted in efforts to illustrate the migration and detainment experience. This exploratory research contributes to the reformation of current immigration legislation and social perceptions of immigrants in the United States in hopes to eliminate the criminalization of immigration
Un pilote avec groupe tĆ©moin : effets de la mĆ©ditation de pleine conscience sur la qualitĆ© de vie, le sommeil et lāhumeur chez des adolescents atteints de cancer
Lāannonce dāun diagnostic de cancer provoque souvent une forte reĢaction eĢmotionnelle et un stress important tant chez les adultes que chez les adolescents et leurs parents. Certains dāentre eux cherchant aĢ soulager cette deĢtresse se tournent vers des meĢthodes alternatives positives de gestion de stress, dans le but dāatteĢnuer les effets psychologiques indeĢsirables du cancer. Les theĢrapies ciblant aĢ la fois le corps et lāesprit gagnent en populariteĢ dans ces populations. Une avenue prometteuse est la meĢditation de pleine conscience (MPC), inspireĢe de la philosophie bouddhiste et adapteĢe dans le cadre dāinterventions theĢrapeutiques pour ameĢliorer la qualiteĢ de vie des patients souffrant de maladies chroniques. AĢ ce jour, des eĢtudes dans le domaine de la santeĢ ont suggeĢreĢ que la MPC pouvait avoir des effets beĢneĢfiques sur les symptoĢmes et la gestion de plusieurs maladies chroniques dont le cancer, faisant dāelle une avenue theĢrapeutique inteĢressante dans le traitement des effets psychologiques indeĢsirables lieĢs aĢ ces maladies. La recherche eĢmergente en peĢdiatrie suggeĢre des effets comparables chez les enfants et adolescents. Lāobjectif de la preĢsente theĢse a eĢteĢ de deĢvelopper un essai clinique randomiseĢ visant aĢ eĢvaluer les effets de la MPC sur la qualiteĢ de vie, le sommeil et lāhumeur chez des adolescents atteints de cancer, en documentant les eĢtapes dāimplantation du projet, les embuches qui ont eĢteĢ rencontreĢes durant son implantation et les reĢsultats obtenus. La theĢse est preĢsenteĢe sous la forme de deux articles scientifiques.
Le premier article preĢsente la meĢthodologie qui avait eĢteĢ planifieĢe pour ce projet mais qui nāa pu eĢtre reĢaliseĢe en raison dāembuches rencontreĢes dans la compleĢtion de ce pilote. Ainsi, les eĢtapes preĢliminaires du deĢveloppement de ce projet de recherche, en accordant une place preĢpondeĢrante au manuel dāintervention reĢdigeĢ aĢ cette fin. La mise en place et la
structure de ce projet, nommeĢment le devis meĢthodologique employeĢ, la taille dāeĢchantillon viseĢe, les meĢthodes de recrutement mises en place et les strateĢgies de randomisation preĢvues, sont deĢcrites en deĢtail dans cet article. Pour les fins de ce projet, un manuel dāintervention de MPC a eĢteĢ reĢdigeĢ. Lāintervention en MPC, meneĢe par deux instructeurs formeĢs en MPC, sāest eĢchelonneĢe sur une dureĢe de huit semaines, aĢ raison dāune seĢance dāune heure trente par semaine. Une description deĢtailleĢe de chaque seĢance est incluse dans cet article, dans un but de disseĢmination du protocole de recherche. Des analyses intragroupe serviront aĢ eĢvaluer lāimpact de lāintervention en meĢditation de pleine conscience sur la qualiteĢ de vie, le sommeil et lāhumeur preĢ-aĢ-post intervention et au suivi aĢ six mois. Des analyses intergroupes preĢvues sont deĢcrites afin de comparer les effets de lāintervention entre les participants du groupe controĢle et du groupe expeĢrimental. Les limites potentielles de ce projet, notamment la participation volontaire, le risque dāattrition et la petite taille dāeĢchantillon sont deĢcrites en deĢtail dans cet article.
Le deuxieĢme article preĢsente, dans un premier temps, le deĢroulement du projet de recherche, en mettant en lumieĢre les embuches rencontreĢes dans son implantation. Ainsi, les lecĢ§ons aĢ tirer de lāimplantation dāun tel essai clinique en milieu hospitalier au QueĢbec sont deĢcrites selon trois axes : 1) les deĢfis lieĢs au recrutement et aĢ la reĢtention des participants; 2) lāacceptabiliteĢ et la compreĢhensibiliteĢ de lāintervention en pleine conscience; et 3) le moment ouĢ lāintervention sāest deĢrouleĢe (timing) et lāimpact sur lāengagement requis des participants dans le projet. Durant une peĢriode de recrutement de neuf mois, 481 participants potentiels ont eĢteĢ filtreĢs. 418 (86,9 %) dāentre eux ont eĢteĢ exclus. 63 participants potentiels, vivant aĢ moins dāune heure de MontreĢal, ont eĢteĢ approcheĢs pour prendre part aĢ ce projet. De ce nombre, seulement 7 participants (1,4%) ont accepteĢ de participer aux rencontres de MPC et de compleĢter les mesures preĢ-post intervention. Un bassin dāeĢligibiliteĢ reĢduit, ainsi que des taux de refus eĢleveĢs et des conflits dāhoraire avec les activiteĢs scolaires ont eu un impact consideĢrable sur la taille dāeĢchantillon de ce projet et sur lāabsenteĢisme des participants. MalgreĢ lāinteĢreĢt manifeste des eĢquipes meĢdicales pour la recherche psychosociale, les ressources requises pour mener aĢ terme de tels essais cliniques sont trop souvent sous- estimeĢes. Les strateĢgies de recrutement et de reĢtention des participants meĢritent une attention speĢciale des chercheurs dans ce domaine.
Dans un deuxieĢme temps, le deuxieĢme article de cette theĢse a pour objectif de preĢsenter les reĢsultats de lāintervention en MPC chez des jeunes ayant le cancer, en examinant speĢcifiquement lāimpact de lāintervention sur la qualiteĢ de vie, le sommeil et lāhumeur des jeunes preĢ-post intervention et lors du suivi aĢ six mois. Faisant eĢcho aux embuches deĢcrites preĢalablement deĢcrites, les analyses statistiques nāont permis de deĢceler aucun effet statistiquement significatif de notre intervention. Aucune diffeĢrence significative nāest noteĢe entre les participants du groupe expeĢrimental et les participants du groupe controĢle. Les difficulteĢs rencontreĢes dans de la compleĢtion des devoirs et de la pratique de techniques de meĢditation entre les seĢances, deĢcrites en deĢtail cet article, expliquent en partie ces reĢsultats. Globalement, le contexte deĢveloppemental speĢcifique aĢ lāadolescence, ayant possiblement eu un impact sur lāadheĢrence des participants aĢ la theĢrapie proposeĢe et aĢ leur motivation aĢ prendre part aux rencontres, les scores sous-cliniques lors du premier temps de mesure, lāimpact du soutien social inheĢrent au contexte de theĢrapie de groupe, ainsi que les caracteĢristiques personnelles des theĢrapeutes, pourraient avoir influenceĢ les reĢsultats de ce pilote. Les reĢsultats de ce projet pilote nous laissent croire que la prudence est de mise dans la geĢneĢralisation des bienfaits et de lāefficaciteĢ de la pleine conscience observeĢs chez les adultes atteints de cancer dans son application aux adolescents en oncologie.
En conclusion, la preĢsente theĢse contribue aĢ enrichir la recherche dans le domaine de la MPC chez les jeunes en questionnant neĢanmoins la pertinence dāune telle intervention aupreĢs dāune population dāadolescents souffrant de cancer. Ainsi, il convient dāanalyser les reĢsultats obtenus en tenant compte des limites meĢthodologiques de ce projet et de poser un regard critique sur la faisabiliteĢ et la reproductibiliteĢ dāun projet dāune telle envergure aupreĢs dāune meĢme population. Les lecĢ§ons tireĢes de lāimplantation dāun tel projet en milieu hospitalier peĢdiatrique se sont aveĢreĢes dāune importance centrale dans sa compleĢtion et feront partie inteĢgrante de toute tentative de reĢplication. Dāautres essais cliniques de cette nature seront ineĢvitablement requis afin de statuer sur lāefficaciteĢ de la MPC chez des adolescents atteints cancer et sur la faisabiliteĢ de lāimplantation de cette meĢthode dāintervention aupreĢs dāune population peĢdiatrique hospitalieĢre.News of a cancer diagnosis often elicits a strong emotional reaction in teenagers and their parents. To address these emotional challenges, various psychosocial approaches have been developed, including mind-body therapies. Mindfulness-based meditation, inspired from the Buddhist tradition, and adapted to improve quality of life in patients suffering from chronic illnesses, constitutes a promising option. Altogether, authors have suggested that mindfulness meditation could have beneficial effects on physical and psychological symptoms among adults with different chronic illnesses, namely cancer, and could hence be an interesting therapeutic avenue in the treatment of these conditions. The emerging research in pediatrics is suggesting similar effects in children and adolescents. The goal of this thesis was to develop a randomized clinical trial with the aim to evaluate the effects of a mindfulness- based intervention on quality of life, sleep and mood in adolescents with cancer, while documenting lessons learned from this experience and obtained results. This thesis is comprised of two scientific articles.
The first article presents the initial study protocol that was planned for this study, although this could not be implemented because of multiple feasibility challenges that were met along the way. Preliminary steps in developing this research project, giving prominence to its intervention manual. The structure of the project, namely the choice of design and participant flow, the targeted sample size, along with recruitment and randomization strategies, are described in this article. For the purposes of this project, an intervention manual was written. The mindfulness-based intervention, given by two trained instructors, comprised of eight weekly sessions, lasting 90 minutes each. A detailed description of each weekly session was included in this article, in order to foster the dissemination of our research protocol.
The second article is firstly based on our experience of carrying out a mindfulness- based clinical trial with a group of teenagers treated for cancer. While the initial goal of the trial was to expand the field of mindfulness research of youth with cancer, it became clear that much was to be learned from the challenges we met along the way. The goal of this article was therefore to document lessons learned from completing this trial to improve feasibility of future similar trials. Our findings are described in terms of the challenges encountered according to the following three categories: 1) recruitment and retention challenges; 2) treatment acceptability; 3) timing and commitment. Over 9 months of recruitment, 481 youth were screened for participation in the present project. Of these, 418 (86,9 %) were excluded. Of the 63 that were approached, only 7 (1,4%) agreed to participate in the project, gave consent and provided a complete dataset. A narrow pool of eligible participants, along with high refusal rates, scheduling conflicts with school and absenteeism had a significant impact on sample size in this project. Although there is manifest interest from the medical care community and scientific merit to conducting clinical trials, the resources needed for implementing these types of projects are often underestimated. Effective recruitment and retention merits particular attention.
Secondly, this article presents results of our mindfulness-based intervention in adolescents with cancer, specifically in terms of quality of life, sleep and mood. Participants from the experimental group completed follow-up measures. Testing revealed no significant
differences on any variable between participants from the experimental group and participants from the control group pre-to-post assessment. This could be explained by a lack of exposure to mindfulness techniques following the eight weeks program, limiting the generalization potential beyond therapy sessions. Moreover, encountered difficulties with homework, previously mentioned, could explain the absence of a mindfulness skills acquisition. Globally, our results could be explained by the inherent developmental changes of adolescence, impacting participantsā openness and adherence to mindfulness. Sub-clinical psychological symptoms could also strongly impact the usefulness of mindfulness meditation in youth with cancer. Data from this pilot study suggests that caution is required in generalizing the results used to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions in adults with cancer, as they are not a guarantee of success and effectiveness for adolescent oncology populations.
In conclusion, the present thesis helps advance the state of knowledge in mindfulness and youth research, namely by presenting data that questions the relevance of mindfulness interventions for teenagers with cancer. It is necessary to be cautious in analysing results from this thesis, especially when taking into consideration the methodological limitations that were faced in its completion and their impact on feasibility and reproducibility of such a project on a larger scale. Thus, lessons learned from the implementation of a mindfulness intervention project in pediatric oncology were of crucial importance in the completion of this project and will be an essential part of any attempt to replicate a project of this nature. Further research in this field will be necessary to conclude whether mindfulness interventions are beneficial for teenagers with cancer and whether they are feasible with pediatric populations
Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on the perception of basic psychological need satisfaction among special education students
Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) have been increasingly implemented in schools to foster better emotional regulation skills for students with special education needs such as learning disabilities (LDs). This pilot study aimed to evaluate the impact of a MBI on the need satisfaction of elementary students with severe LDs. A prospective quasi-experimental design involving one group and two time points was employed. A sample of 14 elementary school students from a severe LDs special education class participated in this project. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were conducted and revealed a significant reduction in need satisfaction, with a large effect size (Ī·2 = .35). Contrary to our hypothesis, the MBI appeared to be negatively related to need satisfaction among participants. These results indicate that MBIs could be linked with better self-evaluation skills in students with severe LDs, which, in turn, may change (or increase the accuracy of) the perception that children have of their own need satisfaction
A Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Students With Psychiatric Disorders in a Special Education Curriculum: A Series of n-of-1 Trials on Internalized and Externalized Symptoms
Background: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) constitute a promising option to alleviate psychological symptoms in students with psychiatric disorders.Objective: This study evaluated the impact of a MBI on psychological symptoms of elementary school students with psychiatric disorders in a special education curriculum.Method: A series of n-of-1 trials with an experimental A-B-A design and 10 assessment time-points was used. Participants were two special education classrooms of elementary school students (Group A, n = 7; Group B, n = 6; ntotal = 13) and their teachers.Results: Analyses showed that, at follow-up, students from Group A reported significant decreases in inattention and a trend (p = 0.051) was observed in anxiety symptoms, whereas their teacher reported only deteriorating anxiety scores. No significant results were found in students from Group B.Conclusion: Results from this study show substantial variation between students, tested cohorts and raters of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and behaviors. Therefore, the conservative conclusion from such variation can only be that more research is needed, as no firm conclusion as to the utility of MBIs for such groups of children with special education needs can be established
A mindfulness-based intervention pilot easibility study for elementary school students with severe learning difficulties : effects on internalized and externalized symptoms from an emotional regulation perspective
Objective.
Students with severe learning disabilities often show signs of anxiety, depression, and problem behaviors such as inattention and conduct problems. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in school settings constitute a promising option to alleviate these co-occurring symptoms. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the impact of an MBI on symptoms and behaviors of elementary school students with severe learning disabilities.
Method.
A one-group pretest-posttest design was used. The sample comprised 14 students aged 9 to 12 years with special education needs. Both student-report and teacher-report of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition were used.
Results.
Repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed a significant impact of the MBI on symptoms and behaviors such as anxiety, depression, inattention, aggression, and conduct problems. Effect sizes for all variables were considered large (partial Ī·2 = .31-.61).
Conclusion.
These preliminary results indicate that MBIs can reduce the frequency of symptoms and problem behaviors often found in children with learning disabilities in elementary schools. Further multiple baseline experimental trials with a long-term follow-up are warranted to establish more robustly the effect of MBIs for children with learning disabilities
Localisation mitochondriale du facteur de fragmentation de l'apoptose (DFF40/CAD)
LāĆ©tape finale de lāapoptose est la fragmentation en 200pb de lāADN, un processus qui marque
un point de non-retour pour la cellule Ć Ć©liminer et permet de rĆ©duire le risque de transfert de
gĆØnes mutĆ©s vers les cellules avoisinantes. Le DFF40 est majoritairement responsable de cette
fragmentation internuclĆ©osomale, mais sa localisation intracellulaire du DFF40 est controversĆ©e. Bien que plusieurs Ć©tudes aient dĆ©montrĆ© sa localisation nuclĆ©aire, lāexistence dāune fraction
cytoplasmique a Ć©tĆ© rĆ©vĆ©lĆ©e dans des neuroblastomes et des lymphomes. Notre hypothĆØse est que
des modifications post-traductionnelles seraient impliquĆ©es dans la localisation et lāactivitĆ© du
DFF40. Nos objectifs sont dāidentifier le site de localisation extra-nuclĆ©aire de lāenzyme et les
mĆ©canismes rĆ©gulant sa translocation. Lāanalyse de la sĆ©quence dāacides aminĆ©s du DFF40 a
rƩvƩlƩ la prƩsence de sites potentiels de compƩtition entre phosphorylation et O-glycosylation.
Ces modifications ont ƩtƩ confirmƩes par immunobuvardage puis des analyses de fractionnement
cellulaire ont permis de rƩvƩler la prƩsence de DFF40 O-glycosylƩ dans la fraction membranaire.
Le logiciel Mitoprot II a par la suite rĆ©vĆ©lĆ© la prĆ©sence dāun site potentiel de localisation
mitochondrial en N-terminal. La purification de mitochondries nous a permis de dƩterminer par
immunobuvardage, puis par microscopie confocale et Ć©lectronique sa localisation
mitochondriale. De plus, lāinduction dāapoptose par de la staurosporine ou du tributylĆ©tain induit
une translocation mitochondriale du DFF40. Nos travaux sont les premiers Ć confirmer lāOglycosylation
du DFF40 et sa localisation dans la mitochondrie.</p
Single-cell transcriptomics reveals bimodality in expression and splicing in immune cells
Recent molecular studies have shown that, even when derived from a seemingly homogenous population, individual cells can exhibit substantial differences in gene expression, protein levels and phenotypic output1, 2, 3, 4, 5, with important functional consequences4, 5. Existing studies of cellular heterogeneity, however, have typically measured only a few pre-selected RNAs1, 2 or proteins5, 6 simultaneously, because genomic profiling methods3 could not be applied to single cells until very recently7, 8, 9, 10. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate heterogeneity in the response of mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to lipopolysaccharide. We find extensive, and previously unobserved, bimodal variation in messenger RNA abundance and splicing patterns, which we validate by RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization for select transcripts. In particular, hundreds of key immune genes are bimodally expressed across cells, surprisingly even for genes that are very highly expressed at the population average. Moreover, splicing patterns demonstrate previously unobserved levels of heterogeneity between cells. Some of the observed bimodality can be attributed to closely related, yet distinct, known maturity states of BMDCs; other portions reflect differences in the usage of key regulatory circuits. For example, we identify a module of 137 highly variable, yet co-regulated, antiviral response genes. Using cells from knockout mice, we show that variability in this module may be propagated through an interferon feedback circuit, involving the transcriptional regulators Stat2 and Irf7. Our study demonstrates the power and promise of single-cell genomics in uncovering functional diversity between cells and in deciphering cell states and circuits.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship (1F32HD075541-01))Charles H. Hood Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH grant U54 AI057159)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH New Innovator Award (DP2 OD002230))National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH CEGS Award (1P50HG006193-01))National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Pioneer Awards (5DP1OD003893-03))National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Pioneer Awards (DP1OD003958-01))Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard (Klarman Cell Observatory
Novel mutations in Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase increase thermostability through tighter binding to template-primer
In an effort to increase the thermostability of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV RT), we screened random and site-saturation libraries for variants that show increased resistance to thermal inactivation. We discovered five mutations E69K, E302R, W313F, L435G and N454K that collectively increase the half-life of MMLV RT at 55Ā°C from less than 5 min to ā¼30 min in the presence of template-primer. In addition, these mutations alter the thermal profile by increasing specific activity of the pentuple mutant (M5) over a broad range of cDNA synthesis temperatures (25ā70Ā°C). We further show that M5 generates higher cDNA yields and exhibits better RTāPCR performance compared to wild-type RT when used at high temperature to amplify RNA targets containing secondary structure. Finally, we demonstrate that M5 exhibits tighter binding (lower Km) to template-primer, which likely protects against heat inactivation
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