114 research outputs found

    Voices from Detention: An Exploration of Undocumented Immigrants\u27 Journeys

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    Distinct differences exist between the phrases ā€œcriminalā€ and ā€œimmigrantā€ but moral panic has caused people to gravitate to use one term to address illegal immigration; Crimmigration. The current study seeks to contribute to the limited field of qualitative research on illegal immigration commonalities in migration experiences and characteristics of the immigrant. Qualitative semi structured interviews of detained men in an Immigration Detention Center will be conducted in efforts to illustrate the migration and detainment experience. This exploratory research contributes to the reformation of current immigration legislation and social perceptions of immigrants in the United States in hopes to eliminate the criminalization of immigration

    Un pilote avec groupe tĆ©moin : effets de la mĆ©ditation de pleine conscience sur la qualitĆ© de vie, le sommeil et lā€™humeur chez des adolescents atteints de cancer

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    Lā€™annonce dā€™un diagnostic de cancer provoque souvent une forte reĢaction eĢmotionnelle et un stress important tant chez les adultes que chez les adolescents et leurs parents. Certains dā€™entre eux cherchant aĢ€ soulager cette deĢtresse se tournent vers des meĢthodes alternatives positives de gestion de stress, dans le but dā€™atteĢnuer les effets psychologiques indeĢsirables du cancer. Les theĢrapies ciblant aĢ€ la fois le corps et lā€™esprit gagnent en populariteĢ dans ces populations. Une avenue prometteuse est la meĢditation de pleine conscience (MPC), inspireĢe de la philosophie bouddhiste et adapteĢe dans le cadre dā€™interventions theĢrapeutiques pour ameĢliorer la qualiteĢ de vie des patients souffrant de maladies chroniques. AĢ€ ce jour, des eĢtudes dans le domaine de la santeĢ ont suggeĢreĢ que la MPC pouvait avoir des effets beĢneĢfiques sur les symptoĢ‚mes et la gestion de plusieurs maladies chroniques dont le cancer, faisant dā€™elle une avenue theĢrapeutique inteĢressante dans le traitement des effets psychologiques indeĢsirables lieĢs aĢ€ ces maladies. La recherche eĢmergente en peĢdiatrie suggeĢ€re des effets comparables chez les enfants et adolescents. Lā€™objectif de la preĢsente theĢ€se a eĢteĢ de deĢvelopper un essai clinique randomiseĢ visant aĢ€ eĢvaluer les effets de la MPC sur la qualiteĢ de vie, le sommeil et lā€™humeur chez des adolescents atteints de cancer, en documentant les eĢtapes dā€™implantation du projet, les embuches qui ont eĢteĢ rencontreĢes durant son implantation et les reĢsultats obtenus. La theĢ€se est preĢsenteĢe sous la forme de deux articles scientifiques. Le premier article preĢsente la meĢthodologie qui avait eĢteĢ planifieĢe pour ce projet mais qui nā€™a pu eĢ‚tre reĢaliseĢe en raison dā€™embuches rencontreĢes dans la compleĢtion de ce pilote. Ainsi, les eĢtapes preĢliminaires du deĢveloppement de ce projet de recherche, en accordant une place preĢpondeĢrante au manuel dā€™intervention reĢdigeĢ aĢ€ cette fin. La mise en place et la structure de ce projet, nommeĢment le devis meĢthodologique employeĢ, la taille dā€™eĢchantillon viseĢe, les meĢthodes de recrutement mises en place et les strateĢgies de randomisation preĢvues, sont deĢcrites en deĢtail dans cet article. Pour les fins de ce projet, un manuel dā€™intervention de MPC a eĢteĢ reĢdigeĢ. Lā€™intervention en MPC, meneĢe par deux instructeurs formeĢs en MPC, sā€™est eĢchelonneĢe sur une dureĢe de huit semaines, aĢ€ raison dā€™une seĢance dā€™une heure trente par semaine. Une description deĢtailleĢe de chaque seĢance est incluse dans cet article, dans un but de disseĢmination du protocole de recherche. Des analyses intragroupe serviront aĢ€ eĢvaluer lā€™impact de lā€™intervention en meĢditation de pleine conscience sur la qualiteĢ de vie, le sommeil et lā€™humeur preĢ-aĢ€-post intervention et au suivi aĢ€ six mois. Des analyses intergroupes preĢvues sont deĢcrites afin de comparer les effets de lā€™intervention entre les participants du groupe controĢ‚le et du groupe expeĢrimental. Les limites potentielles de ce projet, notamment la participation volontaire, le risque dā€™attrition et la petite taille dā€™eĢchantillon sont deĢcrites en deĢtail dans cet article. Le deuxieĢ€me article preĢsente, dans un premier temps, le deĢroulement du projet de recherche, en mettant en lumieĢ€re les embuches rencontreĢes dans son implantation. Ainsi, les lecĢ§ons aĢ€ tirer de lā€™implantation dā€™un tel essai clinique en milieu hospitalier au QueĢbec sont deĢcrites selon trois axes : 1) les deĢfis lieĢs au recrutement et aĢ€ la reĢtention des participants; 2) lā€™acceptabiliteĢ et la compreĢhensibiliteĢ de lā€™intervention en pleine conscience; et 3) le moment ouĢ€ lā€™intervention sā€™est deĢrouleĢe (timing) et lā€™impact sur lā€™engagement requis des participants dans le projet. Durant une peĢriode de recrutement de neuf mois, 481 participants potentiels ont eĢteĢ filtreĢs. 418 (86,9 %) dā€™entre eux ont eĢteĢ exclus. 63 participants potentiels, vivant aĢ€ moins dā€™une heure de MontreĢal, ont eĢteĢ approcheĢs pour prendre part aĢ€ ce projet. De ce nombre, seulement 7 participants (1,4%) ont accepteĢ de participer aux rencontres de MPC et de compleĢter les mesures preĢ-post intervention. Un bassin dā€™eĢligibiliteĢ reĢduit, ainsi que des taux de refus eĢleveĢs et des conflits dā€™horaire avec les activiteĢs scolaires ont eu un impact consideĢrable sur la taille dā€™eĢchantillon de ce projet et sur lā€™absenteĢisme des participants. MalgreĢ lā€™inteĢreĢ‚t manifeste des eĢquipes meĢdicales pour la recherche psychosociale, les ressources requises pour mener aĢ€ terme de tels essais cliniques sont trop souvent sous- estimeĢes. Les strateĢgies de recrutement et de reĢtention des participants meĢritent une attention speĢciale des chercheurs dans ce domaine. Dans un deuxieĢ€me temps, le deuxieĢ€me article de cette theĢ€se a pour objectif de preĢsenter les reĢsultats de lā€™intervention en MPC chez des jeunes ayant le cancer, en examinant speĢcifiquement lā€™impact de lā€™intervention sur la qualiteĢ de vie, le sommeil et lā€™humeur des jeunes preĢ-post intervention et lors du suivi aĢ€ six mois. Faisant eĢcho aux embuches deĢcrites preĢalablement deĢcrites, les analyses statistiques nā€™ont permis de deĢceler aucun effet statistiquement significatif de notre intervention. Aucune diffeĢrence significative nā€™est noteĢe entre les participants du groupe expeĢrimental et les participants du groupe controĢ‚le. Les difficulteĢs rencontreĢes dans de la compleĢtion des devoirs et de la pratique de techniques de meĢditation entre les seĢances, deĢcrites en deĢtail cet article, expliquent en partie ces reĢsultats. Globalement, le contexte deĢveloppemental speĢcifique aĢ€ lā€™adolescence, ayant possiblement eu un impact sur lā€™adheĢrence des participants aĢ€ la theĢrapie proposeĢe et aĢ€ leur motivation aĢ€ prendre part aux rencontres, les scores sous-cliniques lors du premier temps de mesure, lā€™impact du soutien social inheĢrent au contexte de theĢrapie de groupe, ainsi que les caracteĢristiques personnelles des theĢrapeutes, pourraient avoir influenceĢ les reĢsultats de ce pilote. Les reĢsultats de ce projet pilote nous laissent croire que la prudence est de mise dans la geĢneĢralisation des bienfaits et de lā€™efficaciteĢ de la pleine conscience observeĢs chez les adultes atteints de cancer dans son application aux adolescents en oncologie. En conclusion, la preĢsente theĢ€se contribue aĢ€ enrichir la recherche dans le domaine de la MPC chez les jeunes en questionnant neĢanmoins la pertinence dā€™une telle intervention aupreĢ€s dā€™une population dā€™adolescents souffrant de cancer. Ainsi, il convient dā€™analyser les reĢsultats obtenus en tenant compte des limites meĢthodologiques de ce projet et de poser un regard critique sur la faisabiliteĢ et la reproductibiliteĢ dā€™un projet dā€™une telle envergure aupreĢ€s dā€™une meĢ‚me population. Les lecĢ§ons tireĢes de lā€™implantation dā€™un tel projet en milieu hospitalier peĢdiatrique se sont aveĢreĢes dā€™une importance centrale dans sa compleĢtion et feront partie inteĢgrante de toute tentative de reĢplication. Dā€™autres essais cliniques de cette nature seront ineĢvitablement requis afin de statuer sur lā€™efficaciteĢ de la MPC chez des adolescents atteints cancer et sur la faisabiliteĢ de lā€™implantation de cette meĢthode dā€™intervention aupreĢ€s dā€™une population peĢdiatrique hospitalieĢ€re.News of a cancer diagnosis often elicits a strong emotional reaction in teenagers and their parents. To address these emotional challenges, various psychosocial approaches have been developed, including mind-body therapies. Mindfulness-based meditation, inspired from the Buddhist tradition, and adapted to improve quality of life in patients suffering from chronic illnesses, constitutes a promising option. Altogether, authors have suggested that mindfulness meditation could have beneficial effects on physical and psychological symptoms among adults with different chronic illnesses, namely cancer, and could hence be an interesting therapeutic avenue in the treatment of these conditions. The emerging research in pediatrics is suggesting similar effects in children and adolescents. The goal of this thesis was to develop a randomized clinical trial with the aim to evaluate the effects of a mindfulness- based intervention on quality of life, sleep and mood in adolescents with cancer, while documenting lessons learned from this experience and obtained results. This thesis is comprised of two scientific articles. The first article presents the initial study protocol that was planned for this study, although this could not be implemented because of multiple feasibility challenges that were met along the way. Preliminary steps in developing this research project, giving prominence to its intervention manual. The structure of the project, namely the choice of design and participant flow, the targeted sample size, along with recruitment and randomization strategies, are described in this article. For the purposes of this project, an intervention manual was written. The mindfulness-based intervention, given by two trained instructors, comprised of eight weekly sessions, lasting 90 minutes each. A detailed description of each weekly session was included in this article, in order to foster the dissemination of our research protocol. The second article is firstly based on our experience of carrying out a mindfulness- based clinical trial with a group of teenagers treated for cancer. While the initial goal of the trial was to expand the field of mindfulness research of youth with cancer, it became clear that much was to be learned from the challenges we met along the way. The goal of this article was therefore to document lessons learned from completing this trial to improve feasibility of future similar trials. Our findings are described in terms of the challenges encountered according to the following three categories: 1) recruitment and retention challenges; 2) treatment acceptability; 3) timing and commitment. Over 9 months of recruitment, 481 youth were screened for participation in the present project. Of these, 418 (86,9 %) were excluded. Of the 63 that were approached, only 7 (1,4%) agreed to participate in the project, gave consent and provided a complete dataset. A narrow pool of eligible participants, along with high refusal rates, scheduling conflicts with school and absenteeism had a significant impact on sample size in this project. Although there is manifest interest from the medical care community and scientific merit to conducting clinical trials, the resources needed for implementing these types of projects are often underestimated. Effective recruitment and retention merits particular attention. Secondly, this article presents results of our mindfulness-based intervention in adolescents with cancer, specifically in terms of quality of life, sleep and mood. Participants from the experimental group completed follow-up measures. Testing revealed no significant differences on any variable between participants from the experimental group and participants from the control group pre-to-post assessment. This could be explained by a lack of exposure to mindfulness techniques following the eight weeks program, limiting the generalization potential beyond therapy sessions. Moreover, encountered difficulties with homework, previously mentioned, could explain the absence of a mindfulness skills acquisition. Globally, our results could be explained by the inherent developmental changes of adolescence, impacting participantsā€™ openness and adherence to mindfulness. Sub-clinical psychological symptoms could also strongly impact the usefulness of mindfulness meditation in youth with cancer. Data from this pilot study suggests that caution is required in generalizing the results used to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions in adults with cancer, as they are not a guarantee of success and effectiveness for adolescent oncology populations. In conclusion, the present thesis helps advance the state of knowledge in mindfulness and youth research, namely by presenting data that questions the relevance of mindfulness interventions for teenagers with cancer. It is necessary to be cautious in analysing results from this thesis, especially when taking into consideration the methodological limitations that were faced in its completion and their impact on feasibility and reproducibility of such a project on a larger scale. Thus, lessons learned from the implementation of a mindfulness intervention project in pediatric oncology were of crucial importance in the completion of this project and will be an essential part of any attempt to replicate a project of this nature. Further research in this field will be necessary to conclude whether mindfulness interventions are beneficial for teenagers with cancer and whether they are feasible with pediatric populations

    Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on the perception of basic psychological need satisfaction among special education students

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    Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) have been increasingly implemented in schools to foster better emotional regulation skills for students with special education needs such as learning disabilities (LDs). This pilot study aimed to evaluate the impact of a MBI on the need satisfaction of elementary students with severe LDs. A prospective quasi-experimental design involving one group and two time points was employed. A sample of 14 elementary school students from a severe LDs special education class participated in this project. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were conducted and revealed a significant reduction in need satisfaction, with a large effect size (Ī·2 = .35). Contrary to our hypothesis, the MBI appeared to be negatively related to need satisfaction among participants. These results indicate that MBIs could be linked with better self-evaluation skills in students with severe LDs, which, in turn, may change (or increase the accuracy of) the perception that children have of their own need satisfaction

    A Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Students With Psychiatric Disorders in a Special Education Curriculum: A Series of n-of-1 Trials on Internalized and Externalized Symptoms

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    Background: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) constitute a promising option to alleviate psychological symptoms in students with psychiatric disorders.Objective: This study evaluated the impact of a MBI on psychological symptoms of elementary school students with psychiatric disorders in a special education curriculum.Method: A series of n-of-1 trials with an experimental A-B-A design and 10 assessment time-points was used. Participants were two special education classrooms of elementary school students (Group A, n = 7; Group B, n = 6; ntotal = 13) and their teachers.Results: Analyses showed that, at follow-up, students from Group A reported significant decreases in inattention and a trend (p = 0.051) was observed in anxiety symptoms, whereas their teacher reported only deteriorating anxiety scores. No significant results were found in students from Group B.Conclusion: Results from this study show substantial variation between students, tested cohorts and raters of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and behaviors. Therefore, the conservative conclusion from such variation can only be that more research is needed, as no firm conclusion as to the utility of MBIs for such groups of children with special education needs can be established

    A mindfulness-based intervention pilot easibility study for elementary school students with severe learning difficulties : effects on internalized and externalized symptoms from an emotional regulation perspective

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    Objective. Students with severe learning disabilities often show signs of anxiety, depression, and problem behaviors such as inattention and conduct problems. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in school settings constitute a promising option to alleviate these co-occurring symptoms. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the impact of an MBI on symptoms and behaviors of elementary school students with severe learning disabilities. Method. A one-group pretest-posttest design was used. The sample comprised 14 students aged 9 to 12 years with special education needs. Both student-report and teacher-report of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition were used. Results. Repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed a significant impact of the MBI on symptoms and behaviors such as anxiety, depression, inattention, aggression, and conduct problems. Effect sizes for all variables were considered large (partial Ī·2 = .31-.61). Conclusion. These preliminary results indicate that MBIs can reduce the frequency of symptoms and problem behaviors often found in children with learning disabilities in elementary schools. Further multiple baseline experimental trials with a long-term follow-up are warranted to establish more robustly the effect of MBIs for children with learning disabilities

    Localisation mitochondriale du facteur de fragmentation de l'apoptose (DFF40/CAD)

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    Lā€™Ć©tape finale de lā€™apoptose est la fragmentation en 200pb de lā€™ADN, un processus qui marque un point de non-retour pour la cellule Ć  Ć©liminer et permet de rĆ©duire le risque de transfert de gĆØnes mutĆ©s vers les cellules avoisinantes. Le DFF40 est majoritairement responsable de cette fragmentation internuclĆ©osomale, mais sa localisation intracellulaire du DFF40 est controversĆ©e. Bien que plusieurs Ć©tudes aient dĆ©montrĆ© sa localisation nuclĆ©aire, lā€™existence dā€™une fraction cytoplasmique a Ć©tĆ© rĆ©vĆ©lĆ©e dans des neuroblastomes et des lymphomes. Notre hypothĆØse est que des modifications post-traductionnelles seraient impliquĆ©es dans la localisation et lā€™activitĆ© du DFF40. Nos objectifs sont dā€™identifier le site de localisation extra-nuclĆ©aire de lā€™enzyme et les mĆ©canismes rĆ©gulant sa translocation. Lā€™analyse de la sĆ©quence dā€™acides aminĆ©s du DFF40 a rĆ©vĆ©lĆ© la prĆ©sence de sites potentiels de compĆ©tition entre phosphorylation et O-glycosylation. Ces modifications ont Ć©tĆ© confirmĆ©es par immunobuvardage puis des analyses de fractionnement cellulaire ont permis de rĆ©vĆ©ler la prĆ©sence de DFF40 O-glycosylĆ© dans la fraction membranaire. Le logiciel Mitoprot II a par la suite rĆ©vĆ©lĆ© la prĆ©sence dā€™un site potentiel de localisation mitochondrial en N-terminal. La purification de mitochondries nous a permis de dĆ©terminer par immunobuvardage, puis par microscopie confocale et Ć©lectronique sa localisation mitochondriale. De plus, lā€™induction dā€™apoptose par de la staurosporine ou du tributylĆ©tain induit une translocation mitochondriale du DFF40. Nos travaux sont les premiers Ć  confirmer lā€™Oglycosylation du DFF40 et sa localisation dans la mitochondrie.</p

    Single-cell transcriptomics reveals bimodality in expression and splicing in immune cells

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    Recent molecular studies have shown that, even when derived from a seemingly homogenous population, individual cells can exhibit substantial differences in gene expression, protein levels and phenotypic output1, 2, 3, 4, 5, with important functional consequences4, 5. Existing studies of cellular heterogeneity, however, have typically measured only a few pre-selected RNAs1, 2 or proteins5, 6 simultaneously, because genomic profiling methods3 could not be applied to single cells until very recently7, 8, 9, 10. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate heterogeneity in the response of mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to lipopolysaccharide. We find extensive, and previously unobserved, bimodal variation in messenger RNA abundance and splicing patterns, which we validate by RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization for select transcripts. In particular, hundreds of key immune genes are bimodally expressed across cells, surprisingly even for genes that are very highly expressed at the population average. Moreover, splicing patterns demonstrate previously unobserved levels of heterogeneity between cells. Some of the observed bimodality can be attributed to closely related, yet distinct, known maturity states of BMDCs; other portions reflect differences in the usage of key regulatory circuits. For example, we identify a module of 137 highly variable, yet co-regulated, antiviral response genes. Using cells from knockout mice, we show that variability in this module may be propagated through an interferon feedback circuit, involving the transcriptional regulators Stat2 and Irf7. Our study demonstrates the power and promise of single-cell genomics in uncovering functional diversity between cells and in deciphering cell states and circuits.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship (1F32HD075541-01))Charles H. Hood Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH grant U54 AI057159)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH New Innovator Award (DP2 OD002230))National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH CEGS Award (1P50HG006193-01))National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Pioneer Awards (5DP1OD003893-03))National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Pioneer Awards (DP1OD003958-01))Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard (Klarman Cell Observatory

    Novel mutations in Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase increase thermostability through tighter binding to template-primer

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    In an effort to increase the thermostability of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV RT), we screened random and site-saturation libraries for variants that show increased resistance to thermal inactivation. We discovered five mutations E69K, E302R, W313F, L435G and N454K that collectively increase the half-life of MMLV RT at 55Ā°C from less than 5 min to āˆ¼30 min in the presence of template-primer. In addition, these mutations alter the thermal profile by increasing specific activity of the pentuple mutant (M5) over a broad range of cDNA synthesis temperatures (25ā€“70Ā°C). We further show that M5 generates higher cDNA yields and exhibits better RTā€“PCR performance compared to wild-type RT when used at high temperature to amplify RNA targets containing secondary structure. Finally, we demonstrate that M5 exhibits tighter binding (lower Km) to template-primer, which likely protects against heat inactivation
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