Local curvatures and its measurements of an optical surface or a wavefront: a review

The mathematical tools to calculate surface and wavefront local curvatures have been growing in importance because, when studying and evaluating some optical systems, the local curvature becomes extremely important. Many practical methods have been created to measure the wavefront shape and local curvatures as well as many mathematical tools to describe them. These methods are very useful in ophthalmology mainly for corneal evaluation, but the methods are now being used in other fields of optical metrology, especially in optical testing, interferometric wavefront description, and others. In some instruments and optical devices, mainly ophthalmic and optometric instruments, the local curvatures distribution over the pupil of an optical system is more important than the wavefront topography. A typical example is a human eye, in which corneal topographers, eye aberrometers, and several other instruments are used to measure the local curvatures. In particular, the main aspects of the curvature calculation at a given point for different slopes in any direction are introduced. The principal curvatures, mean, Gaussian, cylindrical, tangential, and sagittal curvatures are described. In the second part of this review, we describe the main methods and devices for wavefront sensing, measuring elevations, slopes, or curvatures. We conclude with a description of some methods to measure and calculate local curvatures from wavefront sensors by measuring the wavefront elevations, the transverse aberrations (slopes), or directly the curvature

Cherenkov emission‐based external radiotherapy dosimetry: II. Electron beam quality specification and uncertainties

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149325/1/mp13413_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149325/2/mp13413.pd

Cherenkov emission‐based external radiotherapy dosimetry: I. Formalism and feasibility

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149332/1/mp13414.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149332/2/mp13414_am.pd

Factores de innovación en los estados de México. ¿A qué se deben las diferencias entre estados con mayor y menor dinamismo innovador?

Este trabajo utiliza un panel de datos balanceado de los 31 estados mexicanos durante 1997-2012 para identificar a qué se deben las diferencias entre estados con mayor y menor dinamismo innovador. Para ello, se aplica la descomposición de Oaxaca-Blinder y el estimador propuesto por Driscroll y Kraay. La diferencia en términos de éxito innovador se explica, fundamentalmente, por la diferencia en dotaciones y aprovechamiento en el factor capital humano: los estados más innovadores tienen más dotaciones y saben sacarles mejor provecho. La inversión pública en investigación y desarrollo y el gasto en educación superior son factores que también contribuyen a explicar el éxito innovador. Finalmente, los estados más innovadores cuentan con mayor densidad poblacional y más científicos, sin embargo los estados menos innovadores saben sacar mejor provecho de estos factores

Environmental impact of emerging contaminants from battery waste:A mini review

The widespread consumption of electronic devices has made spent batteries an ongoing economic and ecological concern with a compound annual growth rate of up to 8% during 2018, and expected to reach between 18% and 30% to 2030. There is a lack of regulations for the proper storage and management of waste streams that enables their accumulation in open settings and the leakage of hazardous substances into the environment on landfill settings. In addition, recent trends in battery manufacture dictate the use of emerging materials like ionic liquids for electrolytes and nanostructures for cathodes to enhance their energetic properties and lifespan. The full impact of novel battery compounds on the environment is still uncertain and could cause further hindrances in recycling and containment efforts. Currently, only a handful of countries are able to recycle mass-produced lithium batteries, accounting for only 5% of the total waste of the total more than 345,000 tons in 2018. This mini review aims to integrate currently reported and emerging contaminants present on batteries, their potential environmental impact, and current strategies for their detection as evidence for policy and regulation.</p

Determinants of penetrance and variable expressivity in monogenic metabolic conditions across 77,184 exomes

Penetrance of variants in monogenic disease and clinical utility of common polygenic variation has not been well explored on a large-scale. Here, the authors use exome sequencing data from 77,184 individuals to generate penetrance estimates and assess the utility of polygenic variation in risk prediction of monogenic variants