The long-term cyclotron dynamics of relativistic wave packets: spontaneous collapse and revival

In this work we study the effects of collapse and revival as well as {\it Zitterbewegung} (ZB) phenomenon, for the relativistic electron wave packets, which are a superposition of the states with quantum numbers sharply peaked around some level $n_0$ of the order of few tens. The probability densities as well as average velocities of the packet center and the average spin components were calculated analytically and visualized. Our computations demonstrate that due to dephasing of the states for times larger than the cyclotron period the initial wave packet (which includes the states with the positive energy only) loses the spatial localization so that the evolution can no longer be described classically. However, at the half-revival time $t=T_R/2$ its reshaping takes place firstly. The behavior of the wave packet containing the states of both energy bands (with $E_n>0$ and $E_n<0$) is more complicated. At short times of a few classical periods such packet splits into two parts which rotate with cyclotron frequency in the opposite directions and meet each other every one-half of the cyclotron period. At these moments their wave functions have significant overlap that leads to ZB. At the time of fractional revival each of two sub-packets is decomposed into few packets-fractions. However, at $t=T_R$ each of the two sub-packets (with positive or negative energy) restores at various points of the cyclotron orbit, that makes it impossible reshaping of initial wave packet entirely unlike the wave packet which consists of states with energies $E_n>0$ only. Obtained results can be useful for the description of electromagnetic radiation and absorption in relativistic plasma on astrophysics objects, where super high magnetic field has the value of the order $10^8-10^9$T, as well as for interpretation of experiments with trapped ions

Applications of mössbauer spectroscopy in meteoritical and planetary science, part i: Undifferentiated meteorites

Mössbauer (nuclear γ-resonance) spectroscopy is a powerful technique that is actively used in various fields, from physics and chemistry to biology and medicine. Rudolf L. Mössbauer, who observed nuclear γ-resonance and published his results in 1958, received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1961 for this discovery. The57 Fe is the most widely used nucleus in Mössbauer spectroscopy. Therefore, a large variety of compounds containing iron can be studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. It is well known that planetary matter contains various iron-bearing phases and minerals. Therefore, the extraterrestrial material from different meteorites, asteroids, and planets can be studied using 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy as additional powerful technique. Two parts of this review consider the results of more than 50 years of experience of Mössbauer spectroscopy applied for the studies of various meteorites, soils, and rocks from the Moon and recent investigation of the Mars surface using two rovers equipped with miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometers. Part I will discuss known results on Mössbauer spectroscopy of undifferentiated meteorites, which are the most primitive and formed with the solar system. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project № FEUZ‐2020‐0060. The Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project № AAAA‐A19‐119071090011‐6 (A.A.M.)

Effect of long-term operation on energy band bending at the SnO2 microcrystals interfaces in thin tin dioxide films with various catalysts

This work presents the results of investigation of stability of energy band bending at the SnO2 microcrystals interfaces in thin films of tin dioxide with deposited Pt and Pd dispersed layers (Pt/Pd/SnO2:Sb) and with the additions of gold in the bulk and on the surface (Au/SnO2:Sb, Au) in long - term operation. Measurements of energy band bending were showed that the significantly variation of this value is observed in first month of the sensor using. Perhaps this phenomenon is caused by the surface reconstruction during operation of sensors and consequently by the increase of density of oxygen ions chemisorbed on the surface of tin dioxide

Orientation Dependence of the Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Iron Borate FeBo3 Crystals

We present high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements of the lattice parameters of iron borate FeBO3. These measurements were performed at room temperature and at various temperatures ranging from 400 up to 600∘C, enabling the determination of the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE). The three-dimensional (3D) indicatory surface of thermal expansion of FeBO3was constructed in MathCad. It is shown that the orientation dependence of CTE in FeBO3 is spheroid elongated on threefold axis

Characterization of the matrix and fusion crust of the recent meteorite fall Ozerki L6

We studied the interior and the fusion crust of the recently recovered Ozerki L6 meteorite using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetization measurements, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The phase composition of the interior and of the fusion crust was determined by means of SEM, XRD, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The unit cell parameters for silicate crystals were evaluated from the X-ray diffractograms and were found the same for the interior and the fusion crust. Magnetization measurements revealed a decrease of the saturation magnetic moment in the fusion crust due to a decrease of Fe-Ni-Co alloy content. Both XRD and Mossbauer spectroscopy show the presence of magnesioferrite in the fusion crust. The temperatures of cation equilibrium distribution between the M1 and M2 sites in silicates calculated using the data obtained from XRD and Mossbauer spectroscopy appeared to be in a good consistency: 553 and 479 K for olivine and 1213 and 1202 K for orthopyroxene.Peer reviewe

SLOW QUASIKINETIC CHANGES IN WATER-LACTOSE COMPLEXES DURING STORAGE

Objective: To investigate kinetic changes in the spectral characteristics by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of water-lactose complexes (SMC), derived during the manufacturing process of the drug, containing release-active forms of antibodies. Methods: lactose monohydrate substance, saturated with release-active forms of affinity-purified polyclonal rabbit antibodies to recombinant human interferon-gamma (RA forms of Abs); tablets produced from this substance by direct compression after the addition of excipients (microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate). Powdered and tableted placebo samples saturated with technologically processed water or phosphate-buffered saline, as well as with intact ethanol were used as control. Kinetic changes in SMC were studied using an Agilent Cary 630 FTIR spectrophotometer with a diamond&nbsp;ATR&nbsp;accessory (Agilent Technologies, USA). We used the method of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDX-7000 Shimadzu energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) to track changes in the fluorescence signal at certain wavelengths. The range of measured elements–11Na-92U. Results: Control of some technological characteristics of the obtained active substance (moisture, flowability) and dosage form (mean mass, disintegration rate) was used as indirect indicators of quality, but they did not allow reliably distinguishing intact lactose from the saturated one. Long-period oscillations on FTIR spectra were characteristic for all types of samples; oscillations occur at approximately two-week intervals; S/N indices were more stable for samples of RA forms of Abs than for placebo samples. On some days, the substance saturated with RA forms of Abs significantly differed from the intact lactose powder. The kinetics of the X-ray fluorescence intensity at certain wavelengths indicates the possibility of a periodic cooperative trigger transition of the system. Reversible conformational transitions are observed for powders on the 30th and 130th days (Kα 3.313 keV). For tablets at Kα 3.313 keV and Kα 1.740 keV small changes were visualized on those days (100–110th day) when hysteresis phenomena were recorded in the IR spectra of these samples. Conclusion: As a result, the evidence for a long-period dramatic conformational mobility of the water-lactose complex was obtained. Based on the data on the semiannual kinetics of IR spectra, a universal criterion for the identity of lactose powder saturated with RA forms of Abs was obtained. Also, it was confirmed that the lactose conformation state was changed by saturation with RA forms of Abs

Applications of mössbauer spectroscopy in meteoritical and planetary science, part ii: Differentiated meteorites, moon, and mars

Mössbauer (nuclear γ-resonance) spectroscopy is a powerful technique which is actively used in various fields from physics and chemistry to biology and medicine. Rudolf L. Mössbauer, who observed nuclear γ-resonance and published his results in 1958, got a Nobel Prize in physics in 1961 for this discovery.57 Fe is the most widely used nucleus in Mössbauer spectroscopy. Therefore, a large variety of compounds containing iron can be studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. It is well known that planetary matter contains various iron-bearing phases and minerals. Therefore, the extraterrestrial material from different meteorites, asteroids, and planets can be studied using57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy as an additional powerful technique. Two parts of this review consider the results of more than 50 years of experience of Mössbauer spectroscopy applied for the studies of various meteorites, soils, and rocks from the Moon and a recent investigation of the Martian surface using two rovers equipped with miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometers. Part I considered the results of Mössbauer spectroscopy of undifferentiated meteorites. Part II discusses the results of Mössbauer spectroscopy of differentiated meteorites formed in asteroids and protoplanets due to matter differentiation, as well as Lunar and Martian matter. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project No. FEUZ-2020-0060. The Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project No. AAAA-A19-119071090011-6 (A.A.M.)

Nematode fauna of the digestive tract of Siberian roe deer in Primorsky Krai

The purpose of the research is to supplement information on the species composition of helminths of the Siberian roe deer.Materials and methods. Digestive tracts of seven Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) that died from various causes in Primorsky Krai (Russian Far East) from October 2017 to December 2020 were examined for the presence of helminths. Taxonomic differentiation of detected helminths was carried out basing their morphological peculiarities.Results and discussion. In all studied individuals of Siberian roe deer, only representatives of Nematoda were found. All of the nematodes were found in the abomasa. No helminths were detected in other parts of the digestive tract. There were found three species of Trichostrongylidae: Spiculopteragia spiculoptera, S. asymmetrica and Mazamastrongylus dagestanica. In addition, one species from Spiruridae, Pygarginema skrjabini, was detected. S. spiculoptera was found in all of the examined Siberian roe deer, thus, this species of nematode showed the highest extensity of infection in the study. The highest intensity of infection was noted for S. asymmetrica. And M. dagestanica was found only in one of the studied Siberian roe deer, in single specimens. P. skrjabini was found in single specimens in two of the studied Siberian roe deer. The species S. asymmetrica was recorded in Siberian roe deer for the first time