Do myosins contribute to metastasis of prostate cancer cells?

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer in men in the UK. Localised disease can be treated with surgery or radiotherapy, but metastasis remains a great therapeutic challenge. Cancer cell migration involves rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, which is mediated by its interaction with myosins, a large and diverse family of motor proteins involved in many processes crucial for cell migration, such as cell adhesion, cell polarity or endocytosis. It is likely that the activity of myosins contributes to metastatic spread. I investigated the myosin expression profile in prostate cancer cell lines and found that Myo1b, Myo9b, Myo10 and Myo18a were expressed at higher levels in cells with high metastatic potential. Using an siRNA-based approach, knockdown of each myosin resulted in distinct phenotypes. Myo10 knockdown drastically decreased filopodia of PC3 cells, Myo18a knockdown increased filaments of non-muscle myosin 2A, knockdown of Myo1b and Myo9b increased stress fibre formation. Loss of Myo10 affected cell migration in 2D. In all cases, cell spread area was increased and 3D migration potential was decreased for Myo1b, Myo10 and Myo18a. Myo1b, Myo10 and Myo18a were also expressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia although knockdown of these myosins in benign tissue did not have very clear effects. Glioblastoma cells expressed high levels of Myo10 and showed decreased protrusions after Myo10 knockdown. Taken together, myosins act as molecular motors but also directly influence actin organisation and cell morphology and migration, which can contribute to the metastatic phenotype of cancer cells

Arabinogalactan proteins improve plant regeneration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) anther culture

Androgenesis-based methods of doubled haploid (DH) production show considerable variation in efficiency in different barley genotypes. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) have been shown to play a key role in several developmental processes, including embryogenesis, in different plant species. In this study we investigated the effect of exogenous AGPs from gum arabic on androgenesis and the regeneration efficiency in barley anther culture. Supplementation of the induction medium with 10 mg l^{-1} gum arabic increased the total plant regeneration rate up to 2.8 times; when exposure to GA was extended to also include the pretreatment step, the regeneration rate was up to 6.6-times higher than in control. The effect of gum arabic was reversed by the Yariv reagent, an AGPs antagonist. This suggests a direct involvement of AGPs in androgenic development from barely microspores. Addition of gum arabic reduced cell mortality, increased the frequency of mitotic divisions of microspores and the number of multicellular structures (MCSs) when compared to control. The positive effect of gum arabic also included reduction in time required for the androgenic induction and substantially improved the quality of formed embryos. Observations made in this study imply a complex role of AGPs during androgenic development and confirmed the usefulness of gum arabic in production of barley androgenic plants

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - novel approach on future treatment

IntroductionIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal pulmonary disease that leads to progressive fibrosis and extremely poor resaults.. Since the etiology is unknown, there are highly limited options of the IPF treatment. The researchers are trying to discover the most valuable targets, leading them to the agents registered in different conditions or not registered as any other treatment. This innovative approach can result in IPF being determined as not fatal. PurposeThe purpose of our review is to present possible future treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and point out the promising targets that could lead the researchers to the development of better IPF management. Materials and methodsWe have reviewed the literature from the PubMed database searching for clinical trials, meta analysis and randomized controlled trials from the past 5 years. The keywords we agreed on offered us the most informative articles and made us hope for the further development of our article. ResultsOur review shows that there are new targets that could significantly benefit IPF treatment. However, the means we presented in our review need more research to prove its safeness, effectiveness in slowing down the decline of the FVC, improving patients’ physical efficiency, their saturation level and most importantly their ability to stop the continuous fibrosis of the lungs. ConclusionsThe only treatment registered for IPF are nintedanib and pirfenidone, but the researchers continue the exploration of new possible measures to improve the survival rate and quality of life of the patients suffering from this fatal disease

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell as a significant player in the innovative treatment of hematological cancers

Introduction and purpose: Chimeric antigen receptor‐T (CAR‐T) cells have achieved inspiring outcomes in the treatment for lymphoid malignancies, especially diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), providing alternative therapeutic options for patients who failed to respond to conventional treatments. CAR-T are based on the patient's T lymphocytes, which through genetic modification, gain new abilities to detect and fight cancer cells. Although the percentage of complete remissions after standard treatment of B-cell malignancies is quite high, methods that could have an even better result regarding patient survival by reducing the side effects of treatment are still being sought to improve the quality of patients' lives. CAR-T is a culmination of many years of research in the dynamically developing area of immunotherapy as a revolutionary therapy of hematological cancers treatments. State of knowledge: In order to explore the topic, analysis included research available in the PubMed database. The research focused on the possibility of using CAR-T cell therapy in selected hematological cancers. Conclusion: CAR-T is one of the most advanced and personalized methods of immunotherapy. Despite the side effects of this method, there is still scope for improvement. Our overview summarizes all the issues that have been overcome in designing this therapy, as well as highlighting all the challenges that still need to be addressed

Causes of runner’s diarrhea and dietary recommendations to avoid it - systematic review

Complaints of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms are common among endurance runners. These problems may interfere with athletic activities and be the main cause of underperformance during sports events. It is estimated that this difficulty affects 30 to 90 percent of long-distance runners. The most important pathophysiological factors affecting the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms are ischemia and mechanical damage to the intestines, as well as the secretion of neuroendocrine substances. The diet before physical exercise is also one of the most significant factors related to the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Avoiding the intake of fat, caffeine, protein, fiber, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dehydration before performance is one of the suggestions for preventing runner’s diarrhea. There are new recommendations for athletes, such as avoidance of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and the intake of multiple transportable carbohydrates. It seems that a short-term gluten free diet has no effect on the performance of athletes but further research is needed. Mechanisms of runner’s diarrhea are still poorly understood, so more research needs to be conducted to improve the recommendations to runners.&nbsp

Causes of runner’s diarrhea and dietary recommendations to avoid it - systematic review

Complaints of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms are common among endurance runners. These problems may interfere with athletic activities and be the main cause of underperformance during sports events. It is estimated that this difficulty affects 30 to 90 percent of long-distance runners. The most important pathophysiological factors affecting the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms are ischemia and mechanical damage to the intestines, as well as the secretion of neuroendocrine substances. The diet before physical exercise is also one of the most significant factors related to the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Avoiding the intake of fat, caffeine, protein, fiber, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dehydration before performance is one of the suggestions for preventing runner’s diarrhea. There are new recommendations for athletes, such as avoidance of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and the intake of multiple transportable carbohydrates. It seems that a short-term gluten free diet has no effect on the performance of athletes but further research is needed. Mechanisms of runner’s diarrhea are still poorly understood, so more research needs to be conducted to improve the recommendations to runners.

The changes of properities of fibrous silicates under the influence of physicochemical factors

Wydział ChemiiOpracowano prostą i efektywną metodę unieszkodliwienia włókien azbestu chryzotylowego wykorzystując chemiczne metody nie niszczące włóknistej struktury chryzotylu oparte na reakcjach wykorzystujących różne kwasy – H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3, HCl oraz CH3COOH. Sprawdzono, czy w otrzymanym po ekstrakcji magnezu produkcie można zidentyfikować włókna azbestowe. W tym celu próbki, zawierające pierwotnie chryzotyl, po 2400-godzinnej inkubacji z kwasami poddano analizie mikroskopowej w świetle spolaryzowanym (PLM) oraz dyfrakcji promieniowania rentgenowskiego (XRD). Przeprowadzone badania jednoznacznie wykluczyły obecność włókien azbestu chryzotylowego w analizowanych próbkach, co potwierdza skuteczność stosowanej metody. Porównano także właściwości chryzotylu z właściwościami nowo otrzymanego produktu. Materiał ten ma jaśniejszą barwę, krótsze włókna, mniejszy ciężar nasypowy. Zachowuje jednak strukturę włóknistą oraz inne cechy azbestu takie jak: odporność chemiczna oraz termiczna, a także właściwości sorpcyjne. Zaobserwowano że usunięcie magnezu powoduje polepszenie tych właściwości. Wykonane analizy potwierdziły, że nowy materiał nie jest azbestem, tym samym nie jest objęty zakazem stosowania. Wykonanie odpowiednich badań, które wykluczą chorobotwórcze działanie nowo otrzymanego materiału, umożliwi wykorzystanie tego materiału w praktyce.Devised a simple and effective method of disposal of chrysotile asbestos fibres using chemical methods which do not damage chrysotile fibre structure based on the reactions using various acids - H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3, HCl and CH3COOH. The next stage of this work was to verify whether there can be identified asbestos fibres in the new product after the extraction of magnesium. For this purpose samples, containing originally chrysotile, were subjected to microscopic analyses with the use of polarized light microscopy (PLM) and X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) after 2400-hour incubation with acids. The study explicitly excluded the presence of chrysotile asbestos fibres in the analysed samples which confirms the effectiveness of the method. The final stage of the study was to compare the properties of chrysotile with the properties of the newly received product. This material has lighter colour, shorter fibres and smaller bulk density. However, the new material remains the fibrous structure and other characteristics of asbestos such as: thermal and chemical resistance as well as the sorption properties. These properties were improved in comparison with the original material. These analyses confirmed that the new material is not asbestos, and thus regulations do not apply to the use of this material allowing to use the new material in practice

Theatre and Cinema in Translation. The Characteristics of Translating Lyrics from English into Polish: Comparative Analysis of the Selected Songs from the Musical "Mamma Mia!"

Celem niniejszej pracy jest ukazanie jak medium (w tym przypadku teatr oraz kino) i ostateczne przeznaczenie tłumaczenia wpływają na efekt końcowy przekładu oraz że jeden tekst może zostać przełożony na różne sposoby. Praca podzielona jest na dwie części: teoretyczno-opisową i analityczną. W części teoretyczno-opisowej przedstawiono historię musicalu, definicję gatunku oraz zarysowano tło fabularne i sukces musicalu „Mamma Mia!”. Omówiono teorię skoposu i kwestię lojalności tłumacza, a także zdefiniowano tłumaczenie audiowizualne i tłumaczenie tekstów słowno-muzycznych. W części analitycznej zwarta jest analiza porównawcza przekładów wybranych utworów zespołu ABBA w rozróżnieniu na przekład audiowizualny i przekład teatralny.The objective of this study is to show how the medium (in this particular case theatre and cinema) and the ultimate purpose of translation affect its final result and that one text can be translated in different ways. The work is divided into two parts: theoretical and analytical.The initial chapter is a brief overview of the musical genre and its history which in particular encompasses the "Mamma Mia!" musical. The skopos theory is presented in the second chapter which is strictly related to the translator's loyalty. The third chapter deals with the audiovisual translation and song translation. The last chapter analyses translations of selected songs by the ABBA group, with a distinction between audiovisual and vocal translations