Yeast Dynamin and Ypt6 Converge on the GARP for Endosome-to-Golgi Trafficking

Protein recycling is an important cellular process required for cell homeostasis. Results from prior studies demonstrated that Vps1, a dynamin homologue in yeast, is implicated in protein recycling from the endosome to the trans-Golgi Network (TGN). However, the function of Vps1 in relation to Ypt6, a master GTPase in the recycling pathway, remains unknown. The present study reveals that Vps1 physically interacts with Ypt6 if at least one of them is full-length. It was found that overexpression of full-length Vps1, but not GTP hydrolysis-defective Vps1 mutants, is sufficient to rescue abnormal phenotypes in membrane trafficking pathways provoked by loss of Ypt6 or Vps1. This suggests an essential role of GTP binding and hydrolysis for Vps1 function in the traffic pathway. A series of data from our functional analyses suggest that Ypt6 and Vps1 function parallely for endosome-to-TGN trafficking. Additionally, I identified two novel Vps1 binding partners, Vti1 and Snc2, which function for the endosome-derived vesicle fusion at the TGN, suggesting that Vps1 plays a novel role in later stages of the endosome-to-TGN traffic

An overview of wind turbine manufacturing experience in Turkey

While wind energy has been utilized by windmills for ages, 1970s oil crises was a turning point for many developed governments to initiate massive efforts to develop modern wind turbines. Starting from almost none in early 1980s, the installed wind power capacity has reached 159.2 GW globally by the end of 2009. While the use of wind turbines for general power utilization dates back to 1986 with a 55 kW capacity, it took another decade for wind farms to appear in Turkey. The Electricity Market Regulatory Authority (EPDK) started accepting wind power production licenses in 2007 reaching to a total of 78 GW wind capacity. As of today, the installed wind power capacity of Turkey is 1329 MW. The Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIEI) plans for a total of 20 GW wind energy within 10 years. In line with the global trend, it will be realistic to estimate Turkish wind market to reach 40 GW before 2030. There is extensive industrial infrastructure that will support production of large wind turbines in Turkey. However, due to lack of turbine technology and know-how only a limited portion of this infrastructure is used towards wind turbine production. Recently Ministry of Energy has initiated the National Wind Energy Systems Project (MILRES) with funding from TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). The project aims to develop turbine technologies up to 2.5 MWs as well as to coach potential component manufacturers to develop production capabilities for large turbines

A stereological study of the effects of mercury inhalation on the cerebellum

Mercury in the environment that arises from organic and inorganic sources can cause irreversible damage to the nervous system. Toxicity may be direct or may arise from interactions with other metals in the environment. We evaluated the possible effects of mercury vapor on rat cerebellum. Twelve adult female rats were divided into control and experimental groups. The rats in the experimental group were exposed to mercury vapor for 9 h/day for 45 days. Cerebellar tissue samples were evaluated using stereology and for histopathology. The total number of Purkinje cells was estimated using a physical disector method. We found that in the experimental group, overall volume decreased and the number of Purkinje cells was reduced. We also found cellular damage including pycnotic nuclei, eosinophilic cytoplasm and vacuolization; these features were absent in the control group. We found that chronic exposure to inorganic mercury vapor is toxic to the cerebellum

Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin yaratıcılığa teşvik edici davranışlarına göre kullandıkları öğretim stilleri

Beden eğitimi ve spor derslerinde kullanılan öğrenci merkezli yaklaşımların yaratıcılığa olumlu etkilerinin olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenlerinin kullandıkları öğretim stilleri ile yaratıcılığı teşvik edici davranışlarını cinsiyet, devlet veya özel okulda görev yapma durumuna göre incelemek ve kullandıkları öğretim stillerine göre yaratıcılığı teşvik edici davranışlarındaki farklılığı ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma örneklemini 145 kadın ve 203 erkek olmak üzere toplam 348 beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmeni oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan kişisel bilgi formu ile birlikte öğretmenlerin beden eğitimi ve spor derslerinde kullandıkları öğretim stillerini belirlemek için “Beden Eğitimi Öğretmenleri Öğretim Stilleri Değer Algıları Anketi (BEÖSDA) ve “Yaratıcılığa Teşvik Edici Öğretmen Davranışları İndeksi (YÖDİ)” kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenlerinin büyük çoğunluğunun kullandıkları stiller konusunda yeterli bilgiye sahip olduğu ve daha çok öğretmenin aktif olduğu öğreten merkezli yaklaşımının tercih edildiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, öğretmenlerin öğretim stillerini kullanma durumuna göre yaratıcılığı teşvik edici davranışlarının değişkenlik gösterebileceği görülmüştür

Effect of isokinetic shoulder performance, electromyographic activation and throwing velocity on shooting accuracy in elite male handball players

In this study the isokinetic shoulder strength, muscular activation and throwing velocity parameters of elite handball players and their relationship with shooting accuracy was determined. Seventeen (17) male handball players (age: 23.17±3.10 years; weight:  85.52±13.48kg; height: 184.35±6.56cm) participated in the study. The isokinetic test was administered with an isokinetic dynamometer system in the shoulder internal and external rotation (IR-ER) movements during the concentric mode (90°/s, 180°/s and 240o /s). Electromyographic activations and throwing velocities were recorded during the shooting accuracy protocol. Simple linear regression and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the effect of the  measured parameters on the shooting accuracy rate. Peak torque (PT) variables at the shoulder IRs 90°, 180° and 240° angular speeds had an adverse effect on the shooting accuracy (p=0.029; p=0.037; p=0.033 respectively). There was no relationship between muscular activation, throwing velocity variables and shootingaccuracy (p>0.05). It seems to indicate that shoulder IR PT variables have an adverse effect on throwing accuracy. The development of shoulder area muscles with appropriate loads, which have a major effect during shooting, should be taken into consideration by personal trainers and coaches. Keywords: Handball; Shooting; External rotation; Internal rotation; Muscle  activation; Velocity

Influence of sodium silicate concentration on structural and tribological properties of microarc oxidation coatings on 2017A aluminum alloy substrate

WOS: 000281019900051In this paper, thick and hard oxide coatings resistant to wear were produced on 2017A-T6 Al alloy by the microarc oxidation (MAO) technique in an alkali electrolyte consisting of different sodium silicate concentrations (0-8 g/l). The coatings were characterized by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface profilometry. Microhardness, scratch adhesion and pin-on-disk sliding wear tests were also performed to evaluate the tribological properties of the coatings. The influence of sodium silicate concentration on the structural and tribological properties of the MAO coatings was discussed. Results reveal that increasing sodium silicate concentration from 0 to 8 g/l in the electrolyte caused an increase in the electrolyte conductivity (from 7.71 to 18.1 mS/cm) and a decrease in positive final voltage (from 627 to 590 V) in the MAO process. In response to the increase in sodium silicate concentration, the thickness, surface roughness (R(a)) and critical load (L(c)) corresponding to adhesive failure of the coatings were increased simultaneously from 74 to 144 mu m, and 4.4 to 6.58 mu m, and 127.76 to 198.54 N, respectively. At the same time, the phase structure and composition of the coatings also varied by the participation of silicate ions in the reactions and their incorporation into the coating structure. Moreover, it was observed that the coating formed in the low sodium silicate concentration (4 g/l) had higher surface hardness (2020 HV) and improved wear resistance than the one (1800 HV) formed in the high sodium silicate concentration (8 g/l). The coatings produced in three different electrolytic solutions provided an excellent wear resistance and a load carrying capacity compared to the uncoated aluminum alloy. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Oxidative stress response to different exercise intensity with an automated assay: thiol/disulphide homeostasis

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different intensity treadmill exercises on the thiol disulphide homeostasis which is a new marker of oxidative stress in rats. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control (CNT), low (LEx), moderate (MEx) and high-intensity exercise (HEx) group. Exercise was performed for 4 weeks. Following completion of the experimental protocol, serum total thiol, native thiol and disulphide concentrations were determined using a novel automated measurement method. Additionally, dynamic disulphide status, reduced thiol, oxidised thiol and thiol oxidation reduction percentage ratios were compared among the groups. Disulphide levels were significantly lower in MEx group and highest in CNT group (p = .047). The lowest oxidised thiol and the highest reduced thiol were determined in CNT group (p = .086; p = .083). These findings indicate that moderate-intensity exercise is more effective in reducing oxidative stress than low and high-intensity exercise

Yeast dynamin associates with the GARP tethering complex for endosome-to-Golgi traffic

Yeast dynamin, Vacuolar Protein Sorting 1 (Vps1), has been implicated in recycling traffic from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Previous research showed a genetic interaction of Vps1 with all components of the GARP tethering complex, which anchors vesicles at the late Golgi membrane. We used the yeast two-hybrid system and have identified a 33 amino acid segment of Vps51, a GARP subunit, that interacts with Vps1. Based on sequence homology between Vps51 and its mammalian homolog Ang2 in the 33 amino acids stretch, we identified two key residues of Vps51, E127 and Y129, that bind Vps1. The replacement of these residues led to severe defects in endosome-to-TGN transport of Snc1, providing evidence of the physiological relevance of the interaction of Vps51 with Vps1 for the traffic. Furthermore, our functional analysis revealed that Vps1 acts upstream of Vps51 and that the absence of Vps1 resulted in reduced localization levels of Vps51 and its binding partner Tlg1 to the late Golgi. Taken together, we propose that Vps1 functions with the GARP tethering machinery for efficient tethering/fusion at the TGN