КРЕДИТНЫЕ СТРАТЕГИИ РОССИЯН КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ МОДЕЛИ ФИНАНСОВОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ

Topic. The article is devoted to the analysis of financial behaviour the Russians and the formation of strategies of credit behaviour of the Russian population.Purpose. Our purpose was: identification of the factors influencing the formation of financial behaviour of the population of Russia, determination of the role of credit services in the development of our country and its regions; clarification of the phase of the current state of consumer crediting; assessment of the current situation in the market of crediting of private individuals taking into account peculiarities of their strategies; generalization of the experience of the lending market by using a credit card; presentation of a typology of population’s credit behavior; determination of the shortcomings of modern monetary and credit practices on the basis of credit behaviour of Russians.Methodology. We use following methods: content-analysis, sociological methods (in-depth structured interviews), methods of expert evaluation, classification, and taxonomy.Results. The authors highlighted the most important aspects, the relationships, and trends of financial behavior of the Russians. Compiled data are considered as factors of formation and study of models of financial behavior. Taking into account the functions of the loan, we describe the characteristics and types of credit instruments, the role of credit services in the development of territories (whole country and regions). The authors study of consumer lending and determine the phase of its modern state. We assess the current situation in the market of consumers’ crediting taking into account their specific socio-income groups. Next, we classify the consumer credit services and present a typology of consumers’ credit behavior. We ground the factors of choice of models of borrowers’ behavior and identify the ‘gaps’ of modern financial and credit practices and generalize the experience of bank’s lending on the example the most common product—credit card.Conclusions. The authors propose ways to prevent possible negative processes in the credit market of Russia: financial education programs; improvement of the legislative base aimed at protection of the borrowers’ rights; an increase of consumers’ confidence in the financial (particularly the banking) system; the growth of living standards; state policy aimed at the sustainable socio-economic development of the country.Предмет. Статья посвящена анализу финансового поведения россиян и формированию стратегий кредитного поведения населения России.Цели. Выявить факторы, влияющие на формирование финансового поведения населения России. Определить роль кредитных услуг в развитии нашей страны и ее регионов. Уточнить фазу современного состояния сектора потребительского кредитования. Оценить текущую ситуацию на рынке кредитования физических лиц с учетом особенностей их стратегий. Обобщить опыт рынка банковского кредитования на примере использования продукта банковской карты. Представить типологию видов кредитного поведения населения. Определить недостатки современной кредитно-финансовой практики на основе моделей кредитного поведения россиян.Методология. Контент-анализ, социологические методы (глубинные структурированные интервью), методы экспертной оценки, классификации и типологии.Результаты. Выделены важнейшие аспекты, взаимосвязи и тенденции финансового поведения россиян. Данные позиции рассматриваются в качестве факторов формирования и изучения модели финансового поведения. С учетом функций кредита отражены особенности и виды кредитных инструментов, выявлена роль кредитных услуг в развитии территорий (страны и регионов). Проведено исследование сектора потребительского кредитования. Определена фаза его современного состояния, составлена оценка текущей ситуации на рынке кредитования физических лиц с учетом их принадлежности к определенным социально-доходным группам. В рамках исследования проведена классификация потребителей кредитных услуг и представлена типология видов кредитного поведения населения. Обоснованы факторы выбора модели кредитного поведения и определены «пробелы» современной кредитно-финансовой практики. Обобщен опыт рынка банковского кредитования на примере использования самого распространенного продукта — кредитной карты.Выводы. Авторами предложены пути предотвращения возможных негативных процессов на кредитном рынке России: программы финансового просвещения, совершенствование законодательной базы, защита прав заемщиков, повышение доверия населения к финансовой (в частности, к банковской) системе, рост уровня жизни, государственная политика, направленная на стабильное социально-экономическое развитие страны

Evaluation of chemical transport model predictions of primary organic aerosol for air masses classified by particle component-based factor analysis

Observations from the 2007 Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met 2007) in Southern Ontario, Canada, were used to evaluate predictions of primary organic aerosol (POA) and two other carbonaceous species, black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO), made for this summertime period by Environment Canada's AURAMS regional chemical transport model. Particle component-based factor analysis was applied to aerosol mass spectrometer measurements made at one urban site (Windsor, ON) and two rural sites (Harrow and Bear Creek, ON) to derive hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) factors. A novel diagnostic model evaluation was performed by investigating model POA bias as a function of HOA mass concentration and indicator ratios (e.g. BC/HOA). Eight case studies were selected based on factor analysis and back trajectories to help classify model bias for certain POA source types. By considering model POA bias in relation to co-located BC and CO biases, a plausible story is developed that explains the model biases for all three species. <br></br> At the rural sites, daytime mean PM<sub>1</sub> POA mass concentrations were under-predicted compared to observed HOA concentrations. POA under-predictions were accentuated when the transport arriving at the rural sites was from the Detroit/Windsor urban complex and for short-term periods of biomass burning influence. Interestingly, the daytime CO concentrations were only slightly under-predicted at both rural sites, whereas CO was over-predicted at the urban Windsor site with a normalized mean bias of 134%, while good agreement was observed at Windsor for the comparison of daytime PM<sub>1</sub> POA and HOA mean values, 1.1 μg m<sup>−3</sup> and 1.2 μg m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. Biases in model POA predictions also trended from positive to negative with increasing HOA values. Periods of POA over-prediction were most evident at the urban site on calm nights due to an overly-stable model surface layer. This model behaviour can be explained by a combination of model under-estimation of vertical mixing at the urban location, under-representation of PM emissions for on-road traffic exhaust along major urban roads and highways, and a more structured allocation of area POA sources such as food cooking and dust emissions to urban locations. A downward trend in POA bias was also observed at the urban site as a function of the BC/HOA indicator ratio, suggesting a possible association of POA under-prediction with under-representation of diesel combustion sources. An investigation of the emission inventories for the province of Ontario and the nearby US state of Indiana also suggested that the top POA area emission sources (food cooking, organic-bound to dust, waste disposal burning) dominated over mobile and point sources, again consistent with a mobile under-estimation. <br></br> We conclude that more effort should be placed at reducing uncertainties in the treatment of several large POA emission sources, in particular food cooking, fugitive dust, waste disposal burning, and on-road traffic sources, and especially their spatial surrogates and temporal profiles. This includes using higher spatial resolution model grids to better resolve the urban road network and urban food cooking locations. We also recommend that additional sources of urban-scale vertical mixing in the model, such as a stronger urban heat island effect and vehicle-induced turbulence, would help model predictions at urban locations, especially at night time

Pharmacogenetic Analysis of INT 0144 Trial: Association of Polymorphisms with Survival and Toxicity in Rectal Cancer Patients Treated with 5-FU and Radiation

PURPOSE We tested whether 18 polymorphisms in 16 genes (GSTP1, COX2, IL10, EGFR, EGF, FGFR4, CCDN1, VEGFR2, VEGF, CXCR2, IL8, MMP3, ICAM1, ERCC1, RAD51, and XRCC3) would predict disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity in the INT0144 trial, which was designed to investigate different postoperative regimens of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemoradiation (CRT) in locally advanced rectal cancers: Arm 1 consisted of bolus 5-FU followed by 5-FU protracted venous infusion (PVI) with radiotherapy; arm 2 was induction and concomitant PVI 5-FU with radiotherapy and arm 3 was induction and concomitant bolus 5-FU with radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA from 746 stage II/III rectal patients enrolled in the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) S9304 phase III trial was analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue. The polymorphisms were analyzed using direct DNA-sequencing or polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS GSTP1-Ile105Val (rs1695) was significantly associated with DFS and OS and its effect did not vary by treatment arm. The five-year DFS and OS were 53% and 58%, respectively, for G/G, 66% and 72% for G/A, and 57% and 66% for A/A patients. In arm 2, IL8-251A/A genotype (rs4073) was associated with a lower risk of toxicities (P = 0.04). The VEGFR2 H472Q Q/Q genotype (rs1870377) was associated with a higher risk of grade 3-5 proximal upper gastrointestinal tract (PUGIT) mucositis (P = 0.04) in arm 2. However, in arm 1, this genotype was associated with a lower risk of PUGIT mucositis (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION rs1695 may be prognostic in patients with rectal cancer treated with adjuvant CRT. rs4073 and rs1870377 may exhibit different associations with toxicity, according to the 5-FU schedule

Evaluation of the possibility of using diatomite natural mineral as a composite agent in acrylic coating

WOS: 000427736200014In the present study the possibility of the commercially available acryl and diatomite earth (DE) mineral as a composite coating for corrosion protection of Mg alloys has been evaluated. The acrylic coating is used as a top coating in a wide field of applications like automotive, aerospace, medicine and electronics where it shows beneficial properties. Diatomite-dispersed acrylic paint was applied over the substrate by conventional spray technique with an air pressure of 3 kg cm(-2). Firstly the acryl was mixed with hardener and then the DE was added to the mixture. Four types of coating with 0, 2, 4, 8 g/L DE have been prepared. The results show that adding up to 4 g/L of the DE improved the corrosion resistance and produced a coating with acceptable surface roughness

The rationale of opportunistic bilateral salpingectomies (OBS) during benign gynaecological and obstetric surgery : a consensus text of the Flemish Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (VVOG)

Ovarian cancer (OC), is a disease difficult to diagnose in an early stage implicating a poor prognosis. The 5-year overall survival in Belgium has not changed in the last 18 years and remains 44 %. There is no effective screening method (secondary prevention) to detect ovarian cancer at an early stage. Primary prevention of ovarian cancer came in the picture through the paradigm shift that the fallopian tube is often the origin of ovarian cancer and not the ovary itself. Opportunistic bilateral salpingectomy (OBS) during benign gynaecological and obstetric surgery might have the potential to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by as much as 65 %. Bilateral risk-reducing salpingectomy during a benign procedure is feasible, safe, appears to have no impact on the ovarian function and seems to be cost effective. The key question is whether we should wait for a RCT or implement OBS directly in our daily practice. Guidelines regarding OBS within our societies are therefore urgently needed. Our recommendation is to inform all women without a child wish, undergoing a benign gynaecological or obstetrical surgical procedure about the pro’s and the con’s of OBS and advise a bilateral salpingectomy. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for a prospective registry of OBS. The present article is the consensus text of the Flemish Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (VVOG) regarding OBS

Controlling the corrosion and cathodic activation of magnesium via microalloying additions of Ge

The evolution of corrosion morphology and kinetics for magnesium (Mg) have been demonstrated to be influenced by cathodic activation, which implies that the rate of the cathodic partial reaction is enhanced as a result of anodic dissolution. This phenomenon was recently demonstrated to be moderated by the use of arsenic (As) alloying as a poison for the cathodic reaction, leading to significantly improved corrosion resistance. The pursuit of alternatives to toxic As is important as a means to imparting a technologically safe and effective corrosion control method for Mg (and its alloys). In this work, Mg was microalloyed with germanium (Ge), with the aim of improving corrosion resistance by retarding cathodic activation. Based on a combined analysis herein, we report that Ge is potent in supressing the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (reduction of water) upon Mg, improving corrosion resistance. With the addition of Ge, cathodic activation of Mg subject to cyclic polarisation was also hindered, with beneficial implications for future Mg electrodes

Developing agreement on never events in primary care dentistry:an international eDelphi study

Introduction: Never events (NEs) are a subset of serious patient safety incidents that should not occur if appropriate preventive measures are implemented. Although there is a consensus in medicine, there is no agreement on NEs in dentistry. Aim: To identify NEs in primary care dentistry. Method: We undertook an electronic Delphi exercise to develop an international agreement on NEs for primary care dentistry. Results: We initially identified candidate NEs through a scoping review of the literature and then analysed dentistry-related reports in a national incident reporting system. Next, we invited an international panel of 41 experts to complete two rounds of questionnaires; 32 agreed to participate (78%) and completed the first round and 29/41 (71%) members completed the second round. We provided anonymised controlled feedback between rounds and used a cut-off of 80% agreement to define consensus. Consensus was achieved for 23 out of 42 candidate NEs. These related to routine assessment, and pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative stages of dental procedures. Discussion and conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first international expert consensus-based approach that has identified NEs for primary care dentistry. We suggest that dental regulators consider these to support quality assessment and governance activities

Molecular Basis for Vulnerability to Mitochondrial and Oxidative Stress in a Neuroendocrine CRI-G1 Cell Line

Many age-associated disorders (including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases) are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, which leads to impaired cellular bioenergetics and increased oxidative stress. However, it is not known what genetic and molecular pathways underlie differential vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction observed among different cell types.Starting with an insulinoma cell line as a model for a neuronal/endocrine cell type, we isolated a novel subclonal line (named CRI-G1-RS) that was more susceptible to cell death induced by mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors than the parental CRI-G1 line (renamed CRI-G1-RR for clarity). Compared to parental RR cells, RS cells were also more vulnerable to direct oxidative stress, but equally vulnerable to mitochondrial uncoupling and less vulnerable to protein kinase inhibition-induced apoptosis. Thus, differential vulnerability to mitochondrial toxins between these two cell types likely reflects differences in their ability to handle metabolically generated reactive oxygen species rather than differences in ATP production/utilization or in downstream apoptotic machinery. Genome-wide gene expression analysis and follow-up biochemical studies revealed that, in this experimental system, increased vulnerability to mitochondrial and oxidative stress was associated with (1) inhibition of ARE/Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway; (2) decreased expression of antioxidant and phase I/II conjugation enzymes, most of which are Nrf2 transcriptional targets; (3) increased expression of molecular chaperones, many of which are also considered Nrf2 transcriptional targets; (4) increased expression of β cell-specific genes and transcription factors that specify/maintain β cell fate; and (5) reconstitution of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.The molecular profile presented here will enable identification of individual genes or gene clusters that shape vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction and thus represent potential therapeutic targets for diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, the newly identified CRI-G1-RS cell line represents a new experimental model for investigating how endogenous antioxidants affect glucose sensing and insulin release by pancreatic β cells

Calculated phase diagrams, iron tolerance limits, and corrosion of Mg-Al alloys

The factors determining corrosion are reviewed in this paper, with an emphasis on iron tolerance limit and the production of high-purity castings. To understand the iron impurity tolerance limit, magnesium phase diagrams were calculated using the Pandat software package. Calculated phase diagrams can explain the iron tolerance limit and the production of high-purity castings by means of control of melt conditions; this is significant for the production of quality castings from recycled magnesium. Based on the new insight, the influence of the microstructure on corrosion of magnesium alloys is reviewed