Effectiveness of an Educational Program on Nurses’ Knowledge Concerning Side Effect of Radiotherapy at Al-Amal National Hospital for Cancer Management in Baghdad City

ABSTRACTObjectives: The main aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program on nurses’ knowledge concerning side effect of radiotherapyMethodology: Quiz experimental study was carried out at Al Amal National Hospital for Cancer Management from 4th, November 2013 to 29th August, 2014. The program and instruments were constructed by the researcher for the purpose of the study. Purposive random sample comprised of (60) nurses was divided into two groups, study group consisted of (30) nurses exposed to the nursing educational program and control group consisted of (30) nurses were not exposed to the program. The measurement of effectiveness of nursing educational program through the nurse s’ knowledge questionnaire includes (30) items concerning side effect of radiotherapy. Reliability of instrument was determined and the instrument validity was determined through a panel of experts. The analysis of the data was used descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, the arithmetic mean and standard deviations relative sufficiently,) and statistical inferential (T Test, Fisher Test, Chi Square) In order to find the differences between the experimental group and the control group.Results: The study findings indicated that, there were highly significant differences between study and control groups and also between pre and posttests in case group in overall main domains related to nurse s’ knowledge concerning side effect of radiotherapy of cancer patients treatment.Conclusion: The study concluded that the effectiveness of educational program regarding nurse s’ knowledge concerning side effect of radiotherapy is a positive.Recommendation: Intensive studies to provide nursing intervention for cancer patients under radiotherapy and an education program should be conducted of nurse's practice toward side effect of radiotherapy.Key words: nursing; education; program; knowledge; side effect of radiotherapy, cancer patient

Bibliometric analysis on global e-learning literature in Web of Science database: with special reference to Sri Lankan context

Study of existing literature on e-learning trend is a must in order to define the path for new research in the field. The objective of this study is to find the full range of scientific literature published since the emergence of the concept of e-learning. The researcher intended to get all of the literature published in the Sri Lankan context. Web of Science database search was carried out in January 2020 to understand the research trend. This study found 6934 results for e-learning after performing a basic search in Web of Science. This results covered 59784 citations. Though multilingual literature was found, 6,617 (95.43%) items were published in English language. Though different types of documents were included in the search result, journal articles were predominant with 5839 (84.21%) instances. USA and England accounted for 1003 (14.24%) and 828 (11.75%) papers respectively, which placed them as the countries that contributed the most. Considering the subject area broadly, the literature has been classified into 25 disciplines of which 1843 (26.57%) of publications falling into the Educational research category. The average number of citations per publication is recorded as 14.4. The top 25 institutions have published 1245 papers that received a total of 8026 citations excluding self- citations. The University of London is the most productive organization, has published 131 papers on e-learning. Among the authors, Huang, Yong-Ming of Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology has published the most number of papers (19) on e-learning

The Effect of Using Estafet Writing Technique to Enhance Students’ Compositional Efficiency

The aim of this research is to learn the impact of the estafet writing technique on student compositional efficiency. Writing is one of the most critical skills students can learn. Yet, for a number of reasons, students often have trouble communicating their teaching. The students face difficulties in writing composition. They have spelling problems, grammar, punctuation, uninterested media, they don’t have enough vocabulary to repeat the same phrases, and they make grammatical mistakes as well. Estafet Writing is one of the active learning techniques and also a creative learning model where one of the students starts writing, which is continued again one after the other. This is one of the easy-to-learn approaches that can teach composition writing effectively.To achieve the study objective, two parts of Al Noor Preparatory School for Boys (the research sample) were randomly selected to represent the experimental group (37 students) and control group (39 students). The study population includes the fifth year students in the center of the Baghdad Governorate (2019-2020) for the academic year at the Preparatory School for Boys. The researcher had planned evaluations of the performance to be used as pre- and post-test. A T-test formula for two independent samples is used for analysis of the data obtained.The results of this study show that the performance of students in writing composition is improved, and the students give positive responses after being taught using Estafet Writing Technique

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Training Courses In-Service From The Trainees' Point Of View

This research aims to explore the effectiveness of in-service training courses from the trainees' point of view.  To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers prepared a tool to measure the effectiveness of in-service training courses for secondary and primary school teachers for the 2019 academic year. These courses are held by the Preparation and Training Department in the General Directorate of Education in Kirkuk Governorate from the trainees' own point of view. The search tool consisted of a questionnaire, both open and closed, that was applied to a simple random sample of 60 male and female trainees, from teachers in secondary and primary schools, for both sexes, which represented 1% of the size of the original homogeneous community. The research reached several results, most notably: 1-         Assigning lectures to higher degree holders who are specialized in educational and psychological sciences. 2-         Adopting methods of learning and cooperative education (workshops) during the presentation of training course programs, away from the traditional method of giving lectures. 3-         Enriching training course programs with e-learning and blended learning methods, in order to enhance the development of the educational system in our country and its keeping pace with the educational systems in developed countries

The global, regional, and national burden of oesophageal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Oesophageal cancer is a common and often fatal cancer that has two main histological subtypes: oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Updated statistics on the incidence and mortality of oesophageal cancer, and on the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by the disease, can assist policy makers in allocating resources for prevention, treatment, and care of oesophageal cancer. We report the latest estimates of these statistics for 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017, by age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD). Methods We used data from vital registration systems, vital registration-samples, verbal autopsy records, and cancer registries, combined with relevant modelling, to estimate the mortality, incidence, and burden of oesophageal cancer from 1990 to 2017. Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) were estimated and fed into a Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) including risk factors. MIRs were used for mortality and non-fatal modelling. Estimates of DALYs attributable to the main risk factors of oesophageal cancer available in GBD were also calculated. The proportion of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma to all oesophageal cancers was extracted by use of publicly available data, and its variation was examined against SDI, the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index, and available risk factors in GBD that are specific for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (eg, unimproved water source and indoor air pollution) and for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease). Findings There were 473 000 (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 459 000–485 000) new cases of oesophageal cancer and 436 000 (425 000–448 000) deaths due to oesophageal cancer in 2017. Age-standardised incidence was 5·9 (5·7–6·1) per 100 000 population and age-standardised mortality was 5·5 (5·3–5·6) per 100 000. Oesophageal cancer caused 9·78 million (9·53–10·03) DALYs, with an age-standardised rate of 120 (117–123) per 100 000 population. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised incidence decreased by 22·0% (18·6–25·2), mortality decreased by 29·0% (25·8–32·0), and DALYs decreased by 33·4% (30·4–36·1) globally. However, as a result of population growth and ageing, the total number of new cases increased by 52·3% (45·9–58·9), from 310 000 (300 000–322 000) to 473 000 (459 000–485 000); the number of deaths increased by 40·0% (34·1–46·3), from 311 000 (301 000–323 000) to 436 000 (425 000–448 000); and total DALYs increased by 27·4% (22·1–33·1), from 7·68 million (7·42–7·97) to 9·78 million (9·53–10·03). At the national level, China had the highest number of incident cases (235 000 [223 000–246 000]), deaths (213 000 [203 000–223 000]), and DALYs (4·46 million [4·25–4·69]) in 2017. The highest national-level age-standardised incidence rates in 2017 were observed in Malawi (23·0 [19·4–26·5] per 100 000 population) and Mongolia (18·5 [16·4–20·8] per 100 000). In 2017, age-standardised incidence was 2·7 times higher, mortality 2·9 times higher, and DALYs 3·0 times higher in males than in females. In 2017, a substantial proportion of oesophageal cancer DALYs were attributable to known risk factors: tobacco smoking (39·0% [35·5–42·2]), alcohol consumption (33·8% [27·3–39·9]), high BMI (19·5% [6·3–36·0]), a diet low in fruits (19·1% [4·2–34·6]), and use of chewing tobacco (7·5% [5·2–9·6]). Countries with a low SDI and HAQ Index and high levels of indoor air pollution had a higher proportion of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma to all oesophageal cancer cases than did countries with a high SDI and HAQ Index and with low levels of indoor air pollution. Interpretation Despite reductions in age-standardised incidence and mortality rates, oesophageal cancer remains a major cause of cancer mortality and burden across the world. Oesophageal cancer is a highly fatal disease, requiring increased primary prevention efforts and, possibly, screening in some high-risk areas. Substantial variation exists in age-standardised incidence rates across regions and countries, for reasons that are unclear. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The global, regional, and national burden of oesophageal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Oesophageal cancer is a common and often fatal cancer that has two main histological subtypes: oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Updated statistics on the incidence and mortality of oesophageal cancer, and on the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by the disease, can assist policy makers in allocating resources for prevention, treatment, and care of oesophageal cancer. We report the latest estimates of these statistics for 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017, by age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD). Methods We used data from vital registration systems, vital registration-samples, verbal autopsy records, and cancer registries, combined with relevant modelling, to estimate the mortality, incidence, and burden of oesophageal cancer from 1990 to 2017. Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) were estimated and fed into a Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) including risk factors. MIRs were used for mortality and non-fatal modelling. Estimates of DALYs attributable to the main risk factors of oesophageal cancer available in GBD were also calculated. The proportion of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma to all oesophageal cancers was extracted by use of publicly available data, and its variation was examined against SDI, the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index, and available risk factors in GBD that are specific for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (eg, unimproved water source and indoor air pollution) and for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease). Findings There were 473 000 (95 uncertainty interval 95% UI 459 000-485 000) new cases of oesophageal cancer and 436 000 (425 000-448 000) deaths due to oesophageal cancer in 2017. Age-standardised incidence was 5.9 (5.7-6.1) per 100 000 population and age-standardised mortality was 5.5 (5.3-5.6) per 100 000. Oesophageal cancer caused 9.78 million (9.53-10.03) DALYs, with an age-standardised rate of 120 (117-123) per 100 000 population. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised incidence decreased by 22.0% (18.6-25.2), mortality decreased by 29.0% (25.8-32.0), and DALYs decreased by 33.4% (30.4-36.1) globally. However, as a result of population growth and ageing, the total number of new cases increased by 52.3% (45.9-58.9), from 310 000 (300 000-322 000) to 473 000 (459 000-485 000); the number of deaths increased by 40.0% (34.1-46.3), from 311 000 (301 000-323 000) to 436 000 (425 000-448 000); and total DALYs increased by 27.4% (22.1-33.1), from 7.68 million (7.42-7.97) to 9.78 million (9.53-10.03). At the national level, China had the highest number of incident cases (235 000 223 000-246 000), deaths (213 000 203 000-223 000), and DALYs (4.46 million 4.25-4.69) in 2017. The highest national-level agestandardised incidence rates in 2017 were observed in Malawi (23.0 19.4-26.5 per 100 000 population) and Mongolia (18.5 16.4-20.8 per 100 000). In 2017, age-standardised incidence was 2.7 times higher, mortality 2.9 times higher, and DALYs 3.0 times higher in males than in females. In 2017, a substantial proportion of oesophageal cancer DALYs were attributable to known risk factors: tobacco smoking (39.0% 35.5-42.2), alcohol consumption (33.8% 27.3-39.9), high BMI (19.5% 6.3-36.0), a diet low in fruits (19.1% 4.2-34.6), and use of chewing tobacco (7.5% 5.2-9.6). Countries with a low SDI and HAQ Index and high levels of indoor air pollution had a higher proportion of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma to all oesophageal cancer cases than did countries with a high SDI and HAQ Index and with low levels of indoor air pollution. Interpretation Despite reductions in age-standardised incidence and mortality rates, oesophageal cancer remains a major cause of cancer mortality and burden across the world. Oesophageal cancer is a highly fatal disease, requiring increased primary prevention efforts and, possibly, screening in some high-risk areas. Substantial variation exists in age-standardised incidence rates across regions and countries, for reasons that are unclear. © 2020 The Author(s)