Population-based study of genetic variation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders from Croatia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Genome-wide studies on autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have mostly focused on large-scale population samples, but examination of rare variations in isolated populations may provide additional insights into the disease pathogenesis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>As a first step in the genetic analysis of ASD in Croatia, we characterized genetic variation in a sample of 103 subjects with ASD and 203 control individuals, who were genotyped using the Illumina HumanHap550 BeadChip. We analyzed the genetic diversity of the Croatian population and its relationship to other populations, the degree of relatedness via Runs of Homozygosity (ROHs), and the distribution of large (>500 Kb) copy number variations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Combining the Croatian cohort with several previously published populations in the FastME analysis (an alternative to Neighbor Joining) revealed that Croatian subjects cluster, as expected, with Southern Europeans; in addition, individuals from the same geographic region within Europe cluster together. Whereas Croatian subjects could be separated from a sample of healthy control subjects of European origin from North America, Croatian ASD cases and controls are well mixed. A comparison of runs of homozygosity indicated that the number and the median length of regions of homozygosity are higher for ASD subjects than for controls (p = 6 × 10^-3). Furthermore, analysis of copy number variants found a higher frequency of large chromosomal rearrangements (>2 Mb) in ASD cases (5/103) than in ethnically matched control subjects (1/197, p = 0.019).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our findings illustrate the remarkable utility of high-density genotype data for subjects from a limited geographic area in dissecting genetic heterogeneity with respect to population and disease related variation.</p

Développement de la coordination visuo-manuelle chez des enfants nés prématurés à faible risque

The extent of and reasons for visual-manual coordination deficits in moderate and late low risk preterm born infants are not well known. The aim of the thesis presented here was to investigate the development of visual-manual coordination in twelve low risk preterm infants born after 33-36 weeks of gestation and examined from 5 to 23 months of age. We conducted a series of studies with specific goals. The goal of study 1 was to investigate the development of visual-manual and bimanual coordination as well as handedness in the preterm infants between the postnatal ages of 6 and 12 months, after having evaluated their visual functions at 5 months. Gross motor development was also evaluated every month. Preterm infants were compared to a control group of ten full-term infants according to corrected age. Results show that preterm infants had a visual perception close to normal, with only visual fixation being lower than in full-terms. Preterm infants had delayed development of visual-manual integration, grasping, bimanual coordination and handedness. Tonicity and gestational age at birth were the main variables associated to the delays. There was no delay for gross motor development. The goal of study 2 was to investigate at what age preterm infants integrate the notion of object cohesiveness into their action plan. The same preterm and full-term infants as in first study were presented with a composite object task at 6, 8, and 10 months in two conditions, "composite object" condition, in which a bright ball was attached to the end of a neutral handle, and "invisible disconnection" condition in which the ball seemed to be connected to the handle but was not. Only the handle was within reach. Corrected age comparisons between preterm infants and full-terms showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the hypotonic preterm infants had a significantly lower performance than the hypertonic infants. Based on the results from studies 1 and 2 it seems that preterm infants, in particular the hypotonic infants, have a delayed development in their first year of life, and one can wonder if this delay remains at later stages. To answer this question, in study 3 we compared the development of tool use in the preterm infants, aged 15 to 23 months, with that of full-terms according to corrected age. Understanding the affordance of a tool is an important milestone in early sensorimotor period. Using a tool to bring within reach an out-of-reach object, for instance, has been shown to develop during the second year in full-term infants. Here we presented preterm infants with an attractive toy out of reach and with a rake-like tool within reach in five conditions of spatial relationships between the toy and the tool. As a group, preterm infants showed a normal development of tool use. However not all preterm infants developped tool use without delay. Hypotonic and moderate preterm infants were significantly delayed in their acquisition of tool use. These results, show that some low risk preterm infants can still be impaired for the development of new manual skills beyond the first year. By following these low risk preterm children, it should be possible to evaluate which of the delays observed in our studies are the best predictors of later neuropsychological deficits in childhood. These results should also be confirmed with a larger sample of preterm infants.L'étendue et les causes des déficits de coordination visuo-manuelle des enfants nés prématurés à bas risque ne sont pas vraiment connus. L'objectif principal de la thèse présentée ici était d'étudier le développement de la coordination visuo-manuelle chez douze prématurés à bas risque, nés après 33-36 semaines de gestation et examinés entre 5 et 23 mois d'âge chronologique. Au cours de la thèse, nous avons mené une série d'études avec des objectifs spécifiques. Dans l'étude 1, nous avons observé le développement de la coordination visuo-manuelle, la prise d'objets, le contrôle de la motricité bimanuelle et la latéralité chez ces enfants prématurés vus entre 6 et 12 mois et comparés à des enfants nés à terme à âge gestationnel équivalent. La perception visuelle des enfants a également été testée à 5 mois et mise en relation avec la coordination visuo-manuelle. Les résultats montrent une perception visuelle globalement normale chez les prématurés qui ne différent des enfants à terme que par une fixation visuelle plus faible. Par contre les enfants prématurés présentent un développement plus lent pour l'intégration visuo-manuelle, la prise d'objet, la coordination bimanuelle et la latéralité. L'hypotonicité et l'âge gestationnel sont les principaux facteurs responsables de ce retard. Aucun retard n'est observé pour le développement postural et locomoteur. Dans l'étude 2 nous avons recherché l'effet de la prématurité sur le développement de la compréhension qu'un objet dont toutes les parties ne sont pas à portée de main peut être saisi par n'importe quelle partie (principe de cohésion). Nous avons présenté aux mêmes enfants prématurés une condition « objet composite » dans laquelle une balle colorée est attachée au bout d'un manche blanc, seul le manche étant à portée de main. Dans une deuxième condition (« déconnection invisible »), la balle paraissait connectée au manche mais ne l'était pas. Les résultats montrent que, en tant que groupe, les bébés prématurés ne présentent pas de retard dans leur prise d'un objet composite. Cependant les enfants prématurés hypotoniques ou nés après 33-34 semaines étaient significativement en retard par rapport aux enfants prématurés hypertoniques. Ces résultats des deux premières études montrent que les nourrissons prématurés, même à bas risque, présentent un retard de développement visuo-manuel dans leur première année de vie et on peut se demander si ce retard se prolonge au-delà de la première année. La réponse à cette question est présentée dans l'étude 3. Nous avons comparé le développement de l'utilisation d'un outil chez les enfants prématurés, âgés alors de 15 à 23 mois, avec celui d'enfants nés à terme d'âge gestationnel équivalent. Comprendre l'affordance d'un outil est une étape importante dans la période sensorimotrice. L'utilisation d'un outil pour prendre un objet hors de portée, par exemple, se développe normalement au cours de la deuxième année. Nous avons présenté aux enfants prématurés un jouet coloré hors de portée et un râteau blanc à portée de main dans cinq conditions de relations spatiales entre le jouet et le râteau. En tant que groupe, les enfants prématurés ont présenté un développement normal de l'utilisation de l'outil. Cependant, ce développement normal n'apparaît pas chez tous les enfants prématurés. Les enfants prématurés hypotoniques ou nés après 33-34 semaines de gestation ont montré un retard significatif dans leur acquisition de l'utilisation de l'outil. Ces résultats montrent que les enfants nés prématurés à faible risque peuvent être retardés dans leur développement de nouvelles compétences manuelles au-delà de la première année. En suivant ces enfants au-delà de deux ans, il devrait être possible de déterminer quels sont les tests les plus prédictifs de déficits neuropsychologiques persistants parmi ceux que nous avons utilisés. Ces résultats devraient néanmoins être confirmés dans une population plus large

The Emergence of Tool Use in Preterm Infants

International audiencePreterm born children without neurological impairments have been shown to present some visual-manual coordination deficits, more or less depending on their tonicity and the degree of prematurity. In this paper, we compare the development of tool use in 15– 23-month-old preterm infants born after 33–36 weeks of gestation without neurological complications with that of full-term infants according to corrected age. Understanding the affordance of a tool is an important cognitive milestone in early sensorimotor period. Using a tool to bring within reach an out-of-reach object, for instance, has been shown to develop during the 2nd year in full-term infants. Here we presented preterm infants with an attractive toy out of reach and with a rake-like tool within reach in five conditions of spatial relationships between the toy and the tool. Like full-terms, preterm infants used the tool with success in conditions of spatial contiguity around 15–17 months. In conditions of a spatial gap between tool and toy, i.e., the only conditions which shows without ambiguity that the infant understands the affordance of the tool, preterm infants as a group showed no delay for tool use: the frequency of spontaneous successes started to increase after 18 months, and demonstration became effective after that age. However, further analyses showed that only the preterm infants without hypotonia and born after 36 weeks of pregnancy developed tool use without delay. Hypotonic preterm infants were still largely unsuccessful in the conditions of spatial gap, even at the end of the study. The degree of prematurity also influenced the performance at tool use. These results, following the observation of a delay in the development of bimanual coordination and of handedness in the same infants at 10–12 months in a previous study, show that low risk preterm infants can still be impaired for the development of new manual skills beyond the 1st year. Thus, hypotonic preterm infants and infants born before 36 weeks of pregnancy should be followed and might benefit from early intervention programs

Banking and Conservatisms that should be Abandoned

This paper examines the economic, psychological and social-behavioral theories of the banking in order to determine the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur. The major contribution of economic theories of the banking is better understanding of the entrepreneur and his/her role in economic development. The psychological characteristic theory banking argues that successful entrepreneurs possess certain personality traits that mark them out as special, and tries to determine and to evaluate these special traits. The social-behavioral theories stress the influence of experience, knowledge, social environment and ability to learn on the entrepreneur's success as well as his/her personality traits. Neither of the examined theories of entrepreneur gives a satisfactory explanation of the banking success, but taken as a whole, they can explain key factors of entrepreneur's success. The banking success comes about as a result of his/her personality traits, ability to learn from experience and ability to adjust to his/her environment

Interorganelle communication, aging, and neurodegeneration.

Our cells are comprised of billions of proteins, lipids, and other small molecules packed into their respective subcellular organelles, with the daunting task of maintaining cellular homeostasis over a lifetime. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that organelles do not act as autonomous discrete units but rather as interconnected hubs that engage in extensive communication through membrane contacts. In the last few years, our understanding of how these contacts coordinate organelle function has redefined our view of the cell. This review aims to present novel findings on the cellular interorganelle communication network and how its dysfunction may contribute to aging and neurodegeneration. The consequences of disturbed interorganellar communication are intimately linked with age-related pathologies. Given that both aging and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the concomitant failure of multiple cellular pathways, coordination of organelle communication and function could represent an emerging regulatory mechanism critical for long-term cellular homeostasis. We anticipate that defining the relationships between interorganelle communication, aging, and neurodegeneration will open new avenues for therapeutics

Inhibitory effect of cisplatin and [Pt(dach)Cl2] on the activity of phospholipase A2

This work has been focused on testing the influence of two selected Pt(II) complexes cisplatin, Pt(NH3)2Cl2, and [Pt(dach)Cl2] on the activity of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2). It has been assumed that this enzyme plays a role in carcinogenesis and that it could be a target in the tumour therapy. The results of this study show that both Pt(II) complexes inhibit the activity of the enzyme, though they bind to it in a different manner. While cisplatin interacts with the enzyme in an acompetitive manner, the stable interaction of [Pt(dach)Cl2] with PLA2 could not be detected under our experimental conditions. © 2013 Informa UK, Ltd