Compact Floor-Planning via Orderly Spanning Trees

Floor-planning is a fundamental step in VLSI chip design. Based upon the concept of orderly spanning trees, we present a simple O(n)-time algorithm to construct a floor-plan for any n-node plane triangulation. In comparison with previous floor-planning algorithms in the literature, our solution is not only simpler in the algorithm itself, but also produces floor-plans which require fewer module types. An equally important aspect of our new algorithm lies in its ability to fit the floor-plan area in a rectangle of size (n-1)x(2n+1)/3. Lower bounds on the worst-case area for floor-planning any plane triangulation are also provided in the paper.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, An early version of this work was presented at 9th International Symposium on Graph Drawing (GD 2001), Vienna, Austria, September 2001. Accepted to Journal of Algorithms, 200

The Analysis Of Type Of Code Switching Used By Students On English Class

Code switching is common activity that occurs in society with many different languages. It is not only happen in daily conversation between two people  but also  occurs in English class in Indonesia. The activities in English class between teacher and students contain a lot of code switching. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level and of code switching used by students in delivering utterances during the activity in English class. The research used recording and note-taking to collect the data. The subjects in this study were 6 students in class XI accounting at SMK N 4 Samarinda. The results of the research was found that the students used tag code switching as many as 50%, intra sentential code switching 15% and inter sentential code switching 35

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) restores 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients by attenuating ROS-mediated activation of NF-κB

Purpose: To investigate the mechanism by which epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) attenuates ROS-induced pathogenesis in a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods: Fifty patients (33 male and 17 female) aged between 25 and 60 years who satisfied ACR 1987 criteria for active RA, and thirty healthy individuals were recruited. Total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), neutrophils and monocytes were isolated from the blood samples of RA patients and healthy donors using commercial extraction kits. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide radical (O2-) in isolated cells were measured using fluorescence spectroscopy while the levels of the associated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were determined in PBMCs isolated from RA patients using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These parameters were monitored in EGCG-treated and untreated cells. Moreover, the status of 25(OH) vitamin D and NK-κB were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged PBMCs in the presence and absence of EGCG. Results: Elevated levels of superoxide radical and ROS were observed in neutrophils from RA patients in the absence of ECGC, but in the presence of EGCG, the levels of the two parameters were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Similarly, EGCG treatment downregulated the ROS-mediated increases in TNF-α and IL-6 in the PBMCs from RA patients (p < 0.05). Treatment of PBMCs with the ROS-inducing agent, LPS, resulted in the activation of NK-κB via phosphorylation, and also depletion of 25(OH) vitamin D levels (p < 0.05). However, pre-treatment of the LPS-challenged cells with EGCG inhibited NK-κB activation and 25(OH)-vitamin D depletion (p < 0.05). Moreover, 25(OH)vitamin D levels were restored in the presence of NK-κB inhibitor, flavopiridol, thereby confirming the direct regulatory role of NK-κB in 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Conclusion: EGCG restores 25(OH) vitamin D levels by attenuating ROS-mediated NK-κB activation. Thus, EGCG may be a promising drug candidate for RA

A SEMÂNTICA DAS PREPOSIÇÕES: uma análise comparativa entre a perspectiva tradicional e a visão Linguística

The preposition is a very productive word category in Portuguese. Although the speaker doesn't often have awareness of its use, it is possible to see, in situations of use in face of this linguistic element, a problematic scenario: words "empty of meaning", but which seem to act decisively in the construction of the meaning of some sentences /phrases/periods. This paper aims to compare the bases of Normative Grammar and the theoretical contribution coming from Linguistics about the meaning of prepositions. Therefore, from a methodological point of view, aspects of this grammatical class will be pointed out, both from the perspective of traditional/normative studies and within linguistic studies, aiming to build a bibliographical research with a qualitative emphasis through which it is possible to glimpse a satisfactory description of this grammatical item in relation to the semantic level. As theoretical foundation, on the side of Normative Grammar studies, authors like Cegalla (2008), Lima (2020), Bechara (2009) and Cunha and Cintra (2017) were mobilized and, from a linguistic perspective, Bagno (2012), Ilari et al (2021), Martelotta and Palomanes (2013), among others. As a result, it is demonstrated that the meaning of prepositions can find a satisfactory descriptive path based on the assumptions of Cognitive Linguistics, despite a better understanding of the linguistic use of this grammatical category, an attractive aspect to Portuguese language teaching. In summary, the semantic understanding of the preposition, in a way that allows the speaker/student to reflect about the use of these words in real communication contexts, favors the linguistic competence proclaimed in the official documents that guide Basic Education.A preposição é uma classe de palavras bastante produtiva em língua portuguesa. Embora, muitas vezes, o falante não se dê conta de sua utilização, este sujeito pode se ver em situações de uso diante de um cenário problemático: palavras “esvaziadas de sentido”, mas que parecem atuar decisivamente na construção do sentido de algumas frases/orações/períodos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo comparar as bases da Gramática Normativa e o aporte teórico advindo da Linguística acerca do significado das preposições. Para tanto, do ponto de vista metodológico, serão pontuados aspectos desta classe gramatical, tanto na ótica dos estudos tradicionais/normativos quanto dentro dos estudos linguísticos, visando construir uma pesquisa bibliográfica de ênfase qualitativa através da qual seja possível vislumbrar um quadro satisfatório de descrição deste item gramatical no nível semântico. Como fundamentação teórica, no tocante aos estudos da Gramática Normativa, foram citados os autores Cegalla (2008), Lima (2020), Bechara (2009) e Cunha e Cintra (2017) e, na perspectiva Linguística, Bagno (2012), Ilari et al (2021), Martelotta e Palomanes (2013), entre outros. Como resultados, demonstra-se que o significado das preposições pode encontrar satisfatório percurso descritivo a partir dos pressupostos da Linguística Cognitiva, em que pese uma melhor compreensão frente ao uso linguístico dessa categorial gramatical, aspecto caro ao ensino da língua portuguesa. Em síntese, a compreensão semântica da preposição, de forma que possibilite ao falante/aluno uma reflexão sobre o uso dessas palavras em contextos reais de comunicação, converge para a competência Linguística apregoada nos documentos oficiais que norteiam a Educação Básica

Astroglial phenotypes in traumatic brain injury and their relationship with neuronal degeneration

Astrocytes are key players in the Central Nervous System injury.By not completely defined pathways, reactive astrocytes may suffer a pathological remodeling engaging a pro-inflammatory phenotype that is very stable and promote further neuroinflammation andneurodegeneration. We here aimed to define the spatio-temporaldistribution of astroglial phenotypes after traumatic brain injury andthe consequences for neuronal survival and behavioral parameters.Following a stereotaxic stab wound injury (0.8 mm needle, coordinates 2 mm posterior and lateral to Bregma; 1 mm depth) performedin C57BL/6 mice and immunohistochemistry on brain sections, weclassified GFAP reactive astrocytes in five different phenotypes defined using Sholl analysis (Auzmendi et al., Molec. Neurobiol. 2019).While at 1 day post-injury (DPI) GFAP+ astrocytes were not differentfrom contralateral non-injured hemisphere, at 3DPI and 7DPI highly reactive phenotypes colocalized with altered neurons in lesionpenumbra. At 14DPI highly reactive astrocytes and altered neuronswere abundant only in the lesion core. Pro-inflammatory gain offunction paradigm was achieved by administering LPS (5 mg/Kg i.p)in lesioned animals, and that resulted in a greater number of complex reactive astrocytes at 7DPI (p<0.05) and a population of C3+astrocytes. On the other hand, loss of function paradigm with chemical NFkB blocker sulfasalazine (150 mg/kg i.p) significantly reducedhighly reactive astrocytes (p<0.05) and showed reduced neuronaldeath. Animal motor deficits were analyzed by computer-assistedopen field, but at 7DPI we were unable to detect significative differences among groups probably due to the small lesion size. Weconclude that increased GFAP+ higher complexity astrocytes areassociated with increased neuronal death and that NFkB pathway islikely to be involved in the pathological conversion to the pro-inflammatory-neurodegenerative phenotype.Fil: Cieri, M. B.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Mailing, Ingrid Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Villarreal, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Ramos, Alberto Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaLXV Reunión anual de la Sociedad Argentina de Investigación Clínica; LXVIII Reunión anual de la Sociedad Argentina de Inmunología y Reunión Anual de la Asociación Argentina de FisiologíaArgentinaSociedad Argentina de Investigación ClínicaSociedad Argentina de InmunologíaAsociación Argentina de Fisiologí

Dirofilariose canina – relato de caso

A dirofilariose é uma doença causada por nematoides do gênero Dirofilaria, em especial a Dirofilaria immitis, e transmitida por mosquitos dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles e Culex que são os hospedeiros intermediários. Os hospedeiros definitivos são os cães. Os sinais clínicos da doença e consequentemente sua gravidade dependem de vários fatores, incluindo a quantidade de vermes, o tempo que eles estão presentes e a reação do animal aos parasitas. Muitos animais, mesmo parasitados, não manifestam sinais clínicos. A forma mais comum da doença é a cardiopulmonar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o caso de um cão macho, da raça dachshund, de 7 anos de idade, pesando 7,5 kg, com sinais como tosse, diminuição de apetite, dispneia, fadiga e intolerância a exercícios. As pesquisas de antígenos e microfilárias circulantes foram negativas, mas as evidências clínicas, radiográficas e ecocardiográficas confirmaram o diagnóstico positivo de dirofilariose. O animal foi tratado, mas a evolução da doença e consequentemente o seu grave quadro clínico levou a tutora, meses após a primeira consulta, a optar pela eutanásia46 p