Development of Hybrid Solar System

Technology replaces newer technology with improved efficiency. Solar technology is going to draw out a new life to make a green change in the terms of energy. As a result energy from the sunlight is being changed into electric energy by using solar cell. But still its efficiency could not be able to make a sense as a depending energy technology. In order to look up the solution, solar technology is changing rapidly to get maximum output. To take up this new challenge solar technology is trying to change its building component that are used to make solar cell, for example solar cell material, bypass diode system, blocking diode system etc.   Now-a-days, solar energy system is designed as a hybrid system that can make electricity and hot water at the same time. In the hybrid solar system, photovoltaic and solar thermal systems are integrated at the same system and as a result heat and electricity are produced simultaneously at the same area. Solar cells are attached with both top and the bottom side of the module and the collectors are set up inside the module. By using collector inside the module, rejected heat from the solar cell is absorbed by the water that flows through the collectors. But a problem arises at the midday or after midday because the reflector of this system cannot reflect sunlight properly on the bottom side of the module. That’s why shading is occurred on the bottom side which reduce the total electrical output of this system.   To work out this shading problem, a bypass diode is connected in parallel with the group of solar cells. Schottky diodes are being used as bypass diodes inside in the most of the solar cells. Schottky diode forward voltage drop is almost 0.45 Volt which is an important cause of reducing the output power as well as the efficiency of this hybrid system. To solve this problem, new lossless diode is attached inside the hybrid solar system instead of schottky diode which can work with a very low forward voltage drop roughly 50mV at 10amp.   To make a comparison between the performance of PVT system with the schottky diode and the new lossless diode, many data has been collected from the outdoor test. After getting the output result, it is clear that the output power and efficiency is going to be changed for using the new lossless diode. For using the lossless diode, the efficiency of the bottom side of the module was increased by 0.31 %.

Key functions analysis of a novel nonlinear optical D-pi-A bridge type (2E)-3-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-(3-nitrophenyl) prop-2-en-l-one chalcone: An experimental and theoretical approach

In the current work a new third-order nonlinear optical organic single crystal of (2E)-3-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-(3-nitrophenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (ML3NC) has been grown with well-defined morphology using the slow evaporation solution growth technique. X-ray diffraction technique was used to confirm the crystal system. The presence of functional groups in the molecular structure was identified by robust FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra by experimental and theoretical analysis. The ultraviolet-visible-near infrared and photoluminescence studies shows that the grown crystals possess excellent transparency window and green emission band (similar to 560 nm) confirms their use in green OLED5. The third-order nonlinear and optical limiting studies have been performed using femtosecond (fs) Z-scan technique. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (chi((3))), second-order hyperpolarizability (gamma), nonlinear refractive index (n(2)) and limiting threshold values are found to be 4.03 x 10(-12) esu, 14.2 x 10(-32) esu, -433 x 10(-14) cm(2)/W and 2.41 mJ/cm(2), respectively. Furthermore, the quantum chemical studies were carried out to achieve the ground state molecular and correlate with experimental results. The experimental value of absorption wavelength (lambda(abs) = 328 nm) is found to be in excellent accord with the theoretical value (lambda(abs) = 328 nm) at TD-DFT/B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. To understand the static and dynamic NLO behavior, the polarizability (a) and second hyperpolarizability (gamma) values were determined using TD-HF method. The computed second hyperpolarizability gamma(-3 omega; omega, omega, omega) at 800 nm wavelength was found to be 0.499 x 10(-32) esu which is in good agreement with experimental value at the same wavelength. These results confirms the applied nature of title molecule in optoelectronic and nonlinear optical devices