A“Dirty” Footprint: Macroinvertebrate diversity in Amazonian Anthropic Soils

International audienceAmazonian rainforests, once thought to be pristine wilderness, are increasingly known to have been widely inhabited, modified, and managed prior to European arrival, by human populations with diverse cultural backgrounds. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are fertile soils found throughout the Amazon Basin, created by pre-Columbian societies with sedentary habits. Much is known about the chemistry of these soils, yet their zoology has been neglected. Hence, we characterized soil fertility, macroinvertebrate communities, and their activity at nine archeological sites in three Amazonian regions in ADEs and adjacent reference soils under native forest (young and old) and agricultural systems. We found 673 morphospecies and, despite similar richness in ADEs (385 spp.) and reference soils (399 spp.), we identified a tenacious pre-Columbian footprint, with 49% of morphospecies found exclusively in ADEs. Termite and total macroinvertebrate abundance were higher in reference soils, while soil fertility and macroinvertebrate activity were higher in the ADEs, and associated with larger earthworm quantities and biomass. We show that ADE habitats have a unique pool of species, but that modern land use of ADEs decreases their populations, diversity, and contributions to soil functioning. These findings support the idea that humans created and sustained high-fertility ecosystems that persist today, altering biodiversity patterns in Amazonia

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Role of organisational factors on the 'weekend effect' in critically ill patients in Brazil: a retrospective cohort analysis

Submitted by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-02-07T11:22:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Zampieri_Fernando_etal_INI_2018.pdf: 1857014 bytes, checksum: 3f16399e2c8e4351d5d911156f29da22 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-02-12T12:12:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Zampieri_Fernando_etal_INI_2018.pdf: 1857014 bytes, checksum: 3f16399e2c8e4351d5d911156f29da22 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-12T12:12:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Zampieri_Fernando_etal_INI_2018.pdf: 1857014 bytes, checksum: 3f16399e2c8e4351d5d911156f29da22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018Hospital do Coração. Instituto de Pesquisa. São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Complexo Hospitalar. Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.D’Or Institute for Research and Education. Department of Critical Care and Graduate Program in Translational Medicine. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Hospital São Francisco. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.Hospital São Luiz Brasil. Santo André, SP, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Rede Amil de Hospitais. Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Hospital Barra D’Or. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Hospital São Luís. São Luís, MA, Brasil.Hospital São Lucas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Hospital São Luiz. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Hospital Samaritano. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.Hospital Sírio-Libanês. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.Hospital Copa D’Or. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Hospital Quinta D’Or. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Hospital Esperança Olinda. Olinda, PE, Brasil.Hospital Santa Luzia. Brasília, DF, Brasil.Hospital Unimed Vitória. Vitória, ES, Brasil.D’Or Institute for Research and Education. Department of Critical Care and Graduate Program in Translational Medicine. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.D’Or Institute for Research and Education. Department of Critical Care and Graduate Program in Translational Medicine. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Introduction: Higher mortality for patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) during the weekends has been occasionally reported with conflicting results that could be related to organisational factors. We investigated the effects of ICU organisational and staffing patterns on the potential association between weekend admission and outcomes in critically ill patients. Methods: We included 59 614 patients admitted to 78 ICUs participating during 2013. We defined ‘weekend admission’ as any ICU admission from Friday 19:00 until Monday 07:00. We assessed the association between weekend admission with hospital mortality using a mixed logistic regression model controlling for both patientlevel (illness severity, age, comorbidities, performance status and admission type) and ICU-level (decrease in nurse/bed ratio on weekend, full-time intensivist coverage, use of checklists on weekends and number of institutional protocols) confounders. We performed secondary analyses in the subgroup of scheduled surgical admissions. Results: A total of 41 894 patients (70.3%) were admitted on weekdays and 17 720 patients (29.7%) on weekends. In univariable analysis, weekend admitted patients had higher ICU (10.9% vs 9.0%, P<0.001) and hospital (16.5% vs 13.5%, P<0.001) mortality. After adjusting for confounders, weekend admission was not associated with higher hospital mortality (OR 1.05, 95%CI 0.99 to 1.12, P=0.095). However, a ‘weekend effect’ was still observed in scheduled surgical admissions, as well as in ICUs not using checklists during the weekends. For unscheduled admissions, no ‘weekend effect’ was observed regardless of ICU’s characteristics. For scheduled surgical admissions, a ‘weekend effect’ was present only in ICUs with a low number of implemented protocols and those with a reduction in the nurse/bed ratio and not applying checklists during weekends. Conclusions: ICU organisational factors, such as decreased nurse-to-patient ratio, absence of checklists and fewer standardised protocols, may explain, in part, increases in mortality in patients admitted to the ICU mortality on weekends

Influência da adubação com esterco bovino e inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares no crescimento de mudas de Carica papaya L. (var. Formosa) Influence of fertilization with bovine manure and inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the growth of Carica papaya L. 'Formosa' seedlings

Devido ao rápido crescimento do mamoeiro, poucos são os solos que, em condições naturais, podem satisfazer a sua demanda por nutrientes, sendo necessária a aplicação de fertilizantes minerais que favoreçam as plantas no período do transplantio para o campo. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) são conhecidos por tornarem os seus hospedeiros mais resistentes aos estresses bióticos e abióticos, sendo por isso empregados na produção de mudas de diversas árvores frutíferas. Nesse trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a influência da inoculação de FMA e da aplicação de matéria orgânica no crescimento de mudas de mamoeiro (Carica papaya L. var. Formosa), em casa-de-vegetação. Mudas foram cultivadas em solo arenoso (caracterizado pelo baixo teor de P: 4 ppm), inoculado com FMA e adubado ou não com 50g de esterco bovino. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e três repetições: - inoculação com FMA nativos, com Gigaspora albida Schenck & Smith, ou com Scutellospora hetervgama (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders, com ou sem matéria orgânica O experimento foi avaliado a cada 10 dias, sendo aferidos os parâmetros: altura, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas. Diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos adubados e não adubados foram observados a partir do 30º dia Após 40 dias, as plantas inoculadas com os FMA nativos apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento do que as inoculadas isoladamente com G. albida ou S. hetervgama, em todos os parâmetros avaliados, tanto em solo adubado como em solo não adubado.<br>Due to the fast growth of papaya few are the soils that can satisfy its demand for nutrients under natural conditions, the application of mineral fertilizers that favor the plants in the period of the transplant to the field being necessary. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known for making their hosts more resistant to biotic and abiotic stress, this being the reason why they have been employed for the seedling production of several types of fruit trees. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the influence of the inoculation of AMF and the application of organic matter in the growth of papaya (Carica papaya L. 'Formosa'), in a greenhouse. Seedlings were cultivated in sandy soil (characterized by a low P: 4ppm), inoculated with AMF and fertilized or not with 50g of bovine manure. The experimental design was entirely randomized with six treatments and three replicates: - inoculation with either native AMF, Gigaspora albida Schenck & Smith or Scutellospora hetervgama (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders with/without organic matter. The experiment was evaluated ev ery 10 days, considering the parameters: height, diameter of stem and number of leaves. Significant differences between fertilized and non fertilized treatments were observed on the 30th day. After 40 days, plants inoculated with native AMF presented better development than those inoculated separately with G. albida or S. heterogama, in both fertilized and non fertilized soils